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1
Q
When did Louis Pasteur publish Germ Theory?
A
1861
2
Q
What form of transport was at the centre of the Mukden incident?
A
A train of the Japanese owned South Manchurian railway.
3
Q
What connected the Saar and the League of Nations?
A
The Saar had been given to the the League of Nations for 15 years as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. This was due to expire in 1935.
4
Q
What are two men with surnames Chain and Florey famous for?
A
Developing the work of Fleming on penicillin and antibiotics
5
Q
What name is given to the type of doctor who performs operations?
A
Surgeon
6
Q
Which theme is John Hunter connected to?
A
Surgery and Anatomy.
7
Q
What name is given to the type of doctor who performs operations?
A
Surgeon
8
Q
In what month and year was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
A
June 1919
9
Q
Which of the League of Nations organisation listed below met only once a year? A. The Assembly B. The Council C. The Permanent court of International Justice D. The Secretariat E. The special commissions
A
A
10
Q
What is an epidemic?
A
A disease which spreads widely, harms/kills lots of people and is very difficult to stop.
11
Q
When was John of Aderne around?
A
In the Middle AGes.
12
Q
What were mandates?
A
Germany’s colonies in Africa which, as part of the Treaty of Versailles, were in the control of the League of Nations (especially Britain and France).
13
Q
In what year and period did Fleming discover penicllin?
A
1928 - twentieth century
14
Q
Why was Democracy a problem for the Kaiser in the early 1900s?
A
The Kaiser’s right wing friends were declining in influence. Left wing parties (concerned with workers rights) were growing.
15
Q
What famous book did Avicenna write?
A
The Canon of Medicine
16
Q
When was the printing press invented?
A
1451.
17
Q
What did Edward Jenner discover?
A
Smallpox vaccination using cowpox
18
Q
On what condition were the Aland islands granted to Finland in 1921?
A
Finland was not allowed to build military bases on the islands.
19
Q
What was not allowed in the Rhineland and what was this called?
A
No troops, weapons or fortifications. This is called being demilitarised.
20
Q
Which country lost out in the Treaty of Sevres?
A
Turkey
21
Q
What was Edwin Chadwick’s big discovery?
A
That high poor rate in some towns resulted from some people being too unwell to work due to poor living conditions.
22
Q
What was the ‘stab in the back’ myth?
A
A belief held by many Germans that at the end of WW1 they had not really lost but had been betrayed by their own leaders, namely the Weimar republic.
23
Q
In a Christian church hospital of the Middle Ages, who would treat your illness?
A
Nobody. Christians believed God would cure you, they only made you comfortable and prayed for you.
24
Q
What was the year and details of the Kaiser’s second Naval law?
A
- Doubled the number of battleships to be built each year (to 38).
25
What was the political impact of the Kaiser's naval laws?
They won him lots of support as played upon people's sense of patriotism.
26
What did Greece do to Bulgaria in 1925?
They invaded it after Greek soldiers had been killed on the Greek/Bulgarian border.
27
In which country is Manchuria based?
China
28
What invention of 1451 was as important to communications as the internet in modern times?
The printing press.
29
What is unusual about the League of Nations and America?
America proposed the creation of the League but did not join. This is because President Wilson was blocked by the Senate of his government.
30
In what year did Christiaan Barnard perform the first heart transplant?
1967
31
What is the negative way some people remember Stresemann?
That he didn't properly fix any of Germany's problems. He just used loans from America to make people think they were fixed.
32
When did Louis Pasteur publish Germ Theory?
1861
33
What did George Clemenceau want from the Paris Peace Conference?
Revenge for French losses and damage in WW1, to cripple Germany militarily, money to rebuild, make France less vulnerable to future attack.
34
What was the outcome of the Upper Silesia plebiscite?
60% of votes won by Germany. However, Poland did not accept this result so the area was divided up with rural areas going to Germany and industrial areas going to Poland.
35
What are two men with surnames Crick and Watson famous for?
Discovering DNA
36
What sort of pictures would you have found in Vesalius’ book?
Detailed drawings of the human body.
37
What are the years of the Renaissance?
1400-1750
38
Why was Galen so popular with the Christian church?
He taught his students that the human body fitted together in a well designed whole. This suggested that a greater being (God) had designed the human body. That's why Christians liked him.
