GI Flashcards
1
Q
facial clefts caused by incomplete fusion of the upper lip along the midline (philtrum)
A
cheiloschisis (primary cleft palate, harelip, cleft lip)
These facial clefts may be unilateral or bilateral or they may be superficial
(involving only the lips) or deep (extending into the nostrils)
2
Q
facial clefts are caused by
incomplete fusion of the palatine shelves.
A
palatoschisis (secondary cleft palate
. Affected animals cannot suckle
properly and often develop aspiration pneumonia
3
Q
monkey-faced
lambs
(protruding lower jaw, underdeveloped upper jaw, proboscis-like nose, cyclopia, hydrocephaly and a variety of other deformities of the
eyes)
A
lesions of palatoschitis at day 14 of pregnancy in a lamb due to cosuption of veratrum califonicam by the ewe
4
Q
– deformities of the trachea (tracheal stenosis) in an ewe
A
lesions of palatochiasis due to consuption of veratrum califonicum at day 17-19 of pregnancy
5
Q
– shortened metatarsal and metacarpal bones in a infant ewe are lesions of……
A
consuption of veratrum califonicum by the ewe at day 28-31
6
Q
list the plants which causes palatoichisis in swine
A
tobacco
poison hemlock
crotalaria spp
7
Q
what causes palatoschisis in cats
A
griscofuscin
8
Q
what causes palatoscisis in primates
A
steroid administration in pregnant primates
9
Q
maxilla too short
A
brachygnathia superior
10
Q
- absence of lower jaw
A
anagnathia
11
Q
abnormal enlongation of the mandibles
A
prognathia
12
Q
which spp do u find the brachydont teeth (simple)
A
carnivore
lower incisors of ruminants
pigs except the tusks of boars
13
Q
in which spp do u find hypsodont teeth (complex)
A
- check teeth of ruminants
- the tusks of boars
- teeth of horses (high crown teeth)
this teeth grow throughout life and growth is controlled by grinding during eating
14
Q
characteristics of hypsodontal teeth
A
- continious growth throughout life
- no clear demarcation between root and crown
- both root and crown are covered by cementum
- Cementum and enamel invaginate into the dentin forming the infundibulum
15
Q
no teeth
A
anodontia
16
Q
too few teeth
A
oligodontia
17
Q
- failed or delayed eruption of teeth
A
pseudo-oligotia
18
Q
oligodonthia
A
few teeth
19
Q
epithelial lined cyst (sometimes containing keratin and/or
abnormal teeth) which arise from within the bones or soft tissues of the jaw
or head
A
dentigerous cyst (ear tooth)
mostly seen in horses
20
Q
damage to the enamel producing cells (ameloblasts). in young animals
A
enamel hypoplasia
21
Q
causes of enamel hypoplasia
A
canine disteper
BVD in calves
22
Q
Urine, teeth and bone
from affected animals will fluoresce when viewed under UV ligh
A
congenital erythropoietic porphyria (pink tooth)
23
Q
yellow to yellow-brown and will fluoresce when
viewed under UV ligh
A
tetracycline
24
Q
inflamation of the dental pulp
A
pulpitis
25
inflammation of the soft tissues surrounding the tooth
peridontitis
Periodonitis is often secondary to the buildup of bacterial plaque on the teeth
26
- loss of enamel and dentin because of decalcification of these structures by microbial enzymes and acids
. Dental caries
Loss of these hard structures leads
to tooth damage and pulpitis
27
what causes dental cariers
decalcification
by microbial enzymes and acids
28
what are the lesions of dental cariers
tooth decay and pulpitis
29
what are the lesions of infandibular impaction
* loss of cementum and enamel in the infandibulum
* pulpitis and periodonttis follows
* tooth abscess and fistulus tracts can result in rupture to the outside or into the paranasal sinus
30
Affected cats will have pain
when chewing and abnormal chewing movement
feline external resoptive neck lesions
it is secondary to odondoclastic resoption of cementum in the neck or root area of the tooth.
