GI

Question 1

who is more likely to experience opportunistic infections like candidiasis?

Answer 1

immunocompromised people

Question 2

what is the most common cause of inflammation/irritation to the esophagus?

Answer 2

GERD

Question 3

TRUE OR FALSE
swallowing disorders are esophagitis?

Answer 3

false

Question 4

what is globus?

Answer 4

feeling of something stuck in the throat, often related to anxiety

Question 5

why does stomach acid burn the esophagus but not the stomach?

Answer 5

stomach is protected by a thick mucous

Question 6

what can cause the lower esophageal sphincter to relax?

Answer 6

obesity and pregnancy

Question 7

what causes GERD?

Answer 7

lax cardiac sphincter at the gastroesophageal juncture such that acid irritates the esophageal epithelium which does not have the protective thick mucous which the gastric lining has

Question 8

what percent of people with GERD will develop Barrett’s esophagus?

Answer 8

15%

Question 9

what is Barrett’s esophagus?

Answer 9

metaplasia, pre-cancerous
risk for esophageal cancer

Question 10

what are some non-pharmacological treatments of GERD?

Answer 10

weight loss
extra pillow for sleep
earlier supper
avoiding trigger food

Question 11

what medications can be used for GERD?

Answer 11

H2 receptor antagonists
proton pump inhibitors
antacids

Question 12

why are antacids not recommended long term?

Answer 12

cause rebound acidity

Question 13

what is the MOA for H2 antagonists?

Answer 13

bind to H2 receptors in gastric parietal cells, reducing H+/K+ ATPase activity

Question 14

what are H2 receptor antagonists used to treat?

Answer 14

GERD
peptic ulcers

Question 15

which has a longer duration of use – PPIs or H2 antagonists?

Answer 15

PPIs

Question 16

what class of drug is ranitidine?

Answer 16

H2 receptor antagonist

Question 17

what class of drug is famotidine?

Answer 17

H2 receptor antagonist

Question 18

what class of drug is cimetidine?

Answer 18

H2 receptor antagonist

Question 19

what class of drug is nizatidine?

Answer 19

H2 receptor antagonist

Question 20

what is the MOA for proton pump inhibitors?

Answer 20

bind to the H+/K+ ATPase of the gastric parietal cell, thereby preventing acid secretion

Question 21

what are PPIs used for?

Answer 21

GERD
peptic ulcers
H. pylori related ulcers
duodenal ulcer
Zollinger-Ellison disorder

Question 22

What is Zollinger-Ellison disorder?

Answer 22

acid hypersecretion

Question 23

what class of drug is pantoprazole?

Answer 23

PPIs

Question 24

what class of drug is omeprazole?

Answer 24

PPIs

Question 25

what class of drug is rabeprazole?

Answer 25

PPIs

Question 26

what class of drug is esomeprazole?

Answer 26

PPIs

Question 27

what class of drug is lansoprazole?

Answer 27

PPIs

Question 28

what are parietal cells?

Answer 28

secrete acid into the stomach

Question 29

what are ECL cells?

Answer 29

Enterochromaffin-like cells secrete histamine and peptide hormones

Question 30

what binds to muscarinic receptors?

Answer 30

acetylcholine from nerve cells

Question 31

where are muscarinic receptors located?

Answer 31

on both parietal and ECL cells

Question 32

what happens when ECL cells are stimulated by Ach?

Answer 32

they secrete histamine which stimulate parietal cells to secrete acid

Question 33

what happens when parietal cells are stimulated by Ach?

Answer 33

it secretes a lot of acid

Question 34

what is H. pylori infection associated with?

Answer 34

gastric ulcers

Question 35

what can cause gastritis?

Answer 35

infection irritation medications alcohol atrophy of old age major stress autoimmune

Question 36

signs and symptoms of gastritis

Answer 36

pain bloating burning sensation heavy feeling in stomach belching or flatulence N/D loss of appetite weight loss (chronic) blood in vomit or stool

Question 37

what can your stool and emesis look like in gastritis?

Answer 37

coffee-grounds emesis melena (tarry stool)

Question 38

how do you treat H. pylori infection?

Answer 38

1. one or two antibiotics 2. add bismuth 3. H2 antagonist or PPIs 2-3 weeks of treatment surgery if perforated or nonhealing

Question 39

what are some risk factors of gastric cancer?

Answer 39

infections: H. pylori, EBV genetic factors prior stomach surgery or radiation exposure rubber industry work smoking, alcohol, high salt diet being overweight precancerous lesion

Question 40

what are some symptoms of gastric cancer?

Answer 40

similar to gastric ulcer but it progresses systemic symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss and anemia, lymph node involvement, vomiting, pain, abdominal fullness/bloating may occur

Question 41

what kind of tumours are gastric cancer usually?

Answer 41

adenocarcinomas less commonly can be lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma, neuroendocrine

Question 42

what are the 3 parts of the pancreas?

Answer 42

tail, body and head

Question 43

what are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

Answer 43

to produce acid-neutralizing bicarbonate and digestive enzymes such as lipase amylase and protease to break down fats, CHO and proteins