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GI pathology > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

facial clefts caused by incomplete fusion of the upper lip along the midline (philtrum)

A

cheiloschisis (primary cleft palate, harelip, cleft lip)

These facial clefts may be unilateral or bilateral or they may be superficial
(involving only the lips) or deep (extending into the nostrils)

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2
Q

facial clefts are caused by
incomplete fusion of the palatine shelves.

A

palatoschisis (secondary cleft palate

. Affected animals cannot suckle
properly and often develop aspiration pneumonia

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3
Q

monkey-faced
lambs

(protruding lower jaw, underdeveloped upper jaw, proboscis-like nose, cyclopia, hydrocephaly and a variety of other deformities of the
eyes)

A

lesions of palatoschitis at day 14 of pregnancy in a lamb due to cosuption of veratrum califonicam by the ewe

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4
Q

– deformities of the trachea (tracheal stenosis) in an ewe

A

lesions of palatochiasis due to consuption of veratrum califonicum at day 17-19 of pregnancy

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5
Q

– shortened metatarsal and metacarpal bones in a infant ewe are lesions of……

A

consuption of veratrum califonicum by the ewe at day 28-31

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6
Q

list the plants which causes palatoichisis in swine

A

tobacco

poison hemlock

crotalaria spp

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7
Q

what causes palatoschisis in cats

A

griscofuscin

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8
Q

what causes palatoscisis in primates

A

steroid administration in pregnant primates

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9
Q

maxilla too short

A

brachygnathia superior

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10
Q
  • absence of lower jaw
A

anagnathia

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11
Q

abnormal enlongation of the mandibles

A

prognathia

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12
Q

which spp do u find the brachydont teeth (simple)

A

carnivore

lower incisors of ruminants

pigs except the tusks of boars

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13
Q

in which spp do u find hypsodont teeth (complex)

A
  1. check teeth of ruminants
  2. the tusks of boars
  3. teeth of horses (high crown teeth)

this teeth grow throughout life and growth is controlled by grinding during eating

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14
Q

characteristics of hypsodontal teeth

A
  • continious growth throughout life
  • no clear demarcation between root and crown
  • both root and crown are covered by cementum
  • Cementum and enamel invaginate into the dentin forming the infundibulum
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15
Q

no teeth

A

anodontia

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16
Q

too few teeth

A

oligodontia

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17
Q
  • failed or delayed eruption of teeth
A

pseudo-oligotia

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18
Q

oligodonthia

A

few teeth

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19
Q

epithelial lined cyst (sometimes containing keratin and/or
abnormal teeth) which arise from within the bones or soft tissues of the jaw
or head

A

dentigerous cyst (ear tooth)

mostly seen in horses

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20
Q

damage to the enamel producing cells (ameloblasts). in young animals

A

enamel hypoplasia

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21
Q

causes of enamel hypoplasia

A

canine disteper

BVD in calves

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22
Q

Urine, teeth and bone
from affected animals will fluoresce when viewed under UV ligh

A

congenital erythropoietic porphyria (pink tooth)

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23
Q

yellow to yellow-brown and will fluoresce when
viewed under UV ligh

A

tetracycline

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24
Q

inflamation of the dental pulp

A

pulpitis

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25
Q

inflammation of the soft tissues surrounding the tooth

A

peridontitis

Periodonitis is often secondary to the buildup of bacterial plaque on the teeth

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26
Q
  • loss of enamel and dentin because of decalcification of these structures by microbial enzymes and acids
A

. Dental caries

Loss of these hard structures leads
to tooth damage and pulpitis

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27
Q

what causes dental cariers

A

decalcification
by microbial enzymes and acids

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28
Q

what are the lesions of dental cariers

A

tooth decay and pulpitis

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29
Q

what are the lesions of infandibular impaction

A
  • loss of cementum and enamel in the infandibulum
  • pulpitis and periodonttis follows
  • tooth abscess and fistulus tracts can result in rupture to the outside or into the paranasal sinus
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30
Q

Affected cats will have pain
when chewing and abnormal chewing movement

A

feline external resoptive neck lesions

it is secondary to odondoclastic resoption of cementum in the neck or root area of the tooth.

