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Phase 1 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

what is the blood supply for the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

left + right gastric branch of the hepatic artery

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2
Q

what is the blood supply of the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

short gastric arteries
left and right gastro-omental arteries

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3
Q

which ligament does the lesser curvature of the stomach give attachment to?

A

hepatogastric ligament

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4
Q

name the four sections of the stomach

A

fundus, body, pylorus, cardia

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5
Q

what level is the cardia?

A

T11

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6
Q

what does the pylorus connect to?

A

duodenum

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7
Q

Where is the angular notch?

A
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8
Q

where does the Inferior Oesophageal Sphincter pass through and at what level?

A

Oesphageal Hiatus - T10

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9
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter made of?

A

smooth muscle

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10
Q

Where does the greater omentum hang from and join to?

A

From the greater curvature and folds up to join to the transverse colon

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11
Q

Why does the greater omentum contribute largely towards gastrointestinal immunity?

A

contains lots of lymph nodes

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12
Q

Where does the lesser omentum originate from and join to?

A

Lesser curvature and joins to the liver

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13
Q

Via what does the greater and lesser sac communicate through?

A

Epiploic foraman

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14
Q

Where does the coeliac plexus arise from?

A

2nd branch of abdominal aorta

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15
Q

What does the splenic artery supply?

A

spleen

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16
Q

What are the three main branches of the abdominal aortus?

A

Left gastric, Splenic and Common hepatic

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17
Q

What does the splenic artery branch into and what do those branches supply?

A

body + tail of pancreas via pancreatic branches
fundus via short gastrics
greater curvature of stomach via left gastric-omentum

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18
Q

Which ligament is the splenic artery contained within?

A

splenorenal ligament

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19
Q

Describe the general route the splenic branch takes towards the spleen

A

posterior of stomach, across superior border of pancreas

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20
Q

Why is the splenic branch easily identifiable compared to the other branches?

A

Has a tortuous appearance

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21
Q

What does the Left gastric artery supply?

A

Stomach + oesophagus

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22
Q

What does the left gastric artery anastomose with?

A

Right gastric artery

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23
Q

What are the two main branches of the common hepatic artery?

A

Proper hepatic & gastroduodenal

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24
Q

What does the proper hepatic ascend through?

A

Lesser omentum

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25
Q

Proper hepatic artery gives rise to:

A

R. Gastric
Right and Left hepatic
Cystic

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26
Q

What does the gastroduodenal supply?

A

Stomach + small intestine

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27
Q

Gastroduodenal gives rise to:

A

R. Gastroepiploic
Super prancreacticoduodenal

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28
Q

What does the cystic artery supply?

A

Gallbladder

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29
Q

What does the pancreaticoduondenal supply?

A

Head of pancreas

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30
Q

What’s the start and end of the duodenum?

A

pylorus of the stomach -> duodenojejunal flexure

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31
Q

Name the 4 parts of the duodenum

A

Superior, Descending, Inferior, Ascending

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32
Q

Via what ligament is the superior part of the duodenum connected to the liver?

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

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33
Q

What spinal level is the Superior part of the duodenum at?

A

L1

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34
Q

What spinal level is the descending part of the duodenum at?

A

L1 - L3

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35
Q

Which part of the duodenum is the most common site of duodenal ulceration?

A

Superior

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36
Q

What covers the superior part of the duodenum?

A

Initial 3cm is covered anteriorly + posteriorly by visceral peritoneum
Rest is only covered anteriorly

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37
Q

What’s posterior and anterior of the descending part of the duodenum?

A

posteriorly to transverse colon
anteriorly to right kidney

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38
Q

Where does bile and pancreatic secretion enter the duodenum and where from?

A

Enters descending part of duodenum through major duodenal papilla from the Ampulla of Vater

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39
Q

Describe the structures around the inferior part of the duodenum

A

sits posterior to super mesenteric artery and vein
inferior to pancreas

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40
Q

describe the general route of the inferior part of the duodenum

A

Travels laterally to the left, crosses over inf. vena cava & aorta

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41
Q

What spinal level is the inferior part of the duodenum at?

A

L3

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42
Q

What spinal level is the ascending part of the duodenum at?

A

L3 - L2

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43
Q

What is the junction called between the duodenum and then jejenum?

A

duodenojejenum flexure

44
Q

@ the junction between the duodenum and the jejenum, what muscle is present and what is its function?

