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Germany post hitler Flashcards

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1
Q

1920-1922

Hitler and the Germany Workers’ party

A

Origins:
- Germany Workers’ Party formed by Anton Drexler
- Only 6 members when Hitler began spying

Beliefs:
- Democracy was weak and a poweful; leader was needed
- Jews were to blame for making Germany weak
- Communists and socialists brought about the Kaiser’s fall
- The socialist WEimar politicians had betrayed Germany

Hitler:
- Joind in September 1919 as member 555 but in reality was the 55th

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2
Q

1920-1922

Changes to the German Workers’ Party

A
  • Feburary 1920 - Hitler is put in charge of propaganda
  • Hitler and Drexler re-wrote the party aims as its ‘25 point programme’
  • Party was renamed to NSDAP
  • HItler was a talented orator who won many members with his views
  • BY 1921, HItler had become leader of the party
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3
Q

1920-1922

Hitler’s role to the Workers’ Party

A
  • talents as a speaker attracted many new members
  • Message was popular among critics of Weimar
  • Membership to 1100
  • Started selling völkischer beobachter, newspaper of the NAzis
  • Hitler decided it was time for a military wing - the SA
  • Developed freindships with poiwerful Germans such as General Ludendorff
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4
Q

1920-1922

Origins of the SA

A
  • Nazis had a lot of support from ex-soldiers
  • In 1921, they set up the Sa under Ernst Rohm
  • Known as the brownshirts
  • Given uniforms, meals, accomodation
  • Role was to disrupt opposition meetings and crowd control
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5
Q

1920-1922

How the SA helped Hitler

A
  • Their power and organization impressed people
  • Demonstrated strength
  • Completley obedient to HItler despite Rohm being their leader
  • MOst trustsed became his personal bodyguard
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6
Q

The Munich Putsch 1923

Causes of the Munich Putsch

A
  • People still hated the Weimar Government
  • Bavaria is rural and many are conservaticve
  • Ruhr invasion had many Germans frustrated at Weimar
  • Got soldiers to support HItler
  • Bavarian prime minister supported HItler
  • Germany’s ecoinomy was in shambles
  • Mussolini was influencial to the Nazis
  • ## Many members
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7
Q

The Munich Putsch 1923

What happened?

A

In the hall:
- Hitler and his SA stormed the beer hall (right-wing meeting was held)
- Hitler forced Kahr (Bavarian prime minister) and Lossow (Head of the German army in Bavaria) to support his plan to march to Berlin and install Ludendorff as Germany’s new leader
- Used violence and intimidation
- Lossow and Kahr swore loyalty and left the hall

After:
- Ebert declared a state of emergency and Lossow was told to crush the uprising
- Lossow and Kahr announced their opposition to the putsch
- Ludendorff believed the soldiers would give him their support and told HItler to not give up
- 2000 Nazis stormed into Munich
- Armed police and soldiers confronted the Nazis
- 14 Nazis killed

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8
Q

The Munich Putsch 1923

Reasons for failure

A

Hitler:
- Poorly planned
- Fled

German army:
- Did not support the SA

Other:
- People don’t want revolutions

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9
Q

The Munich Putsch 1923

Consequences of the Munich Putsch

A
  • HItler and otheleaders went on trial in Feb 1924
  • Hitler used the trial to make psseches against the government
  • He was seen as a nationalist and a patriot
  • Hitler sentenced to 5 years despite being found guilty of treason
  • Won early release and only served 9 months
  • Ludenorff was found not guilty
  • The Nazi party was banned
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10
Q

The Munich Putsch 1923

Outcome of the Munich Putsch

A
  • Trial gave HItler a platform to speak to the whole of Germany
  • Light sentences were proof that influencial figures were anti-Weimar
  • During his imprisonment he wrote out his manifesto
  • Failure of the putsch made HItler reflect on a new approach
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11
Q

1924-1929

Reorganisation of the Nazi Party

A
  • Nazi party ban lifted Feb 1925
  • Hitler held a 4000 strong rally at the same beer hall
  • Mein Kampf was published and became a bestseller in 1925
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12
Q