31
............normally occurs because the
corresponding tooth in the jaw above or below is lost or broken. The tooth
grows longer because there is no opposing tooth for it to grind against
step mouth
32
similar to step mouth but more than one tooth is elongated
causing several teeth on the opposing dental arcade to be worn down relative to
the adjacent teeth on the arcade
wave mouth
The surfaces of the teeth in the arcade are
irregular forming a wave pattern in the dental arcade
33
– dental condition where the grinding surfaces of the premolars or molars are severely sloped to the medial and/or lateral side from irregular wear resulting in the formation of sharp points on the medial and lateral aspects of the premolar and molar teeth.
shear mouth
The sharp points can cause damage to the
gingiva, mucosa of the hard palate and to the mucosa of the tongue
34
inflamation of the lips
cheilitis
35
inflamaton of the oral mucosa
stomatitis
36
inflamation of the tongue
glossitis
37
inflamation of the gums
gingivitis
38
characterisitcs/ pathogenesis of viral stomatitis
* viral diseases result in mucosal **epitheliolysis**
* leading to the formation of**vesicles**
* followed by **erosions/ulcers** around and within the oral cavity
39
which animals are affected by foot and mouth and which ones are not
affected: cattle, sheep and goats, swine
not affected:horses
40
which animals are affected by vesicular exanthema
swine only
41
which virus causes foot and mouth
picornavirus
42
which virus causes vesicular exanthema
calicivirus
43
which animals are affected by vesicular stomatitis
all of them
cattle,swine,sheep n goats and horses
44
which animals are affected by swine vesicular dz
swine only
45
which vesicular disease affects horses
vesicular stomatitis
46
which virus causes vesicular stomatitis
rhabdovirus
47
which virus causes swine vesicular disease
enterovirus
48
what causes felline calicivirus and state the lesions observed
piconavirus
primarily start as respiratory diseases but there are often lingual and oropharyngelal ulcers which start out as vesicles
49
what causes bovine popular stomatitis
parapox virus
zoonotic
50
what are the lesions of bovine popules stomatitis
* popules in the nares, muzzle,tissues of the oral cavity including the gingiva,buccal mucosa , hard and soft palate and tongue
* they can also be observed in the esophagus
* sometimes rumen n omasum
51
a cow present with popules in the nare, muzzle, and tissues of the oral cavity. which disease do you suspect
bovine popular stomatitis
52
which disease causes milk nodules in humans
and what causes this disease
bovine postular stomatitis
parapoxvirus
53
what are the lesions of contagious ecthyma
characterised by
1. macules
2. vesicles
3. pastules
4. scabs
5. _scars on the corner of the mouth, udder and teats if the virus persist for a long time_
6. around the coronary bands
7. and also around the anus on occassion
8.
54
what is orf
human form of contagious ecthyma characterised by the formation of popules on the fingers, hands and arms
55
other virus that can cause oral lesions
1. BVD
2. MALIGNANT CATARRHAL FEVER
3. BLUE TONGUE
4. EQUINE VIRAL RHINOTRAICHITIS
56
which disease causes acantholysis of epithelium of oral mucosa, mucocutaneous junctions and the skin (axilla and groin)
PEMPHIGUS VULGARIS
57
- raised erythematous,
proliferative lesions in mouth in the mouth of cats
feline lymphoplasmacytic stomatitis-pharyngitis
it is characterised by large # of lymphocytes and plasma cells
58
chronic
superficial ulcerative lesion usually at mucocutaneous junction of the lips but
can also be seen within the mouth
oral esinophilic granuloma complex
59
reddish brown ulcers on upper lip of cats.
may also be seen on the gums, palate and tongue are all lesion of....
oral eosinophilic granuloma complex(lick granuloma)
60
dog present with single to multiple,often ulcerative, raised plaque on the ventrolateral aspect of the tongue and mucosa of the palate
oral eosinophilic granuloma (lick granuloma)
61
what are the lesions of chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis
* gingival inflammation and ulceration secondary to dental plaque
* (kissing lesion)
* can lead to bone resoption n tooth loss around affected tooth and gums in severe cases with no treatment
62
a calf present with fatid breath and ulcerative gingivitis with **grayish-tan ulcers** on the gingiva, buccal mucosa and pharyngeal mucosa
name the disease?
oral necrobacillosis (calf diphtheria)
63
what are the lesions of actinobacillosis
grossly the tongue is rigid and firm and on cut surface there is fibrosis and multifocal yellowish granulomas
64
chronic granulomatous inflamation with fibrosis of tongue following oral trauma
actinobacillosis=wooden tongue
65
lesions of actinomycosis
* granulomatous inflamation of the mandible
* destruction of bones
* grossly--\>**grayish-white fibrotic** lesions causing swelling of the jaw
66
a rare, severe oral ischemic necrosis with myriad intralesional spirochetal and fusiform bacteria
norma
67
what are the lesions for norma
* **necrotising gingivities**
* that if left untreated can result in
* severe soft tissue damage in the oral cavity with
* extension into theunderlying maxillary and mandibular bone
68
what is the causes of thrush
candida albicans
69
thrush is predisposed by
Thrush is not a primary disease but is secondary to debility,
immunocompromise or long-term antibiotic therapy
(antibiotics kill normal oral bacterial flora which is important to normal oral health).
