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Patho & thoey test 2 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

Autodigestion

A

A process whereby pancreatic enzymes destroy its own tissue leading to inflammation

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2
Q

Bolus

A

when food gets trapped in the esophagus

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3
Q

Calculi

A

Stone, a concretion of material, usually mineral salts, that forms in an organ or duct of the body.

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4
Q

Hepatotoxins

A

chemicals that damage the liver
- Ethanol
- Acetaminophen

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5
Q

Chyme

A

Acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine

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6
Q

fecalith

A

A hard stony mass of feces in the intestinal tract.

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7
Q

Gastrectomy

A

a medical procedure where all or part of the stomach is surgically removed.

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8
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

A process transforming non-carbohydrate substrates into glucose

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9
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting blood

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10
Q

hyperbilirubinemia

A

too much bilirubin in the blood,

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11
Q

Melena

A

is a dark-colored (tarry) stool that results from significant bleeding that has occurred higher in the digestive trac

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11
Q

mesentery

A

fold of membrane that attaches the intestine to the wall around the stomach area and holds it in place

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12
Q

Occult

A

blood refers to small, hidden amounts of blood that are not visible

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12
Q

Icterus

A

Jaundice

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13
Q

retroperitoneal

A

Is the area behind the peritoneum, or abdominal membrane, in the back of the abdomen.

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14
Q

rugae

A

When empty, the stomach wall falls into folds

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15
Q

stricture

A

a narrowing of a passageway in the body, such as a tube, duct, or hollow organ

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15
Q

ulcerogenic

A

something has the potential to cause ulcers

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15
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Fatty diarrhea

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16
Q

tenesmus

A

Is the persistent feeling of needing to have a bowel movement

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17
Q

Oral Cancer - Risk factors

A

Smoking
Chewing tobacco
Drinking alcohol
HPV

18
Q

Oral Cancer patho and S&S

A

More common squamous cell carcinoma
Painless oral ulceration, lesion, leukoplakia

19
Q

leukoplakia

A

A condition that creates white patches on your tongue, gums or the inside of your cheeks

20
Q

Oral cancer diagnostic

A

Hx and physical examination
Biopsy
Oral exfoliative cytological study
x-ray, ct, mri

21
Q

Oral cancer therapy

A

Surgery
- Surgical excision of the tumour
- Radical neck dissection
- Radiation therapy (Internal or external)
- Combined surgical & Radiation
- Chemo

22
Q

Dysphagia patho

A

Fibrosis
- is a condition that can cause stiffness from scar tissue in the muscles used for swallowing

Compression
- When the esophagus is compressed by another structure (E.x, tumor)

Diverticulum
- Where food gets stuck in pouch in the esophagus causing obstruction.

Congenital atresia
- Developmental defect ( E.x esophagus not attached to stomach at birth)

Congenital tracheoesophageal fistula
- Developmental defect where connection between esophagus trachea

Neurologic damage to cranial nerves

Achalasia
- Damaged nerves make it hard for the muscles of the esophagus to squeeze food and liquid into the stomach. Food then collects in the esophagus

23
Q

Hiatus Hernia

A

A hernia is a herniation of the stomach into the esophagus through an opening in the diaphragm

24
Q

Hiatal hernia Sliding

A

Stomach slides into thoracic cavity when supine and goes back when upright

25
Q

Hiatal hernia Paraesophageal Or rolling

A

Fundus and greater curvature of stomach roll up through the diaphragm

26
Q

Hiatal hernia Patho

A

Weakening of the muscles in the diaphragm
Increased intra-abdominal pressure

27
Q

Things that will increase abdominal pressure

A
  • Obesity
  • Pregnancy
  • Trauma
  • Heavy lifting
  • Constipation
  • Excessive coughing
28
Q

Things that will weaken connective tissue

A

Smoking and alcoholism
Poor diet
Sedentary lifestyle
Chronic stress

29
Q

Hitala hernia S&S

A

Similar symptoms to GERD
- Heartburn (especially after meals)
- Pyrosis
- Dysphagia
- Reflux and discomfort are associated with position
- Substernal pain that may radiate to shoulder and jaw

