GGR Flashcards
Geographical Imagination
Def: how individuals and societies view and interpret the world in spatial terms, affecting their sense of place and relationships with others.
Ex: the North and South duality is shaped by geographical imagination, resulting in power imbalances/ geometries and cultural differences between regions
Concept: important when studying GGR because it plays a role in producing notions of social and spatial reality that inform the
power dynamics between the different actors and understanding these underlying assumptions helps us analyze how power circulates.
Power geometry
Def: refers to the uneven experience of time space compression. While space seems compressed for some, for others it may actually be extended. What this implies is that various social groups and/ or individuals are placed in more or less systematic and uneven ways in comparison. In essence, space may be compressed for some or may be extended.
Ex: when a woman or black person wants to go for a walk late at night versus a white man going for a walk late at nigh. Most women will likely always feel on guard, and most racialized people will be afraid of police violent approaches, whereas most white men would not even give it a second thought.
Concept: important when studying GGR because power geometry disrupts colonial tendencies by forcing us to acknowledge that social difference plays an important role in how people are located and move through social relations that produce our globalized world.
Homelessness
Def: a complex issue, sitting at the intersection of public health, housing affordability, domestic violence, mental illness, substance misuse, urbanization, etc.
Ways to address homelessness:
1. Providing supports and programs
2. Moving them out and putting people in places where they are less visible
Concept: important when studying GGR because homelessness is an important lens through which to understand the spatial and social dimensions of globalization and inequality. It highlights the uneven distribution of resources and opportunities in a globalized world and underscores the need for more equitable and inclusive approaches to economic development and social policy.
D-development vs. d-development
D-development (domestic development): post-second world war project of intervention in the ‘third world’ that emerged in the context of decolonization and the Cold War
- internal or domestic development within a country or region
Ex: economic growth, infrastructure development, governance, education, healthcare, and social welfare policies
d-development (displaced development): refers to a more decentralized, community-driven approach to development. It empowers local communities to take charge of their development initiatives, often emphasizing sustainability, social equity, and participatory decision-making processes.
- refers to development that is displaced or transferred from one place to another due to globalization
Ex: involves the relocation of industries, capital, labor, and resources across national borders or within countries
Concept: important when studying GGR because researchers can analyze the complex nature of globalization and inequality by considering not only internal disparities within countries but also the spatial implications of global economic integration. It is a holistic understanding essential for formulating effective policies aimed at promoting inclusive and sustainable development
Climate justice
Def: a reshaping of climate action from a technical effort to cut emissions into an approach that also addresses human rights and social inequality.
- emerged from the idea that historical responsibility for climate change lies with wealthy and powerful people. It has primarily been used to frame the contrast between industrialized nations that have been burning large volumes of fossil fuels for centuries and the poorer regions that are most susceptible to rising temperature
Ex: climate justice is seen used to target the fossil fuel companies themselves, and has come to encompass the unequal distribution of impacts on a variety of groups (indigenous people, people of colour, women and disabled people)
Concept: Important when studying GGR because climate justice helps to highlight the complex interplay between environmental, social, and economic factors which emphasize the importance of addressing these issues to create a more just and sustainable world.
Externalizations of the border
Externalizations: a strategy used to manage migration and prevent irregular immigration, often involving agreements with other countries or international bodies
- technologies of border control that we think are just happening at the border
- the way in which governments make borders rigid
- spatiality of borders existing beyond the physician border
Ex: visa restrictions
Concept: understanding the externalization of borders is essential for studying GGR because it sheds light on the complex interplay between economic, social, political, and environmental factors that shape patterns of migration, labor markets, and resource distribution on a global scale.
Modernization
Def: cultural and economic change that occurs in less developed countries in which it makes them more like the West. Modernization could also affect countries from the global north where they develop even further to benefit and change society. It can also be thought of as the idea that this development is necessary, that nations which are less developed must build towards a ‘modern developed’ state, modelled after that of more ‘developed’ nations
Ex: the Marshall Plan: an American initiative where large amounts of money were given to European countries in hopes of developing and modernizing after WWII.
Concept: Important for studying GGR because it influences economic and infrastructure development, education, innovation, and social changes all of which can impact the distribution of resources and opportunities within and between regions. Understanding the dynamics of modernization is essential for addressing inequalities and promoting inclusive development in an increasingly interconnected world.
