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What did Rhazes achieve?
The first accurate descriptions of measles and smallpox.
What has CAR got to do with understanding about the vaccines that Louis Pasteur developed?
C = chicken cholera A = anthrax in sheep R = rabies in humans
What was the Hippocratic collection?
A collection of books covering many aspects of medicine written by Hippocrates. They were used for centuries.
How did the Nazis ensure they did so well in this election?
Opponents were killed, Sa and police pressure at polling booths, the Nazis’ anti-Communist message reinforced on radio.
How many Austrians voted in favour of Anschluss in the April 1938 plebiscite?
99%
Define supernatural explanations of disease.
Explanations based on beliefs rather than anything physical.
How old was Elizabeth when she became Queen?
25
How did Elizabethans try to show off their wealth? (5 ways)
Through the houses they had built, the food they ate, what they drain, the white made up faces of women (to show that they did not have to work outside ad get a tanned face) and the size of the ruff that they wore around their necks.
How many followers did Essex have with him on his march to London?
200.
Where was Upper Silesia?
In South Poland, close to the German/Polish border.
What was Laissez-Faire?
A widely held belief at the start of the industrial period that it was not the job of government to try to improve public health.
What was John of Aderne famous for?
Being a fantastic English surgeon, the manual of surgery he wrote called ‘Practica,’ using opium and henbane to dull pain in surgery and forming the Guild of Surgeons in London in 1368.
What was not allowed in the Rhineland and what was this called?
No troops, weapons or fortifications. This is called being demilitarised.
When was the ‘Regnans in Excelsis’ issued and by who?
1570 by Pope Pious V.
What were mandates?
Germany’s colonies in Africa which, as part of the Treaty of Versailles, were in the control of the League of Nations (especially Britain and France).
Who was Roosevelt (FDR)?
President of America for most of the 1930s.
What was the book published by Vesalius called?
The Fabric of the Human Body.
Who were the Big 3?
Clemenceau of France, Lloyd George of Britain, WIlson of the USA.
Why was Galen so popular with the Christian church?
He taught his students that the human body fitted together in a well designed whole. This suggested that a greater being (God) had designed the human body. That’s why Christians liked him.
What was appeasement?
A British policy of giving Hitler a little of what he wanted in order to prevent a war.
-When did John Snow discover the link between cholera and dirty water?
1854.
What were Puritans?
Extreme Protestants who were unable to compromise and accept alternative religions and churches.
Who was Lord Lytton?
The British politician in charge of the Commission of Inquiry put together by the League to investigate events in Manchuria?
Who was The Duke of Medina-Sidonia?
He was appointed by Philip II as commander of the Spanish Armada.
Why was Mary, Queen of Scots still a threat to Elizabeth even after her execution in February 1586? (2 reasons)
- She had become a martyr (someone who dies for their beliefs) to the Catholic cause in England. 2. Elizabeth in agreeing to the execution had demonstrated that it was okay to kill a queen, this might encourage some of her enemies.
What was unusual about the Anschluss plebiscite held in April 1938?
It was conducted AFTER the invasion of Austria by Nazi troops had already happened. Those voting were encouraged to vote ‘yes’ by Nazi stormtroopers and a bigger ‘yes’ circle on the voting slip.
Who were the Spartacists and what did they try to achieve?
A group of Communists led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht who attempted to turn a worker’s protest in January 1919 into a revolution. They captured the government controlled newspaper and telegraph HQs but were eventually beaten and killed by the amry and Friekorp units.
What idea of Galen’s did Harvey prove wrong?
That blood was made in the liver to replace that which was burnt up by the body.
When was the Treaty of Trianon and which country lost out?
1920, Hungary.
Which of Elizabeth’s ‘seadogs’ circumnavigated the globe?
Francis Drake
What connected the Saar and the League of Nations?
The Saar had been given to the the League of Nations for 15 years as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. This was due to expire in 1935.
What was the Dawes plan?
The Dawes plan was proposed by American banker Charles Dawed in 1924. It gave economic relief to Germany by giving them a huge loan from America.
How did the factor chance help Pare?