High blood glucose levels (diabetes mellitus) can also lead to thrush
on occasion
70
a **_grayish to whitish_** pseudomembrane on the surface of tongue or esophageal mucosa which scrapes off easily are lesions for
trush
71
teeth are almost covered by gingival tissue
gingival hyperplasia
72
which oral disease resemble epulis
gingival hyperplasia
73
cauliflower-like to papillary in
shape and usually present in small numbers
papillomas (warts)
74
where do u find scc in
A cats
Bdogs
* cats- ventrolateral aspect of tongue
* dogs--tonsils
75
firm, grayish-pink stromal neoplasm between and
around teeth
fibrous epulis
76
firm, grayish-pink epithelial neoplasm
acanthomatous epulis
77
which tumer mechanically displace teeth but do not invade bone
fibromatous epulis
78
what is the sequela for dental cariers
loss of enamel and dentine due to decalcification.
79
what causes infandibular impaction
* incomplete cementum formation in the infundibulum
* which predispose the infandibulum to build up of materials and acids produced by the bacteria
80
morphological characterisitics of monkey faced lambs due to ingestion of veratrum califonicum
protruding lower jaw
underdeveloped upper jaw,
proboscis-like nose,
cyclopia
, hydrocephaly
and a variety of other deformities of the
eyes
81
a goat is presented with a sore scaby mouth,and infectious pastular dermatitis.which disease do you suspect?
contagious ecthyma
note that the
* human form of this disease is called orf
* in cattle it is called bovine popular stomatitis
82
dilation of sublingual salivary duct
ranula
83
pseudocyst in subcutaneous and deeper tissues due to Ruptured salivary duct.
salivary mucocele(sialocele)
it is filled withfilled with saliva.
84
lesions of cricopharyngeal achalasia
lesions on cricopharyngeal mm.
* fibrosis
* mm.hypertrophy
* mm. atrophy
* myositis
85
upper esophageal sphinter does not relax as it should during swallowing
cricopharyngeal achalasia
86
what are the lesions of megaesophagus
flacid and sacculated
87
neuromascular development or immaturity of neuromascular control causes
idiopathic congenital megaesophagus
88
what causes megaesophagus
* can be 2ndary to damage of esophageal mm.
* myasthenia gravis
* hypothyroidism
* nerve damage
89
causes of periesophageal obstruction
vascular ring anomalies
inflammation
neoplasia
muscular hypertrophy
90
what causes esophageal stenosis
secondary to esophageal damage due to
* wound by foreign body
* severe gastric reflux
91
sequela of esophageal perforations
* it can cause esophago-respiratory fistulla
* diverticulum that often becomes impacted with ingesta
92
this parasite cause formation of granulomas in the esophagus
spirocerca lupi
it also causes aotic aneurisms
93
which parasite dead larvae initiate an acute severe inflammatory response that can be so severe that the lumen of the esophagus is occluded and the animals cannot
swallow or eructate (leads to bloat).
hypoderma lineatum
94
what causes SCC in cattle
bracken fern
95
which tumers incidence is related to s.lupi
fibrosarcoma
fibromas
osteosarcoma
96
Protective mechanisms the stomach
1. Intact layer of epithelial and mucus cells - intracellular tight junctions
2. prevents back diffusion of acids into gastric mucosa Layer of undisturbed gastric mucus
3. Bicarbonate ions secreted by epithelial cells into mucus layer
4. Mucosal microcirculation allows for clearance of back-diffused acids
5. Prostaglandins produced by epithelium.
6. Mucosal immune system
97
effects of corticosteroids on GI
causes decreased production of epithelial cells and
decreased prostaglandin synthesis
98
what causes ulcers in dogs and cats
mast cell tumers
high corticosteroid administration
99
cases of ulcers in swine
corn based meal
fine ground rations
leptobacillus and bacillus spp.