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31
Q

…………normally occurs because the
corresponding tooth in the jaw above or below is lost or broken. The tooth
grows longer because there is no opposing tooth for it to grind against

A

step mouth

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32
Q

similar to step mouth but more than one tooth is elongated
causing several teeth on the opposing dental arcade to be worn down relative to
the adjacent teeth on the arcade

A

wave mouth

The surfaces of the teeth in the arcade are
irregular forming a wave pattern in the dental arcade

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33
Q

– dental condition where the grinding surfaces of the premolars or molars are severely sloped to the medial and/or lateral side from irregular wear resulting in the formation of sharp points on the medial and lateral aspects of the premolar and molar teeth.

A

shear mouth

The sharp points can cause damage to the
gingiva, mucosa of the hard palate and to the mucosa of the tongue

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34
Q

inflamation of the lips

A

cheilitis

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35
Q

inflamaton of the oral mucosa

A

stomatitis

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36
Q

inflamation of the tongue

A

glossitis

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37
Q

inflamation of the gums

A

gingivitis

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38
Q

characterisitcs/ pathogenesis of viral stomatitis

A
  • viral diseases result in mucosal epitheliolysis
  • leading to the formation ofvesicles
  • followed by erosions/ulcers around and within the oral cavity
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39
Q

which animals are affected by foot and mouth and which ones are not

A

affected: cattle, sheep and goats, swine

not affected:horses

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40
Q

which animals are affected by vesicular exanthema

A

swine only

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41
Q

which virus causes foot and mouth

A

picornavirus

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42
Q

which virus causes vesicular exanthema

A

calicivirus

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43
Q

which animals are affected by vesicular stomatitis

A

all of them

cattle,swine,sheep n goats and horses

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44
Q

which animals are affected by swine vesicular dz

A

swine only

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45
Q

which vesicular disease affects horses

A

vesicular stomatitis

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46
Q

which virus causes vesicular stomatitis

A

rhabdovirus

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47
Q

which virus causes swine vesicular disease

A

enterovirus

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48
Q

what causes felline calicivirus and state the lesions observed

A

piconavirus

primarily start as respiratory diseases but there are often lingual and oropharyngelal ulcers which start out as vesicles

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49
Q

what causes bovine popular stomatitis

A

parapox virus

zoonotic

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50
Q

what are the lesions of bovine popules stomatitis

A
  • popules in the nares, muzzle,tissues of the oral cavity including the gingiva,buccal mucosa , hard and soft palate and tongue
  • they can also be observed in the esophagus
  • sometimes rumen n omasum
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51
Q

a cow present with popules in the nare, muzzle, and tissues of the oral cavity. which disease do you suspect

A

bovine popular stomatitis

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52
Q

which disease causes milk nodules in humans

and what causes this disease

A

bovine postular stomatitis

parapoxvirus

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53
Q

what are the lesions of contagious ecthyma

A

characterised by

  1. macules
  2. vesicles
  3. pastules
  4. scabs
  5. scars on the corner of the mouth, udder and teats if the virus persist for a long time
  6. around the coronary bands
  7. and also around the anus on occassion
    8.
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54
Q

what is orf

A

human form of contagious ecthyma characterised by the formation of popules on the fingers, hands and arms

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55
Q

other virus that can cause oral lesions

A
  1. BVD
  2. MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER
  3. BLUE TONGUE
  4. EQUINE VIRAL RHINOTRAICHITIS
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56
Q

which disease causes acantholysis of epithelium of oral mucosa, mucocutaneous junctions and the skin (axilla and groin)

A

PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS

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57
Q
  • raised erythematous,
    proliferative lesions in mouth in the mouth of cats
A

feline lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis-pharyngitis

it is characterised by large # of lymphocytes and plasma cells

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58
Q

chronic
superficial ulcerative lesion usually at mucocutaneous junction of the lips but
can also be seen within the mouth

A

oral esinophilic granuloma complex

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59
Q

reddish brown ulcers on upper lip of cats.

may also be seen on the gums, palate and tongue are all lesion of….