It was by chance that he ran out of boiling oil.
Why was industrialisation a problem for the Kaiser in the early 1900s?
Germany’s Navy and steel production was half that of Britain’s. Wilhelm wanted Germany to be just as great as Britain.
What was a consequence of the Kaiser’s work to industrialise Germany?
Increased the gap between rich and poor and made the workers unhappy about their poor wages.
When did Louis Pasteur publish Germ Theory?
1861
How many book did Galen write?
Around 64.
Which country lost out in the Treaty of Sevres?
Turkey
What was the Christian attitude to dissection in the Middle Ages?
It was not allowed at first. Later, it was allowed in medical schools but under strictly controlled conditions.
Who was and what had happened to Elizabeth’s Mother?
Anne Boleyn, she had been executed for treason in 1536.
When was the Treaty of Trianon and which country lost out?
1920, Hungary.
Which of the League of Nations organisation listed below met four times a year? A. The Assembly B. The Council C. The Permanent court of International Justice D. The Secretariat E. The special commissions
b
How did Henry VIII contribute to the increase of poverty in the Elizabethan era?
When he brought the Reformation to England in 1536, this had closed down monasteries who had been taking in and helping the poor. They still had nowhere to go years later when Elizabeth was in charge.
What were the deserving poor?
Poor people that wanted to help themselves but were not able to.
What does the word Volksdeutsche mean?
People of the German race
What is unusual about the League of Nations and America?
America proposed the creation of the League but did not join. This is because President Wilson was blocked by the Senate of his government.
Which Catholic plot against Elizabeth was Westmoreland connected to?
The Northern Rebellion
Which time periods are sometimes summarised as the’ ‘Ancient World?’
Prehistoric, Egyptian, Greek, Romans
What are the three themes comprising the History of Medicine?
Disease and infection, surgery and anatomy, public health.
What job did Parliament do in the time of Queen Elizabeth?
It had influence over taxes and was responsible for passing laws.
What does ‘Nazi’ stand for?
National Socialist German Worker’s party.
When writing about the League of Nations in a quick form, should you write ‘LON’ or ‘the League?’
‘the League’
What were concentration camps used for?
For the imprisonment of anybody who opposed the Nazis eg Jews, Communists, Socialists, trade unionists, church leaders.
What was the outcome of the Corfu incident of 1923?
Mussolini was condemned but not punished by the League. Greece was made to pay compensation to the League for the loss of Tellini and his men. Mussolini demanded that this compensation go directly to him and the League agreed. Italian troops then left Corfu.
Why was taxation such a problem for Queen Elizabeth?
The government needed money, taxing people was the way to get it, but there was a real problem of poverty (caused by a sharp increase in population) . Raising taxes would be a very unpopular and potentially dangerous choice for Elizabeth.
What was forbidden between Germany and Austria in the Treaty of Versailles (spelt correctly)?
Anschluss
In what year and period did James Simpson discover the anaesthetic properties of chloroform?
1847 - industrial
Which country was given control of the Aland islands by the League?
Finland
Why was bleeding introduced as a treatment for any illnesses as a result of the 4 Humours theory?
Based on the four humours, doctors thought that they needed to reduce the blood in a patient’s body to make the better.
What was the order for humans in the Great Chain of Being?
monarch - nobility - gentry - peasants
Who was planned to marry Mary, Queen of Scots in the Ridolfi plot?
Norfolk
What were almshouses?
Buildings that provided accommodation and food for deserving poor people.
What started the Depression in 1929?
The Wall street Crash in America.
In what month and year did the Spanish Armada try to invade England?
August 1588
What are two men with surnames Crick and Watson famous for?
Discovering DNA
What is a fun and memorable poem for remembering the first letter of each of the time periods (in the right order)?
People Eat Green Rolos During Rows In Turkey
Why didn’t the League do more to help in the Vilna incident?
France wanted to be friendly with Poland as they might be a future ally against Germany. Britain did not want to act alone. Both of these countries therefore blocked any strong response from the League.
Why did Mussolini want to invade Abyssinia?