39
When did Italy leave the League of Nations?
May 1936
40
Which of the League of Nations organisation listed below needed a unanimous decision for it to happen? A. The Assembly B. The Council C. The Permanent court of International Justice D. The Secretariat E. The special commissions
A
41
How was the Weimar constitution organised?
President – Chancellor – Reichstag (German parliament) – people.
42
What and when was the ‘Red Rising’ in the Ruhr?
1920: A group of workers, led by Communists who were angry about pay and working conditions. They occupied the Ruhr region of Germany and took over its raw materials but were beaten by the German army and Friekorps/.
43
What was cauterising?
Sealing a wound and stopping it from bleeding by busing red hot iron.
44
Which of the League of Nations organisation listed below met four times a year? A. The Assembly B. The Council C. The Permanent court of International Justice D. The Secretariat E. The special commissions
b
45
What medical options were available to unwell people during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance?
Barber-surgeons, Apothecaries, Wise-women, Quacks.
46
What was the military impact of the Kaiser's naval laws?
Encouraged war.
47
What was the covenant of the League of Nations?
An agreement between all the countries in the League that they would deal with aggression by getting countries to talk through problems, be ready to tell the guilty country when they were in the wrong and use economic sanctions as punishments.
48
How did astrology impact medicine in the Middle Ages?
People started to think that the movement of the stars and the planets could explain illness or give the best time to conduct an operation.
49
Which country lost land in the Treaty of St Germain?
Austria
50
Who were the Friekorps?
Groups of ex-soldiers who continued serving despite not being paid in attempt to help Germany through its troubled times.
51
What is public health the story of?
The story of what the government in any time period did to improve the health of its people.
52
-What did Edwin Chadwick's discovery lead to being passed?
The 1848 Public Health act?
53
Why might someone trying to avoid the Black Death sit in a sewer?
Because the smell there would be worse than the bad smells that they thought would bring the Black Death.
54
What happened to General Tellini and his men when they went to survey the Greek/Albanian border?
They were murdered.
55
What was Article 48?
Said that in an emergency the President could make laws without the Reichstag.
56
How much did Germany have to pay in reparations for WW1?
£6,600 million
57
In what year was the Saar plebiscite?
1935
58
How were Galen’s dissection operations limited?
They were often conducted on animals not people.
59
What did Harvey develop to help him prove how blood circulated around the body?
Think rods that could be pushed into veins to prove the direction of blood flow.
60
-What were Koch’s three contributions towards discovering the causes of disease?
Solid medium, staining, method.
61
Why did Japan want Manchuria in 1931?
The Great Depression had ruined Japan's silk industry (America was a big customer), Manchuria had vast natural resources and good farmland, Japan already had factories, the South Manchurian railway and the Kwantung army in Manchuria.
62
In what year was the 'Great stink' in London?
1858
63
What is Doctor Christiaan Barnard famous for?
Conducting the first human heart transplant in 1967.
64
In what year and period did Joseph Bazalgette begin building London's underground sewer system?
1858 - industrial
65
What did Lord Lytton conclude?
Japan was in the wrong and should not have invaded Manchuria.
66
Who was Woodrow Wilson?
President of the USA in 1919.
67
How did the Kasier try to solve the problem of Democracy?
The Kaiser used nationalism to get the support of the upper and middle classes.
68
What are the three themes comprising the History of Medicine?
Disease and infection, surgery and anatomy, public health.
69
How did the factor chance help Pare?
It was by chance that he ran out of boiling oil.
70
What has Versailles got to do with the Paris Peace Conference?
It was where the Paris Peace conference took place.
71
What was the Christian attitude to dissection in the Middle Ages?
It was not allowed at first. Later, it was allowed in medical schools but under strictly controlled conditions.
72
In what year and period did Joseph Lister publish details of carbolic spray?
1867 - industrial
73
In what year did Germany join the League of Nations?
1926
74
What would a doctor find that was useful in the Canon of Medicine by Avicenna?
The medical properties of 760 different drugs and chapters on medical problems such as anorexia and obesity.
75
In what year was the 'Great stink' in London?
1858
76
Define natural explanations of disease.
Explanations based on physical evidence, observation and scientific deduction (even if the science is wrong).
77
When was the Treaty of St Germain?