A

oral eosinophilic granuloma complex(lick granuloma)

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60
Q

dog present with single to multiple,often ulcerative, raised plaque on the ventrolateral aspect of the tongue and mucosa of the palate

A

oral eosinophilic granuloma (lick granuloma)

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61
Q

what are the lesions of chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis

A
  • gingival inflammation and ulceration secondary to dental plaque
  • (kissing lesion)
  • can lead to bone resoption n tooth loss around affected tooth and gums in severe cases with no treatment
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62
Q

a calf present with fatid breath and ulcerative gingivitis with grayish-tan ulcers on the gingiva, buccal mucosa and pharyngeal mucosa

name the disease?

A

oral necrobacillosis (calf diphtheria)

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63
Q

what are the lesions of actinobacillosis

A

grossly the tongue is rigid and firm and on cut surface there is fibrosis and multifocal yellowish granulomas

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64
Q

chronic granulomatous inflamation with fibrosis of tongue following oral trauma

A

actinobacillosis=wooden tongue

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65
Q

lesions of actinomycosis

A
  • granulomatous inflamation of the mandible
  • destruction of bones
  • grossly–>grayish-white fibrotic lesions causing swelling of the jaw
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66
Q

a rare, severe oral ischemic necrosis with myriad intralesional spirochetal and fusiform bacteria

A

norma

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67
Q

what are the lesions for norma

A
  • necrotising gingivities
  • that if left untreated can result in
  • severe soft tissue damage in the oral cavity with
  • extension into theunderlying maxillary and mandibular bone
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68
Q

what is the causes of thrush

A

candida albicans

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69
Q

thrush is predisposed by

A

Thrush is not a primary disease but is secondary to debility,

immunocompromise or long-term antibiotic therapy
(antibiotics kill normal oral bacterial flora which is important to normal oral health).

High blood glucose levels (diabetes mellitus) can also lead to thrush
on occasion

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70
Q

a grayish to whitish pseudomembrane on the surface of tongue or esophageal mucosa which scrapes off easily are lesions for

A

trush

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71
Q

teeth are almost covered by gingival tissue

A

gingival hyperplasia

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72
Q

which oral disease resemble epulis

A

gingival hyperplasia

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73
Q

cauliflower-like to papillary in
shape and usually present in small numbers

A

papillomas (warts)

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74
Q

where do u find scc in

A cats

Bdogs

A
  • cats- ventrolateral aspect of tongue
  • dogs–tonsils
75
Q

firm, grayish-pink stromal neoplasm between and
around teeth

A

fibrous epulis

76
Q

firm, grayish-pink epithelial neoplasm

A

acanthomatous epulis

77
Q

which tumer mechanically displace teeth but do not invade bone

A

fibromatous epulis

78
Q

what is the sequela for dental cariers

A

loss of enamel and dentine due to decalcification.

79
Q

what causes infandibular impaction

A
  • incomplete cementum formation in the infundibulum
  • which predispose the infandibulum to build up of materials and acids produced by the bacteria
80
Q

morphological characterisitics of monkey faced lambs due to ingestion of veratrum califonicum

A

protruding lower jaw

underdeveloped upper jaw,

proboscis-like nose,

cyclopia

, hydrocephaly

and a variety of other deformities of the
eyes

81
Q

a goat is presented with a sore scaby mouth,and infectious pastular dermatitis.which disease do you suspect?

A

contagious ecthyma

note that the

  • human form of this disease is called orf
  • in cattle it is called bovine popular stomatitis
82
Q

dilation of sublingual salivary duct

A

ranula

83
Q

pseudocyst in subcutaneous and deeper tissues due to Ruptured salivary duct.

A

salivary mucocele(sialocele)

it is filled withfilled with saliva.

84
Q

lesions of cricopharyngeal achalasia

A

lesions on cricopharyngeal mm.

