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PHAR 123 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

who is more likely to experience opportunistic infections like candidiasis?

A

immunocompromised people

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2
Q

what is the most common cause of inflammation/irritation to the esophagus?

A

GERD

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
swallowing disorders are esophagitis?

A

false

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4
Q

what is globus?

A

feeling of something stuck in the throat, often related to anxiety

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5
Q

why does stomach acid burn the esophagus but not the stomach?

A

stomach is protected by a thick mucous

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6
Q

what can cause the lower esophageal sphincter to relax?

A

obesity and pregnancy

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7
Q

what causes GERD?

A

lax cardiac sphincter at the gastroesophageal juncture such that acid irritates the esophageal epithelium which does not have the protective thick mucous which the gastric lining has

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8
Q

what percent of people with GERD will develop Barrett’s esophagus?

A

15%

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9
Q

what is Barrett’s esophagus?

A

metaplasia, pre-cancerous
risk for esophageal cancer

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10
Q

what are some non-pharmacological treatments of GERD?

A

weight loss
extra pillow for sleep
earlier supper
avoiding trigger food

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11
Q

what medications can be used for GERD?

A

H2 receptor antagonists
proton pump inhibitors
antacids

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12
Q

why are antacids not recommended long term?

A

cause rebound acidity

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13
Q

what is the MOA for H2 antagonists?

A

bind to H2 receptors in gastric parietal cells, reducing H+/K+ ATPase activity

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14
Q

what are H2 receptor antagonists used to treat?

A

GERD
peptic ulcers

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15
Q

which has a longer duration of use – PPIs or H2 antagonists?

A

PPIs

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16
Q

what class of drug is ranitidine?

A

H2 receptor antagonist

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17
Q

what class of drug is famotidine?

A

H2 receptor antagonist

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18
Q

what class of drug is cimetidine?

A

H2 receptor antagonist

19
Q

what class of drug is nizatidine?

A

H2 receptor antagonist

20
Q

what is the MOA for proton pump inhibitors?

A

bind to the H+/K+ ATPase of the gastric parietal cell, thereby preventing acid secretion

21
Q

what are PPIs used for?

A

GERD
peptic ulcers
H. pylori related ulcers
duodenal ulcer
Zollinger-Ellison disorder

22
Q

What is Zollinger-Ellison disorder?

A

acid hypersecretion

23
Q

what class of drug is pantoprazole?

A

PPIs

24
Q

what class of drug is omeprazole?

A

PPIs

25
Q

what class of drug is rabeprazole?

A

PPIs

26
Q

what class of drug is esomeprazole?

A

PPIs

27
Q

what class of drug is lansoprazole?

A

PPIs

28
Q

what are parietal cells?

A

secrete acid into the stomach

29
Q

what are ECL cells?

A

Enterochromaffin-like cells
secrete histamine and peptide hormones

30
Q

what binds to muscarinic receptors?

A

acetylcholine from nerve cells

31
Q

where are muscarinic receptors located?

A

on both parietal and ECL cells

32
Q

what happens when ECL cells are stimulated by Ach?

A

they secrete histamine which stimulate parietal cells to secrete acid

33
Q

what happens when parietal cells are stimulated by Ach?

A

it secretes a lot of acid

34
Q

what is H. pylori infection associated with?

A

gastric ulcers

35
Q

what can cause gastritis?

A

infection
irritation
medications
alcohol
atrophy of old age
major stress
autoimmune

36
Q

signs and symptoms of gastritis

A

pain
bloating
burning sensation
heavy feeling in stomach
belching or flatulence
N/D
loss of appetite
weight loss (chronic)
blood in vomit or stool

37
Q

what can your stool and emesis look like in gastritis?

A

coffee-grounds emesis
melena (tarry stool)

38
Q

how do you treat H. pylori infection?

A
  1. one or two antibiotics
  2. add bismuth
  3. H2 antagonist or PPIs

2-3 weeks of treatment
surgery if perforated or nonhealing

39
Q

what are some risk factors of gastric cancer?

A

infections: H. pylori, EBV
genetic factors
prior stomach surgery or radiation exposure
rubber industry work
smoking, alcohol, high salt diet
being overweight
precancerous lesion

40
Q

what are some symptoms of gastric cancer?

A

similar to gastric ulcer but it progresses systemic symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss and anemia, lymph node involvement, vomiting, pain, abdominal fullness/bloating may occur

41
Q

what kind of tumours are gastric cancer usually?

A

adenocarcinomas
less commonly can be lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma, neuroendocrine

42
Q

what are the 3 parts of the pancreas?

A

tail, body and head

43
Q

what are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

to produce acid-neutralizing bicarbonate and digestive enzymes such as lipase amylase and protease to break down fats, CHO and proteins

PHAR 123 (2 decks)

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