Wanted a new empire, Abyssinia was an easy target, gain natura resources and good land for grazing, Abyssinia had previously defeated Italy in a war (1896), Mussolini was confident that the League of Nations and Britain/France wouldn’t stop him,
What year was the Treaty of Versailles and what were its key points?
- Germany had to accept full blame for WW1, could not re-arm and had to accept war reparations equivalent to £6,600 million.
In what month and year was the Wall Street Crash?
October 1929
Which country wanted to invade Manchuria?
Japan
In the Throckmorton Plot, what was planned to happen once Elizabeth had been killed?
An uprising of English Catholics, a French invasion led by Henry, Duke of Guise and Mary, Queen of Scots being crowned Queen.
Name the 4 humours.
Phlegm, blood, yellow bile, black bile.
Which of the League of Nations organisation listed below was comprised of 42 nations? A. The Assembly B. The Council C. The Permanent court of International Justice D. The Secretariat E. The special commissions
A
In the Babington Plot, who framed Mary, Queen of Scots in plotting to replace Elizabeth?
Francis Walsingham
How did the Kasier try to solve the problem of Democracy?
The Kaiser used nationalism to get the support of the upper and middle classes.
How did astrology impact medicine in the Middle Ages?
People started to think that the movement of the stars and the planets could explain illness or give the best time to conduct an operation.
What did Woodrow Wilson want from the Paris Peace Conference?
Creation of the League of Nations, not to be too hard on Germany, self-determination, freedom of the seas, the fourteen points.
Why was succession a problem in the time of Queen Elizabeth?
Elizabeth wasthe last of the Tudors. In the past, there had been civil wars when it wasn’t clear who the heir to the throne was. Elizabeth nearly died of smallpox in 1562. Parliament and the Privy Council were very keen for her to marry and have children.
What are the years of the Industrial period?
1750-1900
What was discussed at the Washington Arms Conference of 1921-11?
disarmament
What were the helpless poor?
Sick and old people. They were provided with food and special homes where they could be cared for.
What role did Von Papen, Von schleicher and President Hindenburg play in Hitler’s becoming Chancellor?
Political deals! Von papen was unsuccessful as Chancellor so was sacked by Hindenburg who replaced him with Von Schleicher. Schleicher also had little success with the Nazi dominated Reichstag. Meanwhile, von Papen wanted his revenge on von Schleicher so made a deal with Hitler who become a ‘puppet’ chancellor to be controlled by Hindenburg and him as vice-chancellor.
In what year were these challenges for the League: invasion of Vilna, Aaland islands, Upper Silesia.
1921
When did Italy leave the League of Nations?
May 1936
How easy was it to move between the different human classes (monarch - nobility - gentry - peasants) in the Great Chain of Being?
It was almost impossible.
What did Harvey develop to help him prove how blood circulated around the body?
Think rods that could be pushed into veins to prove the direction of blood flow.
What was the natural explanation of disease in the pre-historic period?
There wasn’t one
What does the word Lebensraum mean?
Living space for Germany.
Regardless of anything she did or said, why was Mary, Queen of Scots such a threat to Elizabeth?
She was Catholic, heir to the throne of England and already a Queen.
In what year was the ‘Great stink’ in London?
1858
Had Hitler always wanted war with Britain?
No, he suggested a 25 year non-aggression pact in 1936, but Britain refused.
In what year did Elizabeth become Queen of England?
1558
When during the Egyptian period was the library at Alexandria opened?
It wasn’t. It was built in the Greek period.
What was the military impact of the Kaiser’s naval laws?
Encouraged war.
What does the word Anschluss mean?
Uniting Germany and Austria
Why did Hitler feel that he had to choose between the German army and the SA?
Because the army didn’t like Rohm and the SA whilst Rohm wanted command of the army. Hitler knew he needed the armies support to stay in charge.
What does the word Anschluss mean?
Uniting Germany and Austria
When was Mary, Queen of Scots executed?
February 1586.
How did Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins help to cause the Spanish Armada?