  • fibrosis
  • mm.hypertrophy
  • mm. atrophy
  • myositis
85
Q

upper esophageal sphinter does not relax as it should during swallowing

A

cricopharyngeal achalasia

86
Q

what are the lesions of megaesophagus

A

flacid and sacculated

87
Q

neuromascular development or immaturity of neuromascular control causes

A

idiopathic congenital megaesophagus

88
Q

what causes megaesophagus

A
  • can be 2ndary to damage of esophageal mm.
  • myasthenia gravis
  • hypothyroidism
  • nerve damage
89
Q

causes of periesophageal obstruction

A

vascular ring anomalies

inflammation

neoplasia

muscular hypertrophy

90
Q

what causes esophageal stenosis

A

secondary to esophageal damage due to

  • wound by foreign body
  • severe gastric reflux
91
Q

sequela of esophageal perforations

A
  • it can cause esophago-respiratory fistulla
  • diverticulum that often becomes impacted with ingesta
92
Q

this parasite cause formation of granulomas in the esophagus

A

spirocerca lupi

it also causes aotic aneurisms

93
Q

which parasite dead larvae initiate an acute severe inflammatory response that can be so severe that the lumen of the esophagus is occluded and the animals cannot
swallow or eructate (leads to bloat).

A

hypoderma lineatum

94
Q

what causes SCC in cattle

A

bracken fern

95
Q

which tumers incidence is related to s.lupi

A

fibrosarcoma

fibromas

osteosarcoma

96
Q

Protective mechanisms the stomach

A
  1. Intact layer of epithelial and mucus cells - intracellular tight junctions
  2. prevents back diffusion of acids into gastric mucosa Layer of undisturbed gastric mucus
  3. Bicarbonate ions secreted by epithelial cells into mucus layer
  4. Mucosal microcirculation allows for clearance of back-diffused acids
  5. Prostaglandins produced by epithelium.
  6. Mucosal immune system
97
Q

effects of corticosteroids on GI

A

causes decreased production of epithelial cells and
decreased prostaglandin synthesis

98
Q

what causes ulcers in dogs and cats

A

mast cell tumers

high corticosteroid administration

99
Q

cases of ulcers in swine

A

corn based meal

fine ground rations

leptobacillus and bacillus spp.

100
Q

hyperkaratosis n parakeratosis in a squamous epithelium surrounding the cardia of the stomach are all lesions of

A

ulcers in swine

101
Q

a pig present with dark and tarry stools and the owner has been feeding it corn for the last 3 months.what condition do you suspect

A

ulcers in swine

102
Q

what causes acute equine gastric dilation

A

secondary to overeating

103
Q

what causes chronic gastric dilation

A

secondary to gastric ulcers

neoplasms of the gastric wall

uremia

intervetebral disk disease

pyloric stenosis

wind suckers (horses)

104
Q

which horse parasite causes summer sores

A

drachia megastoma

105
Q

raised whitish thickened areas in the mucosal portion of the horse are lesions of which parasite

A

trichostronaglus equi

very similar to the lesions caused by Ostertagia in cattle (Morocco
leather)

106
Q

what are the lesions for bacterial gastritis

A

acute suppurative gastritis in a dog

107
Q

what are the lesions for fungual gastritis

A

chronic pyogranulomatous gastritis and gastrointeritis

108
Q

most common gastric neoplasia in dogs

A

adenocarcinoma

109
Q

most common carcinoma in cats

A

lymphoma

110
Q

most common tumer in horses and llama

A

scc

111
Q

gastric mast cell tumer in mostly found in

A

dogs

112
Q

differentiate fibromatous and acanthomatous eputis

A
  • acanthomatous evade bone while fibromatous doesnt
  • fibromatous= firm,grayish ,pink stromal neoplasia
  • acathomatous= firm,grayish,pink epithelial neoplasia
  • fibromatous=stromal
  • acanthomatous= epithelial
  • fibromatous=vary in size and hav lobulated surfaces
  • acanthomatous= papillary to senile in shape
113
Q

what are the lesions of ruminal flukes

A

larvae causes

  1. hypoproteinemia
  2. anemia
  3. even death
114
Q

what normally causes Traumatic reticuloperitonitis/pericarditis

A

ingested metal

115
Q

lesions of traumatic reticuloperitonitis/pericarditis

A
  1. focal reticulitis
  2. peritonitis
  3. pericarditis
  4. pleuratis/ pneumonia
116
Q

lesions of Abomasal dilation and tympany

A
  1. abomasal hemorrhages
  2. necrosis of the mucosa and obomasal wall in severe cases
  3. sometimes emphesema of the obomasum
117
Q

what causes displaced obomasum

A

abomasal atony and hypocalcemia

118
Q

what are the lesions of displaced abomasum

A
  • ketosis
  • metritis
  • retained placenta
119
Q

which parasite casuses raised nodular pale areas,
scattered over the mucosal surface of the abomasum

