Getting the Most From Reactants Flashcards
State how industrial processes are designed
To maximise profit and minimise the impact on the environment.
Describe the factors influencing industrial process design
- Availability, sustainability and cost of feedstock
- Opportunities for recycling
- Energy requirements
- Marketability of by-products
- Product yield
State what environmental factors are taken into consideration when designing industrial processes
- Minimising waste
- Avoiding the use or production of toxic substances
- Designing products which will be biodegradable if appropriate
Balance an equation
- Put boxes around each chemical in unbalanced equation (to remind you you cannot change anything inside the box).
- Pick an element to start with, and add boxes underneath on the other side (where appropriate) to balance.
- Repeat with other elements (then double check at the end).
- Write out fully with no. of boxes at the front.
m, n, gfm
m
n GFM
n, c, v
n
c v
v, n, mv
v
n mv
What is a limiting reactant?
The substance that is totally consumed when the chemical reaction is completed.
Excess calculation statement
– moles of (limiting chemical) should react with – moles of (excess chemical), but there are – moles of (excess chemical), so (excess chemical) is in excess.
What is the molar volume?
The molar volume (litres mol-1) is the volume occupied by one mole of any gas at a certain temperature and pressure. The molar volume is the same for all gasses at the same temperature and pressure.
What is the percentage yield?
The degree to which the limiting reactant is converted into the dedsired product.
What is the theoretical yield?
The quantity of deisred product obtained, assuming the complete reaction of the limiting reactant, as calculated from the balanced equation.
What is the atom economy?
The proportion of the total mass of all starting materials converted into desired product using a balanced equation.