September 1919
78
When writing about the League of Nations in a quick form, should you write 'LON' or 'the League?'
'the League'
79
What 'five giants' did William Beveridge want to beat in his report of 1942?
disease, want (need), ignorance, idleness, squalor (poor living conditions).
80
How many months after the Mukden incident was the Lytton report published?
13 months
81
In what year were these challenges for the League: invasion of Vilna, Aaland islands, Upper Silesia.
1921
82
What is disease and infection the story of?
The story of what people throughout History believed made them unwell and how they tried to treat illnesses.
83
Which country wanted to invade Manchuria?
Japan
84
What did Rhazes achieve?
The first accurate descriptions of measles and smallpox.
85
In what country was the Saar region?
Germany
86
The Treaty of Lausanne is famous for reversing the tough treatment that Turkey was given in the Treaty of ............................... ?
Sevres
87
Who was David Lloyd George?
Prime Minister of Britain in 1919.
88
Why was Socialism a problem for the Kaiser in the early 1900s?
The gap between the rich and poor had widened due to industrialisation. Poorly paid workers had joined trade unions to try to force the Kaiser to improve their conditions.
89
What did Poland do in the Vilna incident?
Sent the Polish army to take control of the city, even though it was in Lithuania. Refused to remove the troops even after the League asked them to.
90
Which of the League of Nations organisation listed below were groups of experts with a specific mission? A. The Assembly B. The Council C. The Permanent court of International Justice D. The Secretariat E. The special commissions
e
91
What did the Kwantung army do after the Mukden incident?
They took over Manchuria.
92
Which of the League of Nations organisation listed below had the power to offer advice and issue blame but could not actually punish? A. The Assembly B. The Council C. The Permanent court of International Justice D. The Secretariat E. The special commissions
c
93
What worried the British government during recruitment for the Boer War in 1899?
40 out of every 100 volunteers were unfit for military service.
94
In what month and year was the Wall Street Crash?
October 1929
95
Why did some people in England during the Renaissance believe that being touched by the King would heal them?
Because he was supposed to represent God.
96
How big was the League of Nations' army?
0, it didn't have one.
97
In what year did Japan invade Manchuria?
1931
98
What year was the Treaty of Versailles and what were its key points?
1919. Germany had to accept full blame for WW1, could not re-arm and had to accept war reparations equivalent to £6,600 million.
99
What is public health the story of?
The story of what the government in any time period did to improve the health of its people.
100
What idea of Galen’s did Harvey prove wrong?
That blood was made in the liver to replace that which was burnt up by the body.
101
What did Vesalius prove about the human heart that showed Galen was wrong?
That blood did not pass through the septum, it moved in a different way.
102
How many hospitals did the Christian church build in England between 1000 and 1500?
700
103
In what year did Japan launch a full scale invasion of China?
1937
104
What was forbidden between Germany and Austria in the Treaty of Versailles (spelt correctly)?
Anschluss
105
Who was George Clemenceau?
Prime Minister of France in 1919
106
Who was Lord Lytton?
The British politician in charge of the Commission of Inquiry put together by the League to investigate events in Manchuria?
107
What did Japan do when it was ordered to withdraw from Manchuria in February 1933?
Left the League of Nations instead.
108
Including colonies, how much territory in total did Germany lose after the Treaty of Versailles?
13%
109
Who were the Spartacists and what did they try to achieve?
A group of Communists led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht who attempted to turn a worker’s protest in January 1919 into a revolution. They captured the government controlled newspaper and telegraph HQs but were eventually beaten and killed by the amry and Friekorp units.
110
Why was the Saar important to Germany?
It was an important industrial area with many coal mines.
111
What was done with the land taken from Austria in the Treaty of St Germain?
Some of it was given to Italy and Romania. Some of it was used to create new countries such as Poland, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
112
Why was industrialisation a problem for the Kaiser in the early 1900s?
Germany's Navy and steel production was half that of Britain's. Wilhelm wanted Germany to be just as great as Britain.
113
What were some of the things that Wilson wanted in his fourteen points?
No secret treaties, disarmament, self determination in the Austro-Hungarian and Turkish Empires, creation of an independent Poland, creation of the League of Nations.
114
What did Woodrow Wilson want from the Paris Peace Conference?