1923-1929

Limited support for the Nazis

A
  • By 1929, the party had over 100,000 members
  • May 1924 election won 32 seats; 1928 election won 12 seats
  • In 1928, won up to 18% in some farming areas but 1% in Berlin/Ruhr
  • In 1925, General von Hindenburg became president (army commander, popular with conservatives and nationalists, and made democracy more palatable to those on the right)
  • Stresemann’s economic policies were successful
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13
Q

1929

The Wall Street Crash 1929

A
  • Increased uneployment benefits
  • Initially raised taxes to apy unemployment benefits
  • As problem worsened amount of ebnefits was reduced
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14
Q

The Wall Street Crash 1929

Effects on people

A

Young people:
- 50% oof 16-30 year olds were unemployed
- Even high level of education could not guarantee work

Factory workers:
- 40% couldn’t get a job
- Unemployment benefits reduced
- High food prices meant many couldn’t eay

Farmers:
- Decline since mid - 20s
- Price of goods falling, many in debt

Businessmen:
- Struggled as people had less money to spend
- Many lost their businesses

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15
Q

The Wall Street Crash 1929

Effect on the Weimar Republic

A
  • Leaders of the SDP and centre party fell out over welfare cuts
  • Hermann Muller (SDP leader and chancellor) resigned March 1930
  • Heinrich Bruning (centre party) became chancellor
  • Bruning used article 48 to pass measure but the Reichstag pushed back
  • New elections were held Sep 1930
  • Bruning introduced unpoopular measures (tax rises, cuts to unemployment benefits)
  • They were unpopular across Germany and many turbned to extreme parties in the hopes of a solution to their problems
  • The Nazis went from 12 seats to 107
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16
Q

Election campaigns 1930-32

Appeal of HItler

A
  • Anti communist
  • Business leaders worried about rise of communism
  • Krupps, Siemens, gave Nazis money
  • Decline of National party
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17
Q

Election campaigns 1930-32

The SA

A
  • 400,000 strong by 1930
  • Mass rallies showing order
  • Disrupted meetings of political opponents
  • Used violence and intimidation to threaten voters
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18
Q

Election campaigns 1930-32

Propaganda

A
  • Focused on popular messages not concrete ideas
  • Hitler quickly dropped his plans to nationalise industry when he got backing from industrialists
  • Rallies with entertainment
  • 8 newspaper all aimed at different audiences
  • Rallies to show order, unity, and strength
  • Targeted posters
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19
Q

Election campaigns 1930-32

1932 Election and the fall of Bruning

A
  • Nazis are the biggest party by 1932 Jult
  • April 1932 - Hitler runs for president
  • Bruning tries to ban the SA and SS
  • Kurt von Schleicher - army general - persuades Hindenberg to fire Bruning
  • Kurt wants to take control of Germany with a coalition of army officers, rich landownders, and industrialists
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20
Q

Election campaigns 1930-32

Franz von Papen

A
  • Hindenburg chooses von Papen to head a coalition
  • Kurtr gives Hitler a place in the coalition in order to control him
  • Von Papen’s coalition is very weak
  • Hitler demands to be chancellor
  • Hindenburg says no because he hates HItler
  • November 1932, von Papen calls an election
  • Nazis lose 34 seats but are still the pbiggest party
  • Von Papen resigned
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21
Q

Election campaigns 1930-32

Von Schleicher and Hindenberg

A
  • Powerful businessmen write to Hindenburg to make Hitler CHancellor
  • KPD gained 11 seats in the November election
  • Hindenburg said no. Appointed Kurt as chancellor
  • Kurt asks Hindenburg to suspend the coalition and make him leader of a military dictatorship - accuses HItler and von Papen of planning a coup
  • Papen is now determined to take power. He thinks he can appoint HItler as chancellor and control him
  • January 30th, 1933 - Hindenburg says yes
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22
Q

Setting up Nazi Dictatorship 1932 - 1939

Hitler

A

Became chancellor but wasn’t happy:
- Powers were limited by the Weimar Constitution
- Hindenburg had all the presidential powers
- Hitler’s cabinet oly had 2 Nazis out of 12 people
- Onlyy 1/3 of the Reichstag members were Nazis

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23
Q

Setting up Nazi Dictatorship 1932 - 1939

Responses to HItler becoming chancellor

A
  • It’s nothing (Hitler is powerless)
  • Brilliant (Hates Weimar)
  • Wants to replace Hitler after Weimar gone
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24
Q