A

ostertagia ostertagi

120
Q

what is the pathogenesis for ostertagia ostertagi

A
  • amage and loss of parietal cells withreplacement by mucus neck cells
  • with loss of the parietal cells,pH of the obomasum goes up(alkaline) and digestive functions decrease
  • damage to the mucosal barrier
  • backdiffusion of the pepsinogen into the obomasum and into the blood stream
  • hypoproteinemia
121
Q

what are the lesions of mycotic obomasitis

A
  • vascular damage
  • thrombosis
  • secondary ischemic damage
  • lesions present as ball eye in mucosa
122
Q

which obomasal neoplasia is the most common

A

bovine lymphoma

123
Q

what are the lesions of haemonchus contortus

A
  • anemia
  • hypoproteinemia
  • edema
  • diarrhoea
124
Q

which bacteria has been associate with obamasal ulcers,hemorrhages and tympany

A

clostridium A

125
Q

bull eye in obomasal mucosa

A

mycotic obomasitis

126
Q

what cases intramural interstinal obstuctions

A
  1. strictures secndary to scarring
  2. intramural neoplasms
  3. intramural inflamation– secondary to bacterial or fungual, pythium infections
  4. mm hypertrophy in the ileum–pigs and horses
127
Q

pythium infection causes

A

interstinal obstruction within the interstinal wall

128
Q

what are extramural causes of intestinal obstructions

A
  • adhersions following surgery in horses
  • lipomas–old horses
  • neoplasms
  • mesenteric fat necrosis
129
Q

what causes intussusception

A
  • secondary to irritability and hypermotility
  • in dogs it can happen by handling intestines during surgery
  • need to distinguish it from postmortem invagionations
130
Q

what type of lesion is adynamic ileus

A

biochemical lesion.not a structural lesion

it is a functional pseudo-obstruction of intestines

loss of peristalysis and mm.tone

131
Q

what causes adynamic ileus

A
  • manipulation of the stomach or intestine during surgery
  • severe pain,peritonitis, shock, uremia
  • electrolyte imbalances (hypokalemia)
    *
132
Q

what are the clinical signs of adynamic ileus

A

anorexia

abdomen distended

colic

no bowel sounds

fluid and gas in interstine

vomiting and reflux

133
Q

what causes internal herniations

A
  • mesenteric tears in horses
  • pedunculated lipomas in horses
134
Q

types of external herniations

A
  • umblical hernia
  • diaphragmatic hernia
  • scrotal hernia
  • tear in mm. wall of the abdomen
  • perineal hernia
    *
135
Q

list the vascular diseases of the intestine

A

verminous arteritis, thrombosis, aneurisms, strongylus vulgas–horses

volvulus and torsion–bowel obstruction and intestnal ischemia

136
Q

common cause of
protein-losing enteropathy in dogs

A

Lymphangiectasia

137
Q

causes of Lymphangiectasia

A
  • Congenital malformation of lymphatic system
  • Acquired condition secondary to inflammatory
  • or neoplastic condition of intestine or
  • mesenteries where lymphatic function is

compromised

138
Q

what causes increased permability of the mucosa in diarrhoea

A
  • increased hydrostatic p
  • rhf
  • portal hypertension
  • plasma volume expansion
  • mucosal damage by viruses and bacteria
139
Q

which animals are affected by rotaviral enteritis

A

pigs–up to 7 weeks of age

dairy calves–first week of life

cause disease at around time when the calf is being weaned

140
Q

discuss the pathogenesis of rotavirus

i.e damage on villus

A

– Necrosis of enterocytes covering the upper ½ of
the intestinal villi ––> loss of absorptive epithelium
malabsorption/maldigestion

chloride secretion–>water follows with sodium

Increased peristalsis – virus causes activation of
enteric nervous system leading to increased
peristalsis.
– Blockage of sodium/glucose transport system