Creation of the League of Nations, not to be too hard on Germany, self-determination, freedom of the seas, the fourteen points.
115
In what year did the League of Nations first meet?
1920
116
What was Laissez-Faire?
A widely held belief at the start of the industrial period that it was not the job of government to try to improve public health.
117
What has CAR got to do with understanding about the vaccines that Louis Pasteur developed?
C = chicken cholera A = anthrax in sheep R = rabies in humans
118
In what year did Crick and Watson publish their work on DNA?
1953
119
Who set up the SDP (Social Democratic Party)?
German workers who were still unhappy with inequality in the Kaiser's Germany.
120
Who were George Grosz, Otto Dix and Fritz Lang?
Artists and film directors whose work typified the divided nature of Weimar society in the late 1920s: half decadent and indulgent, half poor and resentful.
121
When was the Treaty of St Germain?
September 1919
122
What did Lloyd George want from the Paris Peace Conference?
To keep Germany strong for trade with Britain, gain German colonies for Britain, keep the Royal navy powerful, ensure Germany was a buffer against Russia communism.
123
What was wound man?
A diagram used to instruct surgeons in the Middle Ages how to treat various battlefield injuries.
124
When during the Egyptian period was the library at Alexandria opened?
It wasn’t. It was built in the Greek period.
125
Which country lost out in the Treaty of Neiully?
Bulgaria.
126
What social reforms that helped improve public health did the Liberal government in Britain introduce in 1906?
Free school meals for poor children, free medical check and free treatment.
127
Who convinced striking workers in the Ruhr to return to their jobs, set up a new currency, organised the Locarno pact for improved international relations and got Germany financial aid from America?
Stresseman
128
What was the main difference between the 1848 and 1875 Public Health Acts?
The first was voluntary, the second was compulsory.
129
How much of its territories did Germany lose as part of the treaty of Versailles?
10%, including Alsace Lorraine which was returned to France.
130
How can the word BRAT help you remember about the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
B= blame, R = reparations, A= army, T=territory
131
What did Stressemann do to solve the crisis?
Convinced striking workers in the Ruhr to return to their jobs, new currency, the Locarno pact for improved international relations and got Germany financial aid from America.
132
Who was Stressemann, when was he around?
Chancellor of Germany in 1923.
133
In what year and period did James Simpson discover the anaesthetic properties of chloroform?
1847 - industrial
134
What are the three themes comprising the History of Medicine?
Disease and infection, surgery and anatomy, public health.
135
In what year and period did the Black Death arrive in England?
1348 - Dark Ages
136
Which of the League of Nations organisation listed below was its version of a civil service (the people who work for the government)? A. The Assembly B. The Council C. The Permanent court of International Justice D. The Secretariat E. The special commissions
D
137
What are the International Labour organisation, the Disarmament commission and the Slavery Commission all examples of?
League of Nations special commissions.
138
What and when was the Munich putsch?
1923, Hitler and the Nazis first attempt to take power in Germany by capturing the government with their SA troops in Munich. Beaten by the police and the army following which Hitler was sent to prison.
139
What are the factors we use in the History of Medicine?
Religion, Chance, War, Individuals, Science & Technology , Communications.
140
What was developed during WW1 that improved surgery?
X-ray machines
141
What are the three themes comprising the History of Medicine?
Disease and infection, surgery and anatomy, public health.
142
When was Guy's hospital founded and what was different about it?
1724. Different because founded by a local businessman, Thomas Guy, and not the Christian church.
143
Which of the League of Nations organisation listed below had the power of veto over decisions that had been made? A. The Assembly B. The Council C. The Permanent court of International Justice D. The Secretariat E. The special commissions
B
144
True or false, the period in Germany after Stressemann became Chancellor is referred to as 'The Golden Twenties'?
True
145
What and when was the Kapp putsch?
1920, Friekorps leader Wolfgang Kapp unsuccessfully tried to seize control from the Weimar government in Berlin. Workers in Berlin refused to accept this and went on strike, causing Kapp to flee.
146
What connected the Saar and the League of Nations?
The Saar had been given to the the League of Nations for 15 years as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. This was due to expire in 1935.
147
What worried the British government during recruitment for the Boer War in 1899?
40 out of every 100 volunteers were unfit for military service.