Reichstag Fire 1933

The Reichstag Fire Feburary 1933

A
  • Marinus van der Lubbe, a Dutch communist found on the site
  • Confessed, was put on trial, found guilty, and executed in Janurary 1934
  • Debate about who actually was responsible for the fire
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25
Q

Reichstag Fire 1933

Consequences of the fire

A
  • Hermann Goering, Nazi chief of poice, claimed van der Lubbe was part of a communist anti-government plot
  • He and HItler used the opportunity to destory the communist party
  • 4000 communist leaders arrested the night of the fire
  • Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to use article 48 to pass the ‘Decree for the protection of the people and state’
  • Gave police powers to search homes, imprison without ttrial, ban meetings, close newspapers
  • Goering also took over radio station
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26
Q

Setting up Nazi Dictatorship 1932 - 1939

March 1933 Election

A
  • Election was called for March 5 1933
  • Used the Reichstag fire as a reason to vote the Nazis
  • Goering began to replace police officers with Nazis and appointed 50,000 SA members as ‘police auxiliaries’
  • Thousands of Communist Party and SDP members arrested and sent to camp Dachau
  • SA broke up election meetings
  • Newspapers that didn’t support the NAzis were closed
  • Hitler secured money from industrialists he promised to destory communism
  • Nazi propaganda was everywhere
  • People were encouraged to vote ‘correctly’ at polling stations
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27
Q

Setting up Nazi Dictatorship 1932 - 1939

March 1933 Election Results

A
  • Nazis won 902 more seats
  • Largest party but not the majority
  • Hitler could not guarantee his policies would be passed
  • Wanted 2/3 majority so he could change the constitution
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28
Q

Setting up Nazi Dictatorship 1932 - 1939

The Enabling Act

A
  • Wanted 2/3 majority to pass the enabling act - would allow him to pass laws without asking the Reichstag
  • Hitler had all KPD deputies arrested and imprisoned
  • 26 of 120 SPD deputies were arrested
  • National Party agfreed to support Hitler as their views aligned
  • Center party were persuaded to cote for HItler with the promise he would protect the Catholic churches and schools
  • As long as all the other parties did as agreed Hitler had the bots
  • To be safe, the SA and SS swarmed around the meeting
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29
Q

Setting up Nazi Dictatorship 1932 - 1939

Consequences of the Enabling Act

A
  • End of Weimar Constitution
  • Gave HItler the power to pass any laws he wanted
  • The Reichstag only met 12 times under HItler
  • HItler used the act to go after his 3 main targets (local governments, trade unions, and political parties)

Local governments:
- Was a threat to an all pervasive Nazi control of the country especially in areas where the Nazis weren’t popular

Trade unions:
- A threat to the Nazi’s big business backers and had links to communism
- Other political parties posed as threat to Hitler as leader

Actions:
- Hitler abolished state parliments
- Nazis broke into union offices and arrested leaders
- Nazis created the German Workers Front and forced workers to join
- the SPD were suspended
- All parties were gone

30
Q

Setting up Nazi Dictatorship 1932 - 1939

Why did HItler want to reduce the SA?

A
  • 1934 - SA had 2 million members
  • Rohm rivals Hitler’s power
  • HImmler + SS are jealous of the SA and resent them
  • Rohm = alcoholic, gtay, a bad influence = corrupt Hitler youth
  • Rohm wants to push through social policies especially big businesses
  • SA = drunken thugs
  • SA affects Nazi/army relationship
  • ROhm vs Generals
  • SA start stealing army supplies
31
Q

Setting up Nazi Dictatorship 1932 - 1939

Night of the Long Knives June 1934

A
  • 200 SA officers arrested
  • 90+ of those arrested => Munich => killed
  • Revenge => Vonkar, Scheicher, Gregor Strasser killed
  • Von Papen arrested and sent to Austria
  • Hitler claimed that Rohm was leading a coup
32
Q