100
hyperkaratosis n parakeratosis in a squamous epithelium surrounding the cardia of the stomach are all lesions of
ulcers in swine
101
a pig present with dark and tarry stools and the owner has been feeding it corn for the last 3 months.what condition do you suspect
ulcers in swine
102
what causes acute equine gastric dilation
secondary to overeating
103
what causes chronic gastric dilation
secondary to gastric ulcers
neoplasms of the gastric wall
uremia
intervetebral disk disease
pyloric stenosis
wind suckers (horses)
104
which horse parasite causes summer sores
drachia megastoma
105
raised whitish thickened areas in the mucosal portion of the horse are lesions of which parasite
trichostronaglus equi
very similar to the lesions caused by Ostertagia in cattle (Morocco
leather)
106
what are the lesions for bacterial gastritis
acute suppurative gastritis in a dog
107
what are the lesions for fungual gastritis
chronic pyogranulomatous gastritis and gastrointeritis
108
most common gastric neoplasia in dogs
adenocarcinoma
109
most common carcinoma in cats
lymphoma
110
most common tumer in horses and llama
scc
111
gastric mast cell tumer in mostly found in
dogs
112
differentiate fibromatous and acanthomatous eputis
* acanthomatous **evade bone** while fibromatous doesnt
* fibromatous= firm,grayish ,pink stromal neoplasia
* acathomatous= firm,grayish,pink epithelial neoplasia
* fibromatous=**stromal**
* acanthomatous= **epithelial**
* fibromatous=vary in size and hav lobulated surfaces
* acanthomatous= papillary to senile in shape
113
what are the lesions of ruminal flukes
larvae causes
1. hypoproteinemia
2. anemia
3. even death
114
what normally causes Traumatic reticuloperitonitis/pericarditis
ingested metal
115
lesions of traumatic reticuloperitonitis/pericarditis
1. focal reticulitis
2. peritonitis
3. pericarditis
4. pleuratis/ pneumonia
116
lesions of Abomasal dilation and tympany
1. abomasal hemorrhages
2. necrosis of the mucosa and obomasal wall in severe cases
3. sometimes emphesema of the obomasum
117
what causes displaced obomasum
abomasal atony and hypocalcemia
118
what are the lesions of displaced abomasum
* ketosis
* metritis
* retained placenta
119
which parasite casuses raised nodular pale areas,
scattered over the mucosal surface of the abomasum
ostertagia ostertagi
120
what is the pathogenesis for ostertagia ostertagi
* amage and loss of parietal cells withreplacement by mucus neck cells
* with loss of the parietal cells,pH of the obomasum goes up(alkaline) and digestive functions decrease
* damage to the mucosal barrier
* backdiffusion of the pepsinogen into the obomasum and into the blood stream
* hypoproteinemia
121
what are the lesions of mycotic obomasitis
* vascular damage
* thrombosis
* secondary ischemic damage
* lesions present as ball eye in mucosa
122
which obomasal neoplasia is the most common
bovine lymphoma
123
what are the lesions of haemonchus contortus
* anemia
* hypoproteinemia
* edema
* diarrhoea
124
which bacteria has been associate with obamasal ulcers,hemorrhages and tympany
clostridium A
125
bull eye in obomasal mucosa
mycotic obomasitis
126
what cases **intramural** interstinal obstuctions
1. strictures secndary to scarring
2. intramural neoplasms
3. intramural inflamation-- secondary to bacterial or fungual, pythium infections
4. mm hypertrophy in the ileum--pigs and horses
127
pythium infection causes
interstinal obstruction within the interstinal wall
128
what are extramural causes of intestinal obstructions
* adhersions following surgery in horses
* lipomas--old horses
* neoplasms
* mesenteric fat necrosis
129
what causes intussusception
* secondary to irritability and hypermotility
* in dogs it can happen by handling intestines during surgery
* need to distinguish it from postmortem invagionations
130
what type of lesion is adynamic ileus
biochemical lesion.not a structural lesion
it is a functional pseudo-obstruction of intestines
loss of peristalysis and mm.tone
131
what causes adynamic ileus
* manipulation of the stomach or intestine during surgery
* severe pain,peritonitis, shock, uremia
* electrolyte imbalances (hypokalemia)
*
132
what are the clinical signs of adynamic ileus
anorexia
abdomen distended
colic
no bowel sounds
fluid and gas in interstine
vomiting and reflux
133
what causes internal herniations
* mesenteric tears in horses
* pedunculated lipomas in horses