They had spent years attacking Spanish ships and ports and stealing their treasures (all of this was acting on Elizabeth’s orders). The most famous example of this was when Drake destroyed many Spanish ships at Cadiz in 1587 (“Singeing the King of Spain’s beard”.).
What was agreed in the Kellogg-Briad Pact of 1928?
War would not be used as a way to settle disputes.
Who would you go to for treatment in Pre-historic times.
The medicine man or shaman.
How did the Nazi-Soviet Pact push Britain closer to war?
Britain promised Poland that if Hitler invaded, they would declare war on Germany.
How much of its territories did Germany lose as part of the treaty of Versailles?
10%, including Alsace Lorraine which was returned to France.
How was Francs Walsingham connected to Elizabeth?
Was Secretary of State (leader of the Privy Council). Was Elizabeth’s ‘spymaster.’ Helped develop England’s navy and was involved in the trial and execution of Mary, Queen of Scots.
How was the Weimar constitution organised?
President – Chancellor – Reichstag (German parliament) – people.
How did the League deal with the Bulgaria situation of 1925?
Greece was condemned by the League, ordered to pay compensation to Bulgaria and withdraw their troops.
What were the four types of poor people in Elizabethan times?
The deserving poor, the helpless poor, the able-bodied poor and the idle poor.
In what year was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
1939
How did bad harvests contribute to the increase of poverty in the Elizabethan era?
Really bad harvests in 1594 and 1598 had led to food shortages, food prices going up and being unaffordable for some and in extreme cases starvation.
Which of Elizabeth’s ‘seadogs’ was banished from court for five years in 1592 as punishment for marrying a Lady in waiting?
Sir Walter Raleigh
What name is given to the type of doctor who performs operations?
Surgeon
Who explored the coasts of Africa, helped to start the slave trade and helped to build the Royal Navy?
Sir John Hawkins.
True/false: people understood disease better than they had done in 1348 when the Great Plague returned in 1665?
False
What else about the Nazis impressed voters?
They were well organised and well funded.
What are the three themes comprising the History of Medicine?
Disease and infection, surgery and anatomy, public health.
Why were so many Puritans disappointed with Queen Elizabeth?
They thought that she was going to being about an end to all Catholic ways in England and were disappointed when the Elizabethan religious settlement did not.
What ‘five giants’ did William Beveridge want to beat in his report of 1942?
disease, want (need), ignorance, idleness, squalor (poor living conditions).
Define natural explanations of disease.
Explanations based on physical evidence, observation and scientific deduction (even if the science is wrong).
What do we mean when we talk about the Royal Court?
The nobles, advisors and others who surrounded the monarch. This was NOTHING to do with a court of law.
What is disease and infection the story of?
The story of what people throughout History believed made them unwell and how they tried to treat illnesses.
How was Elizabeth connected to Mary I?
They were sisters.
What did Pope Pious V issue in 1570
A papal bull called ‘Regnans in Excelsis’ which called on all good Catholics to remove Elizabeth from power.
Which war is Harold Gillies linked to?
WW1
What was article 232 of the Treaty of Versailles all about?
Reparations - £6,600 million!
What were prophesyings?
Meetings of the clergy (religious leaders) for prayer and discussion which would usually include criticism of Elizabeth’s church.
Which two countries were the Aland Islands positioned between?
Sweden and Finland.
What was the year and details of the Kaiser’s first Naval law?
1898 - added an additional 7 battleships to the total built each year (to a total of 19).
What did Vesalius prove about the human heart that showed Galen was wrong?
That blood did not pass through the septum, it moved in a different way.
Which Catholic plot against Elizabeth was Northumberland connected to?
The Northern Rebellion
Which Catholic plot against Elizabeth was the Earl of Sussex connected to?
The Northern Rebellion. He raised an army and helped to beat the rebels.
Why did Japan want Manchuria in 1931?
The Great Depression had ruined Japan’s silk industry (America was a big customer), Manchuria had vast natural resources and good farmland, Japan already had factories, the South Manchurian railway and the Kwantung army in Manchuria.
In what year was the Ridolfi Plot?
1571
Who were George Grosz, Otto Dix and Fritz Lang?