Night of the Long Knives June 1934

Reactions

A

HItler:
- Pride
- Relief
- Loyalty from SS

Supporters:
- Safety ensured for Germany
- Hitler will do what is best

SS:
- Joy
- Control over police and death camps
- More power

Opponents:
- Fear they might be next
- Angry at Hitler’s corruptness

SA:
- Betrayed but still supports HItler to some extent
- Angry at Rohm

Army:
- Grateful to Hitler for killing SA
- Wants rearmament

33
Q

Setting up Nazi Dictatorship 1932 - 1939

Hitler becomes Fuhrer

A
  • Hindenburg dies August 1934
  • His death meant role of president and chancellor was combined into FUhrer
  • In a referendum on August, 90% of Germans agreed to this change
34
Q

Setting up Nazi Dictatorship 1932 - 1939

Army Oath

A
  • THe day after Hindenburg died, the army changed its loyalty oath
  • Previously it was to the German constitution, now it was to HItler
  • With HItler having total power, the army wanted to make sure it was looked after
35
Q

Nazi methods of terror and control

Law

A
  • German law was Nazi law
  • People could be arrested and imprisoned without trial
  • A central courth ‘The People’s Court’ and ‘Special Courts’ were set up across Germany
  • Courts expected to follow Nazi policy
  • No right to appeal
  • Many sentenced to death and executed by these courts
36
Q

Nazi methods of terror and control

Police state

A
  • A totalitarian state that uses the police to control the population
37
Q

Nazi methods of terror and control

SS

A
  • In 1936, police, SS, and Gestapo all brought together under Himmler
  • ‘Racial and moral purity’ was key for members of the SS
  • Himmler had dismissed 60,000 SS betyween 1933 - 1935 for being homosexual, alcoholics, morally corrupt
  • SS identified political prisoners and ran concentration camps
38
Q

Nazi methods of terror and control

Gestapo

A
  • Responsible for state security
  • A block of flats or houses would have a ‘leader’ who reported to the Gestapo
  • Gestapo handed over suspects to the SS for torture
  • Only 30,000 officers
39
Q

Nazi methods of terror and control

Concentration camps

A
  • Most suspects went to prison or concentration camps
  • Inmates forced to work
  • TOrture and brutality common
  • Estimates of over 200,000 imprisoned for Nazi opposition
40
Q

Nazi methods of terror and control

Informers

A
  • Reported to the Gestapo
  • Neighbours, family, friend
41
Q

Nazi methods of terror and control

Police

A
  • Controlled under Himmler
42
Q

Nazi methods of control

Censorship

A
  • Banning of expiermental music (anti-Nazi)
  • No creativity
  • No individualism
  • Art not aligning with Nazi beliefs were considered degenerate and shamed
  • Everything that goes to the public was controlled by Nazis
  • Book burning and banning
  • Threatened rather than inspired
43
Q

Nazi methods of control

Propaganda

A
  • Most media, art, etc centered on Hitler
  • New infastructure, events all to show Germany’s teamwork
  • People start to believe everything they hear
  • Cult of personality
  • People are willing to die for Hitler
44
Q

Nazi policies

Education

A
  • Made sure children grew up to be loyal Nazis
  • Young peoples’ minds more open to influence and control
  • Children would spread the message to their families
  • Well educated populus

How did Nazis ensure education was pro Nazi?
- Teachers had to join Nazi Teachers Association
- Attended training camps
- Curriculum and textbooks were changed

Effect:
- Normalised anti-semetism and Nazi ideologies
- Hate for people who make government spend money on hospital
- Allocated roles for genders
- Numb them from death

Aims:
- Parents would also learn from children
- Future soldiers
- Indoternate them

45
Q

Nazi policies

Youth

A
  • 1933 - Nazis banned all youth groups except Catholic Church
  • 1936 -Hitler Youth Law - mandatory for 10-18 year olds to join

Boys:
- Learned how HItler saved Germany
- Discussed political pamphlets
- Performed military drills
- Taught importance of competition
- Taught about racial purity

Girls:
- Emphasised crafts and childcare
- Healthy, child bearing women

Expierenece:
- Spent evenings and weekends away from parents
- Activities were fun
- Members encouraged to report non-Nazis

46
Q

Nazi policies

Women

A

Women in the 1920s:
- INcreasingly important
- Teachers, doctors, civil servants
- 10% of the Reichstag
- Express themselves through fashion
- Falling birth rate

