Germany Mastery Flashcards
All topics
1
Q
Before WW1, who was the leader of Germany?
A
Kaiser Wilhelm
2
Q
Give 2 facts about the Kaiser
A
He was born into the job, could not be voted out, controlled the army and passed laws
3
Q
Who was the most important person in Parliament pre WW1?
A
The Chancellor
4
Q
What is the German Parliament called?
A
The Reichstag
5
Q
Who could vote pre WW1?
A
men over 25
6
Q
What was the Bundestrat?
A
Federal council made up of representatives from 25 states. Introduced laws to the Bundestag
7
Q
What was Weltpolitik?
A
Foreign policy of obtaining ‘a place in the sun’
8
Q
What was the Kaiser jealous of?
A
The Scramble for Africa
9
Q
What was the largest state in Germany?
A
Bavaria
10
Q
What does socialism mean?
A
Everyone should look after each other
11
Q
What do communists believe?
A
Everyone is equal
12
Q
By 1914, how much of the world’s electrical goods were Germany producing?
A
Half
13
Q
What did the population grow to pre WW1?
A
48 million to 60 million
14
Q
What were the workers unhappy about pre WW1?
A
wages low, conditions poor, food expensive
15
Q
Why were industrial workers a threat to the Kaiser?
A
Didn’t believe it was fair when landowners, business and factory owners were getting richer but their lives were getting worse
16
Q
What did workers join under the Kaiser?
A
Trade Unions
17
Q
Who did the workers vote for under the Kaiser?
A
SPD
18
Q
What did the SPD hope for pre WW1?
A
Kaiser to share power
19
Q
How did govements try to please the socialists pre WW1?
A
old age pensions in 1889
sickness and accident insurance
20
Q
Still unhappy, what did some workers turn towards pre WW1?
A
The communists
21
Q
Why were Navy reforms introduced?
A
Domestic, foreign poligy and personal reasons
22
Q
What did Germany believe would happen if they built more Battle Ships (pre WW1)?
A
Frighten the British
23
Q
Who was the Chief Admiral at the time of the Naval laws?
A
Alfred Von Tripitz
24
Q
What did Alfred Von tripitz believe?
A
A better navy could gain influence over the British
25
What would a better Empire bring pre WW1?
Raw materials to fuel the growing industrialisation in Germany, therefore bringing more wealth
26
What were Germany's two cultures pre WW1?
An upper class who believed in authoritarianism and the working classes who believed in supporting each other
27
What would a bigger navy help Germany gain?
More territory as part of the German Empire
28
How much was the national income in 1919 compared to 1913?
1/3
29
How many war widows were there after WW1?
600,000
30
How many fatherless children after WW1?
2 million
31
What had war done to German society?
Divided it
32
What huge gaps had appeared as a result of war?
Gaps between living standards of the rich and poor
33
What happened to Germany after the revolution?
It became a republic
34
What did the Kaiser do in November 1918?
abdicated
35
What happened to Industrial production following WW1?
It was 2/3 of 1913
36
What did women do in WW1?
Worked in factories
37
How were women who worked in factories seen?
Went against tradition
38
Who profited from WW1?
Factory workers
39
How much debt was Germany in after WW1?
150 billion
40
Which country was blamed for WW1?
Germany
41
What was the maximum soldiers Germany could have?
100,000 soldiers
42
How many battleships was Germany permitted to have?
6 battleships
43
What country was Germany forbidden to join with?
Austria
44
What percentage of its territory did Germany lose?
10%
45
What percentage of its population did Germany lose?
13%
46
What was the reparations in 1921?
£6.6bn
47
What percentage of German annual output did the ToV represent?
2%
48
What percentage of its coal fields did Germany lose?
16%
49
What portion of its iron and steel industry did Germany lose?
Almost half
50
What international organisation was Germany not allowed to join?
League of Nations
51
What did Germany lose in addition to some territory in Europe?
overseas empire
52
What military force was Germany not allowed to have?
An air force
53
What area of Germany was demilitarised?
Rhineland
54
What was the Dolchstoss theory?
It claimed the German Army did not lose the war on the battlefield but was betrayed by certain groups on the home front.
55
Who led Germany in 1918?
Ebert
56
What nickname did the Weimar Government gain in 1918?
November Criminals
57
What three countries agreed the ToV?
GB, USA, France
58
How long did Germany have to agree to the ToV?
7 days
59
What aspect of the treaty did Germany hate the most?
War Guilt Clause
60
What is the term when the face value of money far exceeds its buying power?
Hyperinflation
61
When was the Ruhr occupied by French and Belgian soldiers?
January 1923
62
How many soldiers occupied the Ruhr?
60,000
63
What was the response from workers in the Ruhr?
Strike
64
How many strikers were killed in the Ruhr?
100
65
How many strikers were thrown out of their homes in the invasion of the Ruhr?