A

Suspensory Muscle of Duodenum
contraction widens the angle of the flexure + aids movement of the contents into the jejenum

45
Q

Where does the ileum end?

A

Ileocaecal junction

46
Q

How can you differentiate between the jejenum and the ileum?

A

They’re macroscopically different

47
Q

State the function of the ileocaecal valve

A

To prevent reflux of material back into the ileum

48
Q

Describe the general route of the duodenal vein system

A

Veins follow the major arteries and drain into the hepatic portal vein

49
Q

Describe the general route of lymph in the duodenum

A

Lymph drains into the pacreaticoduodenal + superior mesenteric nodes

50
Q

What artery supplies the dueodenal proximal to the major duodenal papilla?

A

Gastroduodenal artery

51
Q

What artery supplies the duodenum distal of the major duodenal papilla?

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

52
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage of the jejunum and the ileum

A

Lymph drains into the superior mesenteric nodes

53
Q

What’s the vein for the ileum and the jejunum?

A

Superior mesenteric vein

54
Q

Which artery supplies the jejunum and the ileum?

A

Superior Mesenteric artery

55
Q

Where does the superior mesenteric artery branch off?

A

Branches off abdominal aorta just inferior the coeliac trunk, Level L1-2

56
Q

Name the loops/arches that the jejunal arteries form

A

Arterial arcades

57
Q

What’s the clinical important of arterial arches?

A

Able to function despite damage because of the loops/arches

58
Q

What arteries branch off the arterial arcades?

A

Straight arteries (Vasa recta)

59
Q

Name the 4 sections of the Large Intestine

A

Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon

60
Q

State the beginning and end points of the Ascending Colon

A

Cecum -> Hepatic flexure (right colic flexure)

61
Q

State the beginning and end points of the transverse colon

A

Hepatic Flexure (right colic flexure) -> Splenic Flexure (Left colic flexure)

62
Q

What is the transverse colon enclosed by?

A

Transverse mesocolon

63
Q

Which ligament attaches the transverse colon to the diaphragm?

A

Phrenicocolic ligament

64
Q

Which sections of the colon lay intraperitoneally?

A

AC + DC

65
Q

State the beginning and end points of the Descending Colon

A

Splenic Flexure -> Sigmoid Flexure

66
Q

What’s posterior to the Descending Colon?

A

Left kidney

67
Q

State the beginning and end points of the Sigmoid Colon

A

Left iliac fossa -> S3 vertebra

68
Q

What attaches the sigmoid colon to the posterior pelvis?

A

Sigmoid mesocolon

69
Q

What does the Sigmoid Colon’s long length enable?

A

Mobility

70
Q

What sections of the Colon were derived from the midgut?

A

Ascending Colon + initial 2/3rds of Transverse Colon

71
Q

What sections of the Colon were derived from the hindgut?

A

Descending Colon, distal 1/3rd of the Transverse Colon and Sigmoid Colon

72
Q

What arteries supply the midgut derived structures?

A

Superior Mesenteric Artery

73
Q

What artery supplies the Hindgut-derived structures?

A

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

74
Q

What arteries supply the transverse colon and where did they branch from?

A

R. Colic artery & M. Colic artery -> SMA
L. Colic = IMA

75
Q

What is the arterial supply for the Sigmoid Colon?

A

Sigmoid arteries

76
Q

Where does lymph from the Ascending and Transverse Colon drain into?

A

Superior Mesenteric Nodes

77
Q

Where does the lymph from the Descending and Sigmoid Colon drain into?

A

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

78
Q

Describe the route of lymph drainage after it’s collected into the superior and inferior mesenteric lymph nodes

A
  • > Intestinal Lymph Trunks - > Cisterna Chyli - > Thoracic Duct
79
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the Ascending Colon

A

Ileocolic vein + Right colic vein -> SMA -> hepatic portal vein

80
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the Transverse Colon

A

Middle Colic Vein -> SMA -> hepatic portal vein

81
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the Descending Colon

A

Left Colic Vein -> IMA -> hepatic portal vein

82
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the Sigmoid Colon

A

Sigmoid Veins -> IMA -> hepatic portal vein

83
Q

State the innervation of midgut-derived structures

A

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic + Sensory innervation via nerves from the Superior Mesenteric Plexus

84
Q

State the innervation of hindgut-derived structures

A

Sympathetic, Parasympathetic + Sensory innervation via nerves from Inferior Mesenteric Plexus
Para –> Pelvic Splanchnic
Symp –> Lumbar Splanchnic

85
Q

Name the lateral border of the rectus abdominis

A

Linea Semilunaris

86
Q

Describe the path of the lateral border of the Rectus Abdominis

A

Curved line from 9th rib to pubic tubercle

87
Q

Name the line that splits the rectus abdominis in two

A

Linea Alba

88
Q

What are the 2 horizontal planes of the abdomen?