Women under the Nazis - babies and marriage:
- Propaganda campaign to encourage ferility
- Contreaceptiona nd abortion banned
- 1933 law of encouragement of marriage provided loans but only if women left work
- medals awarded for child birth
- German women’s enterprise organisation trained women in household skills

Women under Nazis - traditional attitude:
- Nazi belief in ‘traditional’ women as wives and mothers
- KKK - Kinder, kuche, kirche - CHildren, cooking, church
- Encouraged to not use make-up (promote racial purity)
- Encouraged to wear homemade clothes and no heels
- SMoking and drinking discouraged as unhealthy and unlady like

Women under Nazis - problems:
- Nazi ideas created economic problems
- As more men joined the army there was a need for more workers
- Nazis had to relax limits on women working by 1939, 50% more women were working thatn 1933

47
Q

Nazi policies

The Catholic Church

A
  • Loyal to the pope
  • Ran youth groups and schools
  • Cooperated with the Nazis at first
  • 1933 -signed the Concordat
  • When Hitler had total power he broke the agreement
  • Catholic newspapers censored
  • Nazi propaganda hinted at financial corruption
  • 1937 Pope Pius XI pushed back with a statement attaking the Nazis
  • The statement was read out in all churches

Outcome:
- Memberships of Catholic League made illegal
- Some church properties sezed by Nazi
- Catholic schools closed
- Catholic priests arrested if spoke out

48
Q

Nazi policies

The Protestant Church

A
  • Many were nationalists and agreed with Nazi beliefs
  • German christians called themselves ‘SA of the Church’ and mixed christian beliefs with Nazi beliefs
  • 1933 protestant church became REich church
  • Non - Nazi pastors were expelled
  • Martin Niemoller and Dietrich Bonhueffer set up the Confessional Church in 1934
  • Argued Nazis should stay out of church matters
  • Arrested and sent to camps
49
Q

Nazi policies

Racial policies

A
  • Nazism was based on a view in which different racial or ethinic groups were seen as either superior or inferior
  • Stated Jews and Gypsies were sub-human and did not deserve to live

Policies:
- 1933 - Sterilistation Law passed - allowed Nazis to sterilise people with illnesses such as mental disabilities. Tramps and beggars were also sterilisied
- From 1936, juvenile delinquents, tyramps, homosexuals, and Jews were sent to camps.
- From 1938, gypsies were also sent to camps
- In 1935, intermarriage between gypsies and Germans was banned
- In 1938, a decree for the struggle against the gypsy plague forces gypsies to register with the state
- Nazis believed that mental illness was hereditary. Nazis began to put them to death - policiy was abandoned in 1941 following public protests but 70,000 people had been killed
- Marriage between black and Aryans was banned in 1935

50
Q

Nazi policies

Jewish Persecution

A
  • Nazi government organised a nationwide boycott of Jewish shops and businesses. SA stood outside shops to prevent entering. Jews were banned from government employment, medicine, teaching, and journalism
  • In 1935, Jews were banned from public places such as parks, cinemas and swimming pools.
  • Nuremberg Laws were introduced. Aryans who were already married to Jews were encouraged to gfet a divorce
  • Jew could no longer vote in elections or hold a German passport
  • Many Jews chose to emigrate. The Nazis banned emigration in 1941 but by this time almost 2/3 of German Jews had fled.

Worsening:
- All possessions had to be reegistered with the government
- Jews were made to carry identity cards at all times
- Jewish professionals including doctors and lawers were not allowed to take on work for non - Jews

51
Q

Jewish Persecution

Kristallnacht - Night of the Broken Glass 1938

A

In 1938, a German official in the Paris EMbassy was murdered by a Jew

On the night of 9-10 November:
- Over 800 shops owned by Jews were destoryed
- 191 synagogues were vandalised or set on fire
- Many Jewish homes were attacked and property was damaged or stolen
- 91 Jews were killed and 30,000 were arrested
- Nazis realised much of the property was rented from German landlords
- Fined the Jewish community 1 billion Reichsmarks to pay for damage

52
Q

Nazi Policies - Economic plans

New Plan

A
  • Schact introduced his ‘New plan’ designed to reduce imports and reduce unemployment
  • MAde trade agreements with other countries to guarantee Germany’s supply of raw materials
  • Began projects to create work such as road building
  • Providaed Hitler with the money he neede to rearm Germany
53
Q