141
Q

what is the disease caused by corona virus in pigs and calf

A

Pigs – TGE
Calves – calf scours

142
Q

what are the target cells in TGF in pigs

A

distal 3/4 of the villus

143
Q

what are the lesions of parvo in puppies less than 2 weeks

A

generalised disease

necrosis in various tissues including the heart,kidneys, bone marrow;intestine and lungs

144
Q

what are the lesions of parvo in puppies between 3 and 8 weeks

A

similiar to the ones in puppies less than 2 weeks + myocarditis

145
Q

what are the lesions of parvo in dogs older than 8 weeks

A

sever necrosis of cryptal epithelium throughout the small intestine

in addition there is necrosis in the cells in the bone marrow and lymphocytes in the GALT and lnn throughout the body

146
Q

what are the lesons of feline panleukopenia

A

similiar to parvo with severe necrosis of cryptal epithelium throughout the small intestine

there is also necrosis of rapidly dividing cells in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissue throughout the body

147
Q

what are the lesions of clostridium infection on intestines

A

Hemorrhagic enteritis
»Toxins produced are responsible for
damage and so disease is often referred
to as enterotoxemia

148
Q

what are the lesions of clostridium perforingins type A

A
  • birds–>necrotic enteritis
  • calves and lambs –>enterotoxemia
  • piglets—>necrotizing enterocolitis ,
  • dogs–>canine hemorrhagic enteritis,
  • calves s–>hemorrhagic abomasitis
  • yellow lamb disease
149
Q

which GI microbe causes edema disease of swine

A

verotoxigenic E.coli

150
Q

what causes adynamic ileus

A
  1. bowel manipulation at surgery
  2. peritonitis
  3. shock
  4. severe pain
  5. electrolyte imbalances esp. hypokalemia
  6. toxemia
  7. uremia
  8. tetanus
  9. DM
  10. heavy metal intoxication
151
Q

what is the sequela for acute gastric dilation and volvulus

A
  • gastric rotaton
  • splenic displacement
  • twsted esophagus
  • vascular compression
  • decreased venous drainage
  • hypoxemia
152
Q

what is the sequela to acute gastric dilation and volvulus

A
  • hypoxemia
  • acid base imbalances
  • obstruction of pylorus and cardia
  • increase intragastric pressure
  • pancreatitic ischemia and release of myocardial depressant factor→cardiaarrthmias,shock and cardiac failure
153
Q

what causes chronic gastric dilation

A
  • secondary to astric ulcers
  • neoplasm of astric wall
  • uremia
  • pyloric stenosis
  • intervetebral disc disease
  • windsuckers
154
Q

what causes acute gastric dilation

A
  • secondary to overfeeding
  • dry grains swell in stomach making dilation more severe
155
Q

what causes abomasal ulcers

A
  • viral disease–>BVD
  • lymphoma
  • trauma
  • displacement/torsion
  • increased rain diet
  • impaction–>vagal nn damage,dehydraton,poor quality rouphages
  • dietary changes and stress
156
Q

which obomasal parasite damages parietal cells and result in increase pH

A

ostertagia ostertagi

157
Q

discuss pathogenesis of ostertagia ostertagi

A
  • destroy parietal cells an result in increase in pH
  • amage to mucosal barrier resulting in back diffusion of pepsinogen into submucosa and blood stream
  • protein loss
158
Q

this parasite causes raised nodular areas scatterd in the mucosal surface of obomasum which can be thickened and irregular in shape

A

ostertagia ostertagi

159
Q

which obamasal neoplasm is common

A

bovine lymphoma

160
Q

what causes adynamic ileus

A
  • secondary to bowel manipulation after surgery
  • uremia
  • toxemia
  • shock
  • peritonitis
  • DM
  • tetanus
  • heavy metal intoxcation
  • electrolyte inbalances esp. hypokalemia
161
Q

twisting of intestines on its mesentery axis

A

volvulus

162
Q

rotation of a tubular organ along its long axis

A

torsion

163
Q

lymphatics in walls of intestine and in mesenteries containing multifocal nodules made of large numbers of foamy macrophages and fibrosis if long term plugging lymphatics