30
Q

Hitala hernia Complications

A
  • GERD
  • Hemorrhage from erosion
  • Stenosis of the esophagus
  • Ulcerations of the herniated portion of the stomach
  • Strangulation of the hernia
  • Regurgitation with tracheal aspiration
  • Incidence increases with age
31
Q

Hitala hernia Conservative therapy

A
  • Lifestyle modifications
  • Elevation of the bed at 30 degrees
  • Weight reduction if overweight
32
Q

Hiatal Hernia Diagnostic Studies

A
  • Endoscopic examination
  • Barium swallow
33
Q

Hiatus hernia medications

A

Antacids
Proton-pumo inhibitors (PPIs)
Promotability agents

34
Q

Herina surgical Treatment (Nursing care)

A
  • Preoperative assessment
  • Postoprative care
35
Q

Herina surgical Treatment (Teaching)

A

Risk factors
Surgical intervention
Pain management
Activity restrictions

36
Q

Esophageal cancer

A
  • Rare in canada
  • 5 year survival rate is 12%
    Type is adenocarcinomas 30-70%
  • Incidence increases with age
  • Barretts’s esophagus is a risk factor
37
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma (Esophageal)

A
  • Found in upper/middle esophagus
  • Smoking and alcohol are risk factors
38
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A
  • Found in lower esophagus
  • Caused by Barretts’s esophagus
39
Q

Esophageal cancer Patho

A
  • Smoking and excessive alcohol use
  • Diets low in fruits and veggies and certain vitamins and minerals may increases risk
  • Achalasia, delated emptying of lower esophagus
  • Exposure to asbestos and mental
  • History of swallowing lye
40
Q

Esophageal cancer S&S

A
  • Progressive dysphagia
  • Pain in the epigastric area, substernal, or in the back (pain may radiate to the neck and jaw)
  • Sore throat, choking, hoarseness
  • Weight loss is common
41
Q

Esophageal cancer Complications

A
  • Hemorrhage may occur if cancer erodes through the esophagus into the aorta
  • Esophageal perforation with fistula formation into lung or trachea
  • Obstruction of esophagus
  • Spreads via lymph system; liver and lung are common sites of metastasis
42
Q

Esophageal cancer Diagnostic studies

A
  • Barium swallow with fluoroscopy
  • Endoscopic ultransongraphy is the tool uses to safe disease
  • Bronchosopic examination is performed to detect malignant involvement of the lung
  • CT scan and MRI for assessment of extent of disease
43
Q

Esophageal cancer treatment

A

Surgery - Depending on the stage and size of the tumor

Esophagectomy - Is the most common surgery used to treat esophageal cancer. It removes part or all of the
esophagus, as well as nearby lymph nodes. Sometimes part of the stomach is also removed

Chemotherapy/Radiation

Gastrostomy tubes

44
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease Collaborative Care

A
  • Aim of treatment program
  • Lower degree of gastric acidity
  • Enhance mucosal defense mechanisms
  • Minimize harmful effects of mucosa
45
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease
Nursing Management

A

Overall goals
- Comply with prescribed therapeutic regimen

  • Experience a reduction or absence of discomfort related to peptic ulcer disease
  • Exhibits no signs of GI complications
  • Have complete healing

Lifestyle changes to prevent recurrence

46
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease
Collaborative Care

A

Medical regimen consists of
- Adequate rest
- Dietary modifications
- Drug therapy
- Elimination of smoking
- Long-term follow-up care

47
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease
Nutritional Therapy

A

Diet should consist of
- Small, dry feedings daily
- Low in carbohydrates
- Restricted in sugars
- Moderate amounts of protein and fat
- 30 minutes of rest after each meal

48
Q

Eating tips to reduce peptic ulcer symptoms

A
  • Enjoy 5 & 6 small meals per day
  • Always sit upright in a chair while eating
  • Rest a few minutes before and after each meal
  • Enjoy your last meal or snacks at least 3 hours before bedtime.

Patho & thoey test 2 (1 decks)

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