Nazi Policies - Economic plans

Four Year Plan

A
  • From 1936, Hermann Goering was made responsible for the ‘Four Year Plan’ to prepare Germany for war
  • Involved making Germany self sufficient in resources
  • Scientists were set to work to find substitutes (autarky)
  • Propaganda campaign to persuade people to buy German products and eat German food
  • Limited success leading to food shortages and rationing
  • In 1939, Germany had to import one-third of its raw materials
54
Q

Nazi Policies - Economic plans

Impact

A
  • brought some success
  • Government spending was always more than its revenue
  • By 1939, the government had debt of over 40 billion marks
  • Despite autarky Germany was still importing morew than it exported
  • Average consumption of basic foodstuffs dropped between 1937 - 1939
55
Q

Nazi Policies

Reducing unemployment

A
  • Doubled spending on public works programmes such as autobahns and the Olympic Stadium in Berlin
  • Adopted a more aggressive foreign policy and rearmament became increasingly important. Investment in arms created many new jobs
  • Work of Schact and Goering was important in helping the Nazis keep their promise of putting Germany back to work
  • Expansion of the German army also created employment
  • Nazis paid private companies to create jobs
56
Q

Nazi economy

Reality

A
  • From 1933 women were encouraged to stay at home
  • From 1937, women were encouraged back to work to support the rearmament
  • Fewer woman were working in 1939 than in 1929 (women not included in Nazi unemployment figures)
  • Jews were forced from their jobs and taken by Aryans (also not included in unemployment figures)
  • The national nlabour service was set up to organise unemployed men to do manaul work. Men were forced to join and they built the autobahns and other projects
  • Anyone who had temporary employment such as agricultural was counted as full employment
  • Statistics do nto tell us what life was life for many Germans, there was an increase in wages but the number of hours worked rose with the cost of living
57
Q

The German Labour Front (DAF)

A
  • Intended to ensure the efficient running of industry
  • Both employers and employees were in the DAF
  • Main aim was to get workers to work harder and control wages
  • DAF wanted more work without more pay

Strength through joy:
- Purpose of this scheme was to run activities for workers in their leisure time
- Intenstion was to create satisfied workers who would work harder and be more productive
- Rewards were offered for the hardest workers - for example cruises and holidays

Beauty of labour:
- Was responsible for improving working conditions
- Encouraged employers to provide canteens serving hot meals and sport and leisure facilities

58
Q

Ghettos

A
  • Called ‘Jewish Quarters’
  • Walled off, crowded, unsanitary
  • Food restricted, diseases spread rapidly
  • Between Janurary 1941 to July 1942, 4000 Jews died per month
  • In Warsaw the Jews had to pay for the wall to be built - 3.5m high topped with wire and broken glass
59
Q

Eastern relocation

A
  • In July 1942, Warsaw Jews were resettled in the East
  • Over 250,00 were transported to eastern camps
60
Q

Death squads

A
  • June 1941 - German invasion of Soviet Union - included eatern Poland and Baltic states
  • Army followed by Einsatzgruppen
  • EInsatzgruppen rounded up Jews and other undesirabled and executed them
  • Initially shot this later moved to mobile gas chambers
  • Over 1.2 million civilians murdered by 1943
61
Q

The Final Solution

A
  • July 1941 - labour camps built in eastern Poland
  • Janurary 1942 - Wannsee Conference in Berlin decided to turn these camps to death camps
  • 6 million Jews and 5 million non - Jews died in Auschwitz, Treblinka, Sobibor
  • Jews sent to camps divided into two; fit to work and unfit to work
  • Medical experiments done on many - drugs, diseases, response to cold
  • Poiison gas replaced shooting for quick, mass extermination
  • Gold teeth, hair, glasses, etc removed
  • Bodies then burned
62
Q

Keeping it secret

A
  • Propaganda movies showing coamps as resettlement and labour camps
  • Theresienstadt/Terezin in Czechoslovakia
  • Tricked JEwish leaders into organising Jews for resettlement
  • April 1943 - Warsaw Ghetto Uprising - Jews begun to realise what was happening
  • Lasted one month and 560,000 remaining Jews were shot or sent to camps
  • When the war was being lost Germans began to destory evidence
63
Q