Artists and film directors whose work typified the divided nature of Weimar society in the late 1920s: half decadent and indulgent, half poor and resentful.
Who did the Japanese claim had attacked their train in the Mukden incident?
Chinese soldiers.
What is Doctor Christiaan Barnard famous for?
Conducting the first human heart transplant in 1967.
What is an epidemic?
A disease which spreads widely, harms/kills lots of people and is very difficult to stop.
What happened to Hindenburg in August 1934 and how did Hitler react?
He died. Hitler then merged the position of President with Chancellor and became all powerful leader of Germany.
How big was the League of Nations’ army?
0, it didn’t have one.
Who was Neville Chamberlain?
Prime Minister of Britain 1937-40.
The Treaty of Lausanne is famous for reversing the tough treatment that Turkey was given in the Treaty of …………………………. ?
Sevres
Which 3 monarchs ruled England before Elizabeth?
Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I.
What form of transport was at the centre of the Mukden incident?
A train of the Japanese owned South Manchurian railway.
What are the factors we use in the History of Medicine?
Religion, Chance, War, Individuals, Science & Technology , Communications.
How many hospitals did the Christian church build in England between 1000 and 1500?
700
What and when was the Kapp putsch?
1920, Friekorps leader Wolfgang Kapp unsuccessfully tried to seize control from the Weimar government in Berlin. Workers in Berlin refused to accept this and went on strike, causing Kapp to flee.
What are the different time periods in the History of medicine (in order please)?
Prehistoric, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Dark Ages, Renaissance, Industrial period, 20th/21st centuries.
Which of the League of Nations organisation listed below had the power to offer advice and issue blame but could not actually punish? A. The Assembly B. The Council C. The Permanent court of International Justice D. The Secretariat E. The special commissions
c
What was agreed in the Locarno Treaties of 1925?
Germany officially accepted the borders of the Treaty of Versailles, all countries to work together peacefully, all countries to support another country if they were invaded.
What and when was the ‘Red Rising’ in the Ruhr?
1920: A group of workers, led by Communists who were angry about pay and working conditions. They occupied the Ruhr region of Germany and took over its raw materials but were beaten by the German army and Friekorps/.
What were the Gestapo?
The state secret police. Could arrest, imprison and torture people without trial.
Why did fear of Communism make many moderate Germans vote for the Nazis?
People who wouldn’t normally vote for the Nazis decided they’d rather have them in charge than the Communists who would take their money and possessions.
Who led the case against Mary, Queen of Scots at her trial?
Francis Walsingham and William Cecil
In what year was the Corfu crisis?
1923
What is public health the story of?
The story of what the government in any time period did to improve the health of its people.
Which of Elizabeth’s ‘seadogs’ founded a colony in North America?
Sir Walter Raleigh
What did Holland (the Netherlands) have to do with the Spanish Armada?
Holland was a country that was part of the Spanish Empire and in 1566 Protestant rebels had started an uprising. In 1585, Elizabeth sent English troops (Robert Dudley leading 7000) to support the rebels; this was a clear act of war against Spain.
Why was the Sudetenland an attractive target for Hitler?
It belonged to Czechoslovakia which was a new country resulting from the Treaty of Versailles which Hitler opposed.I t had vast resources that Hitler could use such as railways, forts, factories. There were 3 million Volksdeutche there. It surrounded Czechoslovakia on three sides.
What are Jesuits?
A group within Catholicism whose aim is to spread the religion
On what condition were the Aland islands granted to Finland in 1921?
Finland was not allowed to build military bases on the islands.
What name is given to the type of doctor who performs operations?
Surgeon
How did Drake and Hawkins make a lot of money in AFrica?
By capturing and selling slaves.
Why did the Greek’s believe in the 4 Humours theory?
It was based on their observations of the world, believing that there were four elements that made up everything, four seasons of the weather, and four humours inside the body.
Which of these is not a humour: blood, sweat, yellow bile?
Sweat
What did Lloyd George want from the Paris Peace Conference?
To keep Germany strong for trade with Britain, gain German colonies for Britain, keep the Royal navy powerful, ensure Germany was a buffer against Russia communism.
