Gestural communication in Apes Flashcards
What is meant by the term reference?
The acquired ability to capture and direct the attention of a social partner to a specific entity
What are the two different ways humans reference?
Verbally and non-verbally (showing, placing, pointing)
Finish the sentences about the semiotic triangle…
1. Symbolic linguistic references are irreducibly ______
2. ______ relationship between word and _______
3. Internal _______ of the world
4. Semantic ________
- conceptual
- Arbitrary, referent
- representations
- lexicon
What is a linguistic reference?
The act of referring through which one concept is connected to another
Functional reference calls have the common property of external ____, all of which are relatively ____ in nature
designate, specific
A call repertoire means ____ responses implicate a ____ code
Group, shared
Define gestural reference
Directing of attention TO some thing or person
What relationship does gestural or nonverbal reference have with referent?
Nonarbitrary, or indexical
Ability to use and comprehend pointing gestures implies an understanding of the gesture as a ____ device.
deictic
What are the four key concepts of The Shannon-Weaver Mathematical Model, 1949?
How does language fit this model well?
Entropy
Redundancy
Noise
Channel Capacity
Shared code, linear, serially ordered structure (S -> R), assumption of a pre-existing message to be encoded and transmitted
What are some problems of the Telementational model?
What causes mental states?
Mental causes assumed, not measured
Process is hypothetical
Process is assumed, not measured
What are the six criteria used to identify intentional acts of communication in nonhuman primates?
- Social use
- Visual-orienting behaviour or gaze alternation
- Influence of attentional state
- Attention-getting behaviours
- Persistence
- Elaboration
By themselves, all gestures are meaningless to observers. Observers need what three things to allocate meaning?
- A learning history with the gesture that is influenced by
- Antecedents of gestural signals (behaviour, context)
- Consequences of gestural signals (receiver’s responses)
Gestures don’t stand for referents, their meaning is ______ except in particular socio-cultural contexts
Opaque
What were some meanings determined by apparently satisfactory outcomes in chimpanzees?
Directed push has multiple ASOs, meaning is more diffuse
Hand fling has only one ASO, meaning is unambiguous within the group
When signaller ceases gestures, assumption is made that the receiver’s immediately previous response was viewed by the signaller as a satisfactory response