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patho 2 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

Anorexia

A

lack of appetite

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2
Q

What location causes N/V

A

upper GI (stomach/duodenal)

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3
Q

What regulates vomiting

A

chemo-receptor trigger zone and vomiting centre (brain)

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4
Q

Yellow or green vomit

A

the presence of duodenal bile

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5
Q

Brown vomit

A

intestinal obstruction

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6
Q

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

A

frequent and violent episodes of vomiting that cause bleeding (ETOH)

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7
Q

Vomit results

A

dehydration, low (Na+, K+, Cl-), metabolic alkalosis

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of diarrhea

A

osmotic, secretory, motility

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9
Q

Osmotic diarrhea

A

undigested stuff draws water (lactose intolerance, PEG)

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10
Q

Secretory diarrhea

A

cause: infections/toxins/inflammation (E.coli, allergy, IBD)

patho: dilute infection-more channels open (water +electrolytes)

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11
Q

Motility diarrhea

A

↑peristalsis, ↑water b/c no time to reabsorb (surgery, IBS)

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12
Q

Diarrhea results

A

dehydration, low (Na+, K+, ), metabolic acidosis (loss of bicarb)

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13
Q

Osmotic diarrhea results

A

only water loss–>conc blood=↑Na+
dehydration, low K+, metabolic acidosis (loss of bicarb)

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of constipation

A

normal/functional
slow transit
outlet

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15
Q

Normal transit/functional constipation

A

gut is moving at normal speed (ex. Lack of fibre)-lifestyle

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16
Q

Slow transit constipation

A

gut moving slowly ↓peristalsis
(more absorption–>constipation)

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17
Q

Outlet constipation

A

pelvic floor muscle

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18
Q

laxatives for slow transit constipation

A

PEG- osmotic lax- doesn’t help
bisacodyl- better (peristalsis)

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of dysphagia

A

structural- obstruction
functional-change, muscle

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20
Q

hernia

A

enlarged hole in diaphragm

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21
Q

what does chronic inflammation from GERD result in

A

fibrosis–>obstruction
Barret (dysplasia) –>cancer

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22
Q

what causes alkalosis

A

Upper GI (vomiting, SBO)
Constipation

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23
Q

what causes acidosis

A

Lower GI (diarrhea, LBO)

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24
Q

risk factor for hernia vs GERD

A

Hernia: age, ↑intro-abdominal, ↑intro-thoracic, smoking

GERD: hernia, obesity, pregnancy, smoking, alcohol/caffeine

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25
Q

what causes projectile vomit

A

pyloric obstruction

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26
Q

complications of constipation

A

fecal impaction
hemorrhoids
anal fissures
rectal prolapse
alkalosis

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27
Q

what are the 3 types of GI disorders

A

motility, integrity and maldigestion/malabsorption

28
Q

symptoms of hernia

A

heartburn
regurgitation
dysphagia
cough

29
Q

what are the 2 types of hernia

A

sliding=stomach inside esophagus (common)
para-esophageal=beside each other

30
Q

gastric volvulus

A

a medical emergency where herniated stomach twists upon itself and cut off its blood supply
(para-esophageal hernia)

31
Q

causes of pyloric obstruction

A

congenital
duodenal ulcers (common)
gastric ulcers
tumours

32
Q

electrolyte patho of pyloric obstruction

A

vomit–>alkalosis
prolonged–>more acid–>alkalosis+ulcers

33
Q

common type of intestinal obstruction

A

small bowel (adhesion, hernia, intussusception, Crohn’s)

34
Q

causes of large bowel obstruction

A

tumour
volvulus
diverticular disease
ulcerative colitis

35
Q

what are the 2 types of inflammatory bowel disease

A

Crohn’s and ulcerative colitis

36
Q

diverticula

A

infected small pouches in large intestine

37
Q

what can intestinal obstruction lead to

A

peritonitis, sepsis
↓ electrolyte/ fluid
hypovolemic shock
alkalosis SBO, acidosis LBO

38
Q

patho of obstruction to dehydration

A

distension-↓ absorption-fluid stuck-dehydration

39
Q

2 patho of obstruction to sepsis

A

distension-perforation-sepsis
distension- transudate- bacteria- sepsis

40
Q

where is distension located in intestinal obstruction

A

proximal, above obstruction

41
Q

what are the 2 types of intestinal obstruction

A

mechanical (physical) and functional (movement)

42
Q

paralytic ileus

A

decrease/absence of intestinal motility

43
Q

symptoms of mechanical obstruction

A

pain, absolute constipation, distension, N/V

44
Q

electrolyte imbalance in SBO vs LBO

A

SBO= alkalosis (from vomiting)
LBO=acidosis (bicarb is stuck)

45
Q

gastritis

A

inflammation of the stomach lining due to breakdown of the mucosal barrier

46
Q

causes of gastritis

A

H. pylori
NSAID
Alcohol/smoking
acute stress
immune dysfunction

47
Q

complication of gastritis

A

ulcers, GI bleed, cancer

48
Q

what is the most common cause of gastritis

A

h. pylori

49
Q

how do NSAID cause gastritis

A

inhibit cox, decrease prostaglandin, mucosal erosion ( ↓ blood flow and mucous production)

50
Q

erosions

A

superficial ulcers of the gastric mucosa that do not extend into the submucosa

51
Q

true ulcers

A

extend into the submucosa (bleeding)–>peritonitis/sepsis

52
Q

stress ulcer

A

acute associated with severe illness or trauma

53
Q

what are the 3 types of stress ulcers (causes)

A

ischemic- GI ischemia
curling- burn
cushing- brain trauma

54
Q

commonalities of both inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s)

A
  • bowel inflammation
  • immune problem
    -remission and exacerbation
  • increase risk for intestinal obstruction and colon cancer
55
Q

ulcerative colitis

A
  • chronic relapsing bowel disease
    -inflammation and ulceration of the colonic mucosae
56
Q

manifestations of ulcerative colitis

A

pain
fever
diarrhea and bloody stool

57
Q

complications of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

A

stricture (narrowing due to scar tissue), obstruction
perforation (rare) colon-large/stretchy
colon cancer (chronic inflammation-dysplasia)

58
Q

result from altered immunity with ulcerative colitis

A

attack normal gut microbes–>inflammation

59
Q

what is distinctive of ulcerative colitis

A

continuous lesions- start at rectum

60
Q

Crohn Disease

A
  • chronic relapsing bowel disease
    -submucosal inflammation and granuloma formation
61
Q

manifestations of Crohn’s disease

A

pain, fever, diarrhea
weight loss
malnutrtion

62
Q

what does inflammation cause in Crohn’s disease vs ulcerative colitis

A

UC= ulcers
CD= granulomas

63
Q

what is distinctive of Crohn’s disease

A

skip lesions, location- anywhere in the GI tract

64
Q

what is the most common location of Crohn’s disease

A

small intestine

65
Q

Put the pathogenic steps of GERD, beginning with its cause

A

Weakened LES
Reflux
Esophagitis
Esophageal fibrosis

66
Q

Which statement about duodenal ulcers is TRUE?

A

Pain is most severe when the stomach is empty

67
Q

S/S of hemodynamic decompensation in a patient with a severe acute gastrointestinal bleed?

A

↓HR, ↓BP, shock, ↓organ perfusion, death

patho 2 (4 decks)

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