A

Transpyloric Plane
Intertubercular

89
Q

Describe the location of the two horizontal planes of the abdomen

A

Transpyloric Plane - halfway between jugular notch and pubic symphysis ≈ L1
Intertubercular Plane - between superior aspects of L + R iliac crests

90
Q

Name and describe the vertical plane of the abdomen

A

Mid-Clavicular Plane
middle of clavicle -> mid inguinal point

91
Q

Describe the location of McBurney’s Point and its use clinically

A

1/3 of the distance between ASIS and umbilicus
can be used to split muscle fibres without cutting

92
Q

What are the 4 main layers of the Anterior Abdominal Wall (interior to exterior)?

A

Parietal Peritoneum
Muscles + associated fascia
Superficial fascia
Skin

93
Q

Describe how the superficial fascia differs above and below the umbilicus

A

Above : single layer of connective tissue

Below : Camper’s Fascia -> superficial fatty layer
Scarpa’s Fascia -> deep membranous layer

94
Q

Deepest flat muscle
Function
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
Which direction do the fibres run?

A

Transversalis Abdominis
Compression of abdominal contents
Inguinal ligament, costal cartilages 7-12, iliac crest & throracolumbar fascia
Conjoint tendon, xiphoid process, linea alba & pubic crest
Thoracoabdominal Nerves (T7-T11), Subcostal nerve (T12), branches of lumbar plexus
Transversely

95
Q

Middle flat muscle
Function
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
What direction do the fibres run?

A

Internal Oblique
Bilateral contraction compresses abdomen & Unilateral contraction rotates torso ipsilateraly
Inguinal ligament, iliac crest & lumbodorsal fascia
Ribs 10 - 12
Thoracoabdominal Nerves (T7 - T11), subcostal nerve (T12) & branches of lumbar plexus
Superomedially

96
Q

Most Superficial Flat Muscle
Function
Origin
Insertion
Innervation
What direction do the fibres run?

A

External Oblique
Contralateral rotation of torso
Ribs 5 - 12
Iliac crest + pubic tubercle
Thoracoabdominal Nerves (T7 - T11) & Subcostal Nerves (T12)
Inferomedially

97
Q

Deep Vertical Muscle
Function
Origin
Insertion
Innervation

A

Rectus Abdominis
Compresses abdomen & Stabilises pelvis whilst walking & Depresses Ribs
Crest of Pubis
Xiphoid proces, costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
Thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-T11)

98
Q

Superficial Vertical Muscle
Function
Origin
Insertion
Innervation

A

Pyramidalis
Tenses the libea alba
Pubic crest
Linea alba
Subcostal Nerve (T12)

99
Q

What forms the rectus sheath?

A

The aponeuroses of the 3 flat muscles

100
Q

What does the rectus sheath enclose?

A

Rectus abdominis and Pyramidalis

101
Q

What is the arcuate line?

A

The point where the rectus sheath ends

102
Q

What is the role of folate, what substance does it require to function and what happens if either are deficient?

A

Used in the synthesis of nucleic acids & help to prevent against neural tube defects (spinabifida)
Requires B12

If deficient, anaemia (bc cell division is affected due to lack of intrinsic factor ∴ lack of RBCs)

103
Q

Pancreas is made up of two types of glands, exocrine and endocrine.

what are the functions of each?

A

Exocrine - secretes digestive enzymes + sodium bicarbonate into duodenum

Endocrine - contains Islets of Langerhan and secrete hormones into bloodsteam

104
Q

What does the delta-cell secrete and what is its role?

A

Somatastatin - inhibits glucagon and insulin

105
Q

What is the space between hepatocytes called, what occurs in these spaces?

A

Space of Disse, lymphatic drainage

106
Q

5 stages of embryology of midgut

A

elongation → herniaton → rotation → retraction → fixation

107
Q

What connects the midgut to the yolk sac?

what is the blood supply?

A

vitelline duct

SMA

Phase 1 (3 decks)

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