134
types of external herniations
* umblical hernia
* diaphragmatic hernia
* scrotal hernia
* tear in mm. wall of the abdomen
* perineal hernia
*
135
list the vascular diseases of the intestine
verminous arteritis, thrombosis, aneurisms, strongylus vulgas--horses
volvulus and torsion--bowel obstruction and intestnal ischemia
136
common cause of
protein-losing enteropathy in dogs
Lymphangiectasia
137
causes of Lymphangiectasia
* Congenital malformation of lymphatic system
* Acquired condition secondary to inflammatory
* or neoplastic condition of intestine or
* mesenteries where lymphatic function is
compromised
138
what causes increased permability of the mucosa in diarrhoea
* increased hydrostatic p
* rhf
* portal hypertension
* plasma volume expansion
* mucosal damage by viruses and bacteria
139
which animals are affected by rotaviral enteritis
pigs--up to 7 weeks of age
dairy calves--first week of life
cause disease at around time when the calf is being weaned
140
discuss the pathogenesis of rotavirus
i.e damage on villus
– **Necrosis** of enterocytes covering the upper **½** of
the intestinal villi –--\> loss of absorptive epithelium
malabsorption/maldigestion
**chloride secretion**--\>water follows with sodium
**Increased peristalsis** – virus causes activation of
enteric nervous system leading to increased
peristalsis.
– Blockage of sodium/glucose transport system
141
what is the disease caused by corona virus in pigs and calf
Pigs – TGE
Calves – calf scours
142
what are the target cells in TGF in pigs
distal 3/4 of the villus
143
what are the lesions of parvo in puppies less than 2 weeks
generalised disease
necrosis in various tissues including the heart,kidneys, bone marrow;intestine and lungs
144
what are the lesions of parvo in puppies between 3 and 8 weeks
similiar to the ones in puppies less than 2 weeks + myocarditis
145
what are the lesions of parvo in dogs older than 8 weeks
sever necrosis of cryptal epithelium throughout the small intestine
in addition there is necrosis in the cells in the bone marrow and lymphocytes in the GALT and lnn throughout the body
146
what are the lesons of feline panleukopenia
similiar to parvo with severe necrosis of cryptal epithelium throughout the small intestine
there is also necrosis of rapidly dividing cells in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissue throughout the body
147
what are the lesions of clostridium infection on intestines
**Hemorrhagic enteritis**
»Toxins produced are responsible for
damage and so disease is often referred
to as enterotoxemia
148
what are the lesions of clostridium perforingins type A
* birds--\>necrotic enteritis
* calves and lambs --\>enterotoxemia
* piglets---\>necrotizing enterocolitis ,
* dogs--\>canine hemorrhagic enteritis,
* calves s--\>hemorrhagic abomasitis
* yellow lamb disease
149
which GI microbe causes edema disease of swine
verotoxigenic E.coli
150
what causes adynamic ileus
1. bowel manipulation at surgery
2. peritonitis
3. shock
4. severe pain
5. electrolyte imbalances esp. hypokalemia
6. toxemia
7. uremia
8. tetanus
9. DM
10. heavy metal intoxication
151
what is the sequela for acute gastric dilation and volvulus
* gastric rotaton
* splenic displacement
* twsted esophagus
* vascular compression
* decreased venous drainage
* hypoxemia
152
what is the sequela to acute gastric dilation and volvulus
* hypoxemia
* acid base imbalances
* obstruction of pylorus and cardia
* increase intragastric pressure
* pancreatitic ischemia and release of myocardial depressant factor→cardiaarrthmias,shock and cardiac failure
153
what causes chronic gastric dilation
* secondary to astric ulcers
* neoplasm of astric wall
* uremia
* pyloric stenosis
* intervetebral disc disease
* windsuckers
154
what causes acute gastric dilation
* secondary to overfeeding
* dry grains swell in stomach making dilation more severe
155
what causes abomasal ulcers
* viral disease--\>BVD
* lymphoma
* trauma
* displacement/torsion
* increased rain diet
* impaction--\>vagal nn damage,dehydraton,poor quality rouphages
* dietary changes and stress
156
which obomasal parasite damages parietal cells and result in increase pH
ostertagia ostertagi
157
discuss pathogenesis of ostertagia ostertagi
* destroy parietal cells an result in increase in pH
* amage to mucosal barrier resulting in back diffusion of pepsinogen into submucosa and blood stream