What approach did Hitler change to in 1924?
A political approach which aimed to take control of Germany through the democratic process and then change it into what the Nazis wanted.
How did the work of the police and courts change?
The police continued their duties but also needed to report on anti-Nazi activity. Crimes committed by Nazis were ignored. In the courts, all judges were Nazis so a fair trial became impossible.
Which country did Germany and the USSR agree to divide between the in the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
Poland
What were the details of the 1601 Poor Law?
In each area of England, the wealthy should be taxed to pay for the care and support of the old and sick. The fit and healthy poor should be provided work. The idle poor should be whipped and sent to the House of Correction where they would be forced to work.
In 1558, due to marriage, Mary, Queen of Scots was actually queen of two countries, which were they?
Scotland and France.
Which of these was never a part of Elizabeth’s Privy Council: Dudley, Walsingham or Cecil?
They were all on it.
Which of the League of Nations organisation listed below needed a unanimous decision for it to happen? A. The Assembly B. The Council C. The Permanent court of International Justice D. The Secretariat E. The special commissions
A
What month in 1933 were all political parties banned?
July.
What was the covenant of the League of Nations?
An agreement between all the countries in the League that they would deal with aggression by getting countries to talk through problems, be ready to tell the guilty country when they were in the wrong and use economic sanctions as punishments.
How did the Great Chain of Being contribute to an increase of poverty in the Elizabethan era?
No social mobility for people at the bottom. If a poor person fell out their lord/land-owner they might lose their job and become paupers, needing charity to survive.
After the Abyssinia Crisis, Mussolini later said that if ………………. and ……………. had been banned he would have abandoned his invasion.
coal and oil.
In what year did Christiaan Barnard perform the first heart transplant?
1967
Who was Stressemann, when was he around?
Chancellor of Germany in 1923.
What did Russia and Germany agree when they signed the Rapallo Treaty in 1922?
Germany would return to Russia money and land that had been lost at the end of WW1. Also, both countries would try to cooperate more in the future.
What is significant about the city of Geneva in Switzerland?
It is where the League of Nations HQ was.
How did the Nazis use cinema?
As well as making pro-Nazi or anti-Semitic films (such as ‘the Eternal Jew’) the pre-film newsreels were all made by Goebbels’ Minsitry of Propaganda.
What did Britain, France and Italy agree in the Stresa Front?
Guarantee the terms of the Locarno Treaty, protect Austrian independence, work together to ensure Hitler stopped breaking the rules of the Treaty of Versailles,
What did Austrian Nazis do in 1934?
They caused havoc across Austria and murdered the Chancellor, Engleburt Dollfuss.
What worried the British government during recruitment for the Boer War in 1899?
40 out of every 100 volunteers were unfit for military service.
Who was Joseph Stalin?
Dictator of the Communist USSR.
What was the choice between and the outcome of the Saar plebiscite?
Whether the areas should be governed by France or Germany. 90% of the population voted for Germany.
What was a consequence of Elizabeth not wanting to marry Phillip II of Spain?
The Spanish Armada.
What entered the Rhineland on 7th March 1936?
German troops under orders to retreat if they met any resistance.
Which of Elizabeth’s closest advisors was made ‘Lord Steward of the Royal Household’ in 1587?
Robert Dudley
What was Edmund Campion disguised as at the start of his religious mission?
A jewel merchant.
How did the League use trade sanctions to try to solve the Abyssinia Crisis?
Italy and Abyssinia were both banned from buying weapons. Italy however was able to continue buying oil, steel, coal and iron.
What did Hitler show off at the ‘Freedom to Rearm rally’ in 1935?
The weapons and troops he had been secretly building up.
Which countries made an agreement in the Stresa Front?
Britain, France and Italy.
What were the book burnings?
All books not approved of by the Nazis were publicly burned. Eg. Books by Communists, socialists or Jews.
What was the intended aim of the Babington plot?
To murder Elizabeth and place Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne.
What kind of voting took place in Upper Silesia in 1921?
A plebiscite to decide whether the area would be owned by Germany or Poland.