Home front during war

The war

A
  • Going well until 1943
  • Combination of not defeating Britain and then Russia decreased enthusiasm
  • Shortages and ratioing led to disillusionment
64
Q

Home front during war

Evacuation

A
  • Germans made plans to evacuiate children from major cities
  • From 1942 mass evacuation to rural area began
  • 2.5 million children were evacuated by Kinderlandverschickung
  • Children evacuated to camps supervised by HItler Youth leaders
65
Q

Home front during war

Rationing

A
  • Started in August 1939 and included bread, meat
  • Food stamps issuied to civilians and soldiers
  • COvered a basic level of nutrition but toilet paper, shoes, etc were hard to find
  • Unhappiness dureing winters of 1939/40 and 1940/41
  • Early war successes allowed people to overlook rationing because: It was good of the war effort and goods were being shipped back from conquered countries
  • In 1942, government cut rations due to shortages
  • At the end of th ewar 3 million German refugees from the East added to the problems and there was starvation
66
Q

Home front during war

Total war

A
  • June 1941 - Operation Barbarossa into the USSR
  • November 1941 - Advance came to a halt
  • Soviet tactic of ‘scorched earth policy’ led to shortages for the army
  • Failures in USSR and the Batle of Britain put Germany unde great strain
  • Feburary 1943 - Goebbels announced ‘total war’
    Growing shortage of labour had to be addressed:
  • Early years used workers from occupied countries
  • October 1941 - all men 16-65, women 17-45 had to be available to work
  • Small and unessential businesses were closed and workers transfered
  • August 1944 - worker holidays banned and 60 hour work week introduced
  • Professional sports team and places of entertainment shut
  • Postal services reduced to save fuel
  • Volkssturm (home guard) formed Boys as young as 12 joined
67
Q

Home front during war

Effects of Allied bombing

A
  • August 1940 - British RAF bombed Germany (at first military and industrial targets, from 1942 started bombing civilians)
  • Cities were bombed
  • Hamburg bombinb og 1943 killed 42,000 and forced 1 million to flee
  • Stories of bravery and determination were spread
  • Welfare organisations to provide food and drinks
  • Bombing had negative effect but many carried on
  • Estimates that only affected war productin by 1%
  • However, Ruhr valley raids in 1944 reduced metal production by 40%
  • Destructioj of infrastructure more important than destruction of industries
68
Q

Home front during war

Changing role of women

A
  • Initially pushed out of work
  • Some returned in 1936 to support rearmament
  • Fewer women in work in 1939 than 1929
  • With men leaving to fight the government had the power to enscript womrn (Hitler’s oppostition to women working meant numbers dropped from 1939 to 1941)
  • June 1941 - Goering ordered women with no children to work
  • By 1943 - an extra half million were working
  • 1IN 1945 - HItler finally agreed to let women up to 50 to work
  • At the end of the war women were 60% of labour force
  • Also played a role in the armed forces as searchlight and anti-aircraft gun operators
  • Huge psychological impact on women (fear of losing husband and songs, struggled to raise families
  • Many mkilled, made homeless
  • As the soviets invaded rape and assault was a real threat and led to suicides
69
Q

Opposition of HItler

Nazi Opposition

A
  • Dealth with seriously during the 1930’s
  • Underground communist resistance movement - especially after 1941
  • ‘Kreslau Circle’ of nobility, lawyers, politicans met to discuss opposition to Nazism
  • Day to day grumbling
  • Opposition generally never a threat to the Nazis
  • Both infiltrated by Gestapo
70
Q

Opposition of HItler

Saving youth

A
  • Jazz and swing enthusiasts
  • 14 - 21
  • Admired the ‘American way of life’
  • Targeted and repressed by the government
  • Non - vbiolent refusal of the civil order
  • Arrested and sent to camps
71
Q

Opposition of HItler

Edelweiss PIrates

A
  • Group of youths
  • Assaulted Hitler youth
  • Helped allies and assisted German deserters
  • Members identified by Gestapo
  • SEnt to camps
  • Hanged
72
Q

Opposition of HItler

White Rose Group

A
  • Hans Scholl and SOphie Scholl
  • Non - violent resistance
  • Delievered pamphlets
  • Executed

History (4 decks)

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