148
True/false: people understood disease better than they had done in 1348 when the Great Plague returned in 1665?
False
149
How can the word LAMB help you remember about the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
L=land, A=army, M=money, B=blame
150
What was the year and details of the Kaiser's first Naval law?
1898 - added an additional 7 battleships to the total built each year (to a total of 19).
151
How do the letters PTMM help you remember the impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany?
P=pride, T=territory, M=money, M=military strength.
152
What was proportional representation?
Political parties were allocated seats in line with the number of votes received.
153
Which of the League of Nations organisation listed below was comprised of 42 nations? A. The Assembly B. The Council C. The Permanent court of International Justice D. The Secretariat E. The special commissions
A
154
What is a fun and memorable poem for remembering the first letter of each of the time periods (in the right order)?
People Eat Green Rolos During Rows In Turkey
155
How did Harvey use vivisection on animals to prove his theories?
He dissected live, cold blooded animals whose hearts beat very slowly. This meant that he could see the movements of each muscle in the heart.
156
-When did John Snow discover the link between cholera and dirty water?
1854.
157
What is surgery and anatomy the story of?
The story of people's knowledge through History of the human body plus how operations have changed and improved over time.
158
How did the League deal with the Bulgaria situation of 1925?
Greece was condemned by the League, ordered to pay compensation to Bulgaria and withdraw their troops.
159
What was the book published by Vesalius called?
The Fabric of the Human Body.
160
Did Vesalius set out to prove Galen wrong?
No. He read Galen's works carefully but started to notice that what he was reading and what he was seeing during dissections did not match. That was when he realised that a lot of Galen's anatomical facts were based on animal dissection and therefore wrong.
161
How did the Wall Street Crash impact other countries in the world?
The American economy entered a state of depression, this impacted all the countries that America traded with and/or had lent money to, such as Germany.
162
When was the Treaty of Trianon and which country lost out?
1920, Hungary.
163
What was Pare’s alternative to cauterising?
Tying blood vessels up with ligatures.
164
Who was Pu Yi?
The ex-Chinese emperor put in charge of Manchuria after the Japanese invasion, he was to be a 'puppet' ruler controlled by the Japanese.
165
Define supernatural explanations of disease.
Explanations based on beliefs rather than anything physical.
166
The Treaty of Lausanne is famous for reversing the tough treatment that Turkey was given in the Treaty of ............................... ?
Sevres
167
Give details of the three problems that affected Germany in 1923.
The French occupation of the Ruhr, hyperinflation and the Munich Putsch.
168
What are the factors we use in the History of Medicine?
Religion, Chance, War, Individuals, Science & Technology , Communications.
169
What did article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles state?
War guilt clause: Germany was to blaming for starting WW1
170
When was the Treaty of Trianon and which country lost out?
1920, Hungary.
171
-What disease did Pasteur first use his vaccination ideas to treat a human for?
Rabies.
172
What is the positive way some people remember Stresemann?
That he solved Germany's economic problems, improved international relations and brought stability.
173
What are alternative names for the industrial period?
The nineteenth century and the industrial revolution.
174
What kind of voting took place in Upper Silesia in 1921?
A plebiscite to decide whether the area would be owned by Germany or Poland.
175
What important anatomical discovery did Herophilus make at Alexandria?
The brain controls the body.
176
What was the Saar plebiscite to decide?
Who (France or Germany) should rule the area after the 15 years of being controlled by the League of Nations.
177
What was the outcome of the Corfu incident of 1923?
Mussolini was condemned but not punished by the League. Greece was made to pay compensation to the League for the loss of Tellini and his men. Mussolini demanded that this compensation go directly to him and the League agreed. Italian troops then left Corfu.
178
How did the Kasier try to solve the problem of socialism?
Social reforms were introduced eg 1889 old age pensions plus sickness and accident insurance schemes.
179
Who did the Japanese claim had attacked their train in the Mukden incident?
Chinese soldiers.
180
What connects the Treaty of Versailles and the Paris Peace Conference?
The Treaty of Versailles was one of the outcomes from the Paris Peace Conference.
181
In what year was the Corfu crisis?
1923
182
What military forces was Germany allowed in the Treaty of Versailles?
Only 6 ships in the navy and no submarines. Only 100,000 soldiers in the army, conscription not allowed and no tanks. No airforce allowed either.