* protein loss
158
this parasite causes raised nodular areas scatterd in the mucosal surface of obomasum which can be thickened and irregular in shape
ostertagia ostertagi
159
which obamasal neoplasm is common
bovine lymphoma
160
what causes adynamic ileus
* secondary to bowel manipulation after surgery
* uremia
* toxemia
* shock
* peritonitis
* DM
* tetanus
* heavy metal intoxcation
* electrolyte inbalances esp. hypokalemia
161
twisting of intestines on its mesentery axis
volvulus
162
rotation of a tubular organ along its long axis
torsion
163
lymphatics in walls of intestine and in mesenteries containing multifocal nodules made of large numbers of foamy macrophages and fibrosis if long term plugging lymphatics
lipogranulomatous lymphangiectasis
164
what causes maladsoption in diarrhoea
* maldigestion→ decreased pancreatic activity
* intestinal stasis
* mucosal transport abnormalities--\> attachment of bacterias damage microvilli
* necrosis of epithelium--\>viral + bact
165
which virus targets distal 3/4 enterocytes
corona virus
166
malabsoptive yellowish diarrhoea containing fowl smelling undigested milk is due to
transissible gastroenterities( corona virus)
167
which bacteria causes chloride secretion
enterotoxegenic bact
168
which bacteria causes edema disease in swine
enterotoxemic or verotoxogenic e.coli (VTEC)
the edema is found in the gastric submucosa,eyelids,forehead,gallbladder and mesentery of spinal colon
169
what are the lesions of verotoxogenic bacteria in the brain
damages blood vessels in brain causing multifocal malacia in medulla,thalamus and basal ganglia
n.b. verotexogenic bact. damages blood vessels
170
how does the attaching effacing bacteria cause diarrhoea
* it disrupts the brush borders of enterocytes causing maldigestion \>malabsoption and diarrhoea
* alters tight junctions ,protein in between enterocytes results in leakage of fluids into the lumen of the gut
171
what are the lesions for acute salmonellosis
1. fecal contents are maladorous(sewage smelling)
2. diffuse,catarrhal enteritis with severe fibrinonectic typhlocolitis
3. mucosal surface of cecum and colon is multifocally to diffusely ulcerated and often covered with membrane of necrotic enterocytes,fibrin, inflamatory cells and blood.
4. mesenteric lymph nodes are edematous
172
which dz causes maladolous(sewage smelling) feces
acute enteric salmonellosis
n.b mesenteric lnn are also edematous
173
what are the lesions of chronic enteric salmonellosis
* discrete foci of mucosal ulceration and necrosis with formation of round to oval ulcers(button ulcers)
* vascular thrombosis in walls of cecum and colon
* sometimes with strictures and infaction with fibrosis
174
which clostridium causes bloody diarrhoea
type c
175
which microbe causes struck disease
clost. type c
176
list the degenerative diseases that causes Intracytoplasmic neuronal vacuolization
* scrapie
* bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
* toxicity
* Solanum spp.
* Mycotoxicosis
* Aspergillus clavatus
177
disappearance of Nissl substance from the cell
body
Chromatolysis
* there is association with cytoplasmic swelling and acute non-specific change
178
irregular vacuolation of the neuropil restricted to white matter and nerves with'moth-eaten' appearance and status spongiosus are all lesions of
**Demyelination**
there is reduced staining capacity of the affected tissue
– rarefaction
179
discuss the gross appearance of demyelination degeneration
jelly-like appearance
» e.g., severe congenital copper deficiency in sheep
180
discuss primary and secondary events that causes deamyelination degeneraton
**Primary**
• loss of myelin due to disorders of myelin
supporting cells
– Oligodendroglia, Schwann cells
– **Secondary**
• = Wallerian degeneration
• follows severe axonal damage
• reflects the death of an axon(s).
181
breakdown of the axon and myelin sheath
following interruption of a nerve fiber is which type of degeneration
Wallerian degeneration
182
degeneration of the nerve depends on
* intergrity of the neurolemma and endoneurium
* remyelination by schwann cells
* exoplasmic flow
* fibrosis prevents regeneration eg. when interupted ends of the nerve are too far apart.the gap is filled by fibrous tissue
183
discuss regeneration of wallerian degeneration
degeneration takes place over a long period of time and there is no regeneration