Globalization
Def: refers to the increase in the volume, scale, and velocity of social (and environmental) interactions.
Ex: The increase in commerce between nations around the world, the increasing interconnectedness of people everywhere in the world, time-space compression, and the increasing importance of migration, especially as it relates to labour
Concept: important when studying GGR because it provides insights to the spatial dimensions of economic, social, and cultural processes that shape patterns of inequality within and between different regions of the world. Understanding these dynamics is essential for developing strategies to promote more equitable and sustainable forms of development
Environmental Racism
Def: a type of inequality where people in communities of colour and other low income communities face a disproportionate risk of exposure to the negative impacts of climate change, pollution of air and waterways, and other environmental crises.
Ex: Cancer Alley in Louisiana: most of the towns there are populated with a majority of Black residents who have died from the poisonous affects of fossil fuels and petrochemical operations that neighbour the community.
Concept: important when studying GGR because it is critical lens for exposing systemic injustices in the distribution of environmental resources and risks, amplifying the voices of marginalized communities and advocating for more equitable and sustainable futures.
Secularism/Post Secular
Secularism: referred to the separation of religion from civil affairs and the state which can be broadened to a position of seeking or remove or minimize the role of religion in any public sphere
Ex: the French school system, where they ban wearing religious symbols
Post Secular: the renewed interest in religion as a social, political, and cultural force and acknowledges the need for political and social engagement along with religious and non-faith based groups
Ex: school systems including teachings on various religions, prompting understanding and tolerance among different faith communities
Concept: Important when studying GGR because they provide insights into how religious beliefs and institutions intersect with broader social, economic, and political dynamics, shaping patterns of inclusion and exclusion in an increasingly interconnected world.
Time Space Compression
Def: refers to how the world is seemingly getting smaller (compressing), as a result of the increased transport, communications, and capitalist processes. This concept was first rooted by Karl Marx, and it occurs as. Result of technologies innovations driven by global expansion that condense spatial and temporal distances
Ex: technologies of communications such as telephone of travel including cars and jets
Concept: important when studying GGR because it shapes the spatial organization of economic, social, and cultural activies, influencing patterns of development, distribution of resources, and access to opportunities. It highlights the interconnectedness of global processes and the uneven impacts they have on different regions and social groups.
Global South/ Global North
Def: refers to the differentiation of the extent of development countries have.
- Countries referred to as developing countries, or low/middle income countries are referred to as the global south.
- Countries referred to as developed/ industrialized countries are referred to as the global north
- Global north and south dynamics are also characterized by power and economic inequality, and in many cases like that of colonial histories and legacies
Ex: Global north countries are typically countries in North America and Europe (USA, FRANCE). Global South countries are located in Africa, Middle East.
Concept: important when studying GGR because it provides a framework to analyze the complex interactions between economic, social, environmental, and political forces shaping our interconnected world
Third wave coffee
Def: a movement in coffee marketing that emphasizes the usage of high-quality coffee beans that often came from individual farms. The beans roasted from individual farms are often roasted more lightly to bring out its distinctive flavours
Techno Politics
Def: refers to the intersection between technology and politics and how technological enhancement influenced and shaped political processes, structure, and outcome. More specifically, the strategic practice of designing and using technologies to achieve political goals, resulting in hybrid forms of power that combine cultural, institutional, and technological dimensions.
Ex: the role of social media platforms in shaping political discourse, such as Twitter. Which allows marginalized groups voices to be heard and reach a wider audience
Concept: important when studying GGR because it helps elucidate the complex interplay between tech, politics, and social dynamics, providing valuable insights for addressing the challenges of contemporary global society.
Orientalism
Def: based on the idea of ‘the orient’ (or east), which is constructed as contrasting the west. Orientalism is the critique of the western perceptions of Islam, the Middle East, and Arab culture
EX: In Istanbul, when describing the European/West side of the country it is described like one would London or Pais, while the Asian/East side is described as less developed and more rural.
Concept: important when studying GGR because it serves a lens through which to analyze the complex intersections of power, representation, and inequality as well as highlighting the ongoing significance of colonial legacies and the need for critical engagement with dominant discourses and practices.