A

lipogranulomatous lymphangiectasis

164
Q

what causes maladsoption in diarrhoea

A
  • maldigestion→ decreased pancreatic activity
  • intestinal stasis
  • mucosal transport abnormalities–> attachment of bacterias damage microvilli
  • necrosis of epithelium–>viral + bact
165
Q

which virus targets distal 3/4 enterocytes

A

corona virus

166
Q

malabsoptive yellowish diarrhoea containing fowl smelling undigested milk is due to

A

transissible gastroenterities( corona virus)

167
Q

which bacteria causes chloride secretion

A

enterotoxegenic bact

168
Q

which bacteria causes edema disease in swine

A

enterotoxemic or verotoxogenic e.coli (VTEC)

the edema is found in the gastric submucosa,eyelids,forehead,gallbladder and mesentery of spinal colon

169
Q

what are the lesions of verotoxogenic bacteria in the brain

A

damages blood vessels in brain causing multifocal malacia in medulla,thalamus and basal ganglia

n.b. verotexogenic bact. damages blood vessels

170
Q

how does the attaching effacing bacteria cause diarrhoea

A
  • it disrupts the brush borders of enterocytes causing maldigestion >malabsoption and diarrhoea
  • alters tight junctions ,protein in between enterocytes results in leakage of fluids into the lumen of the gut
171
Q

what are the lesions for acute salmonellosis

A
  1. fecal contents are maladorous(sewage smelling)
  2. diffuse,catarrhal enteritis with severe fibrinonectic typhlocolitis
  3. mucosal surface of cecum and colon is multifocally to diffusely ulcerated and often covered with membrane of necrotic enterocytes,fibrin, inflamatory cells and blood.
  4. mesenteric lymph nodes are edematous
172
Q

which dz causes maladolous(sewage smelling) feces

A

acute enteric salmonellosis

n.b mesenteric lnn are also edematous

173
Q

what are the lesions of chronic enteric salmonellosis

A
  • discrete foci of mucosal ulceration and necrosis with formation of round to oval ulcers(button ulcers)
  • vascular thrombosis in walls of cecum and colon
  • sometimes with strictures and infaction with fibrosis
174
Q

which clostridium causes bloody diarrhoea

A

type c

175
Q

which microbe causes struck disease

A

clost. type c

176
Q

list the degenerative diseases that causes Intracytoplasmic neuronal vacuolization

A
  • scrapie
  • bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
  • toxicity
  • Solanum spp.
  • Mycotoxicosis
  • Aspergillus clavatus
177
Q

disappearance of Nissl substance from the cell
body

A

Chromatolysis

  • there is association with cytoplasmic swelling and acute non-specific change
178
Q

irregular vacuolation of the neuropil restricted to white matter and nerves with’moth-eaten’ appearance and status spongiosus are all lesions of

A

Demyelination

there is reduced staining capacity of the affected tissue
– rarefaction

179
Q

discuss the gross appearance of demyelination degeneration

A

jelly-like appearance
» e.g., severe congenital copper deficiency in sheep

180
Q

discuss primary and secondary events that causes deamyelination degeneraton

A

Primary
• loss of myelin due to disorders of myelin
supporting cells
– Oligodendroglia, Schwann cells

– Secondary
• = Wallerian degeneration
• follows severe axonal damage
• reflects the death of an axon(s).

181
Q

breakdown of the axon and myelin sheath
following interruption of a nerve fiber is which type of degeneration

A

Wallerian degeneration

182
Q

degeneration of the nerve depends on

A
  • intergrity of the neurolemma and endoneurium
  • remyelination by schwann cells
  • exoplasmic flow
  • fibrosis prevents regeneration eg. when interupted ends of the nerve are too far apart.the gap is filled by fibrous tissue
183
Q

discuss regeneration of wallerian degeneration

A

degeneration takes place over a long period of time and there is no regeneration

GI pathology (1 decks)

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