183
When writing about the League of Nations in a quick form, should you write 'LON' or 'the League?'
'the League'
184
What was a consequence of the Kaiser's work to industrialise Germany?
Increased the gap between rich and poor and made the workers unhappy about their poor wages.
185
What was the Dawes plan?
The Dawes plan was proposed by American banker Charles Dawed in 1924. It gave economic relief to Germany by giving them a huge loan from America.
186
What is an epidemic?
A disease which spreads widely, harms/kills lots of people and is very difficult to stop.
187
Who were the Big 3?
Clemenceau of France, Lloyd George of Britain, WIlson of the USA.
188
What was the Saar and what happened to it in the Treaty of Versailles?
An important industrial area of Germany. It was put under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years.
189
Why is John Hunter famous in the History of medicine?
He was a famous army surgeon and later surgeon to King George III, he published helpful books such as 'On venereal disease' which he researched by operating on himself, he proved that gonorrhea ad syphilis were different diseases, he had a collection of 3000 preserved specimens including an Irish giant.
190
What does the word Anschluss mean?
Uniting Germany and Austria
191
Where was Upper Silesia?
In South Poland, close to the German/Polish border.
192
In what month and year and was the Paris Peace conference?
Jan 1919
193
In what country was the Wall Street Crash of 1929?
America.
194
What is a fun and memorable poem for remembering the first letter of each of the time periods (in the right order)?
People Eat Green Rolos During Rows In Turkey
195
Which war is McIndoe linked to?
WW2
196
Which two countries were the Aland Islands positioned between?
Sweden and Finland.
197
Why did some people oppose Edward Jenner's vaccination?
They were worried about having animal matter injected into them.
198
What was article 232 of the Treaty of Versailles all about?
Reparations - £6,600 million!
199
What was Lady Montague’s inoculation for?
Smallpox
200
What were the three main problems facing the Kaiser in the early 1900s?
Industrialisation, socialism, democracy.
201
By 1912, what did the Kaiser realise was one way to unite his country and stop the complaints of the SDP?
Get Germany into a war (WW1).
202
What did Harold Gillies do during and after WW1?
Set up a special unit to perform skin grafts on wounded soldiers.
203
How did the Kaiser solve the problem of industrialisation?
He gained the support of rich businessmen to improve Germany's industrial strength. The growth in population (40 million in 1871 to 68 million in 1914) also helped.
204
In what year and period did the NHS come into operation?
1948 - twentieth century
205
What is surgery and anatomy the story of?
The story of people's knowledge through History of the human body plus how operations have changed and improved over time.
206
What are the years of the Dark Ages?
500-1400 AD
207
Which war is Harold Gillies linked to?
WW1
208
What was John of Aderne famous for?
Being a fantastic English surgeon, the manual of surgery he wrote called 'Practica,' using opium and henbane to dull pain in surgery and forming the Guild of Surgeons in London in 1368.
209
In what year and period did William Harvey prove the circulation of the blood?
1628- Renaissance
210
True or false: in the Middle Ages people started to believe in astrological reasons for illness?
True.
211
Define natural explanations of disease.
Explanations based on physical evidence, observation and scientific deduction (even if the science is wrong).
212
What is disease and infection the story of?
The story of what people throughout History believed made them unwell and how they tried to treat illnesses.
213
What exactly was agreed in the 1935 Anglo-German naval agreement?
Britain agreed that Germany could build its navy to 35% of the size of Britain's.
214
What was the natural explanation of disease in the pre-historic period?
There wasn’t one
215
Which of the League of Nations organisation listed below was elected by the Assembly and Council? A. The Assembly B. The Council C. The Permanent court of International Justice D. The Secretariat E. The special commissions
C
216
What was the financial impact of the Kaiser's naval laws?
They were very expensive and by 1914 Germany was 5 billion marks in debt.
217
What is disease and infection the story of?
The story of what people throughout History believed made them unwell and how they tried to treat illnesses.
218
What are the years of the Industrial period?
1750-1900
219
Who would you go to for treatment in Pre-historic times.
The medicine man or shaman.
220
What were mandates?
Germany's colonies in Africa which, as part of the Treaty of Versailles, were in the control of the League of Nations (especially Britain and France).