15,000
66
What did the Ruhr produce for Germany?
Iron, coal, steel
67
What is the term for paying the workers, asking them to go on strike?
Passive resistance
68
How did the government pay striking workers?
Printed money
69
How often did wages have to be paid in November 1923?
Twice daily
70
How did hyperinflation affect debtors?
Paid off
71
What does putsch mean?
Rebellion
72
Who led the Kapp Putsch?
Wolfgang Kapp
73
How many Freikorps were involved in the 1920 Kapp Putsch?
5000
74
Which group did Kapp lead?
Freikorps
75
How was the Kapp putsch defeated?
General strike
76
Where was the Red Rising?
Ruhr
77
Who benefited from hyperinflation?
People with fixed mortgages, debts, and foreigners
78
Who lost out during hyperinflation?
People lost their savings, shortages of food and resources and theft increased
79
When was the Munich Putsch?
8th and 9th November 1923
80
Who did Hitler want to copy?
Mussolini who marched on Rome to gain power
81
What were the long term causes of the Munich Putsch?
Abdication, ToV, Weimar Weaknesses
82
What government did Hitler believe were supporters of right wing government?
Bavarian government
83
How many supporters did the Nazis have at the time?
50,000
84
Name 2 of the Bavarian leaders
Von Kahr, Von Lossow
85
Who backed the Munich Putsch?
Ludendorff, 600SA and Rohm
86
What happened in the Beer Hall?
Hitler, Ludendorff and the 600SA burst in with a revolver, shot into the air and declared he was taking over. He told the 3 leaders he would march to Berlin to overthrow the Weimar Republic before forcing them to shake hands and agree to his actions. Meanwhile Rohm took over the local police and army HQ.
87
How many supporters joined Hitler's 1923 march to Berlin?
1000 SA and 2000 members of the public
88
What mistake did Ludendorff make in the Munich Putsch?
He allowed one of the leaders to ring his wift but he secretly phoned the police and the army who fought the Nazis.
89
What was Hitler arrested for?
Treason
90
How many Nazis were killed in the Munich Putsch?
16
91
What did Hitler write while in prison?
Mein Kampf
92
What did Hitler learn from the Munich Putsch?
He needed to win an election/ not by force
93
How long was Hitler sentenced to in prison?
5 years
94
How long did Hitler serve in prison?
9 months
95
Who did Hitler defeat to become the leader of the Nazi party following the Munich Putsch?
Goebbels
96
Name a film produced in Weimar Germany
Metropolis
97
What theatre musical mocked politicians
The Threepenny Opera
98
What new style of music became popular in Berlin In the late 1920s?
American Jazz
99
What new style of stage dancing was introduced?
Transvesite evenings
100
How many papers and magazines were published in Weimar Germany?
120
101
What anti-war novel was a bestseller?
All Quiet on the Western Front
102
What is the term for new artistic styles in Weimar Germany?
Avant-garde
103
What artistic and architectural style emphasises simplicity and modernism?
Bauhaus
104
How did traditionalists see Weimar culture?
Moral decline
105
How were nightclubs seen by traditionalists?
Drunken / sex-obsessed
106
How was avant-garde seen by traditionalists?
Subverting
107
Describe new objectivity
Being more honest about what real life looks like such as poverty, depression and desires
108
Name two famous artists in Weimar Germany
Otto Dix and George Grosz
109
Describe changes under Ebert
More freedoms e.g. freedom of speech
110
Who benefited from life in the 1920s?
Women
111
Which currency was introduced to end hyperinflation?
Rentenmark
112
In 1924, what replaced the Rentenmark, and how long was it used for?
Reichmark - 25 years
113
What was a negative of the Rentenmark?
People never gained their savings back
114
How much money was borrowed in the Dawes plan?
$800 million
115
How did the Dawes Plan help?
French and Belgian troops left the Ruhr
116
How did Stresseman use the Dawes plan?
Build new factories, houses, schools, roads
117
What was a negative of the Dawes plan?
Loan - can be recalled at any point. Some Germans felt Stresseman had been bullied into signing it
118
What was the Young Plan?
Stressemann negotiated the reparations from £6.6bn to £1.8bn and was given longer to pay it
119
What was the Nazis reaction to the Young Plan?
They wanted reparations to end, not be extended
120
What happened to the sales of radios from 1926-1932?
Increased from 1 million to 4 million
121
Who did Germany sign the Locarno Pact with?
Britain, France, Belgium and Italy
122
What did the Locarno Pact promise?
Not to start war and to respect western boundaries
123
Why did Germany not agree to the Eastern borders?
Germany lost 6 million German speaking people and wanted that land back
124
What did Germany join in 1926?
League of Nations
125
Why was the League of Nations important?
Germany regained its international status and became an important part of the League
126
What did Germany sign in 1928?
Kellogg-Briand pact
127
What did they agree in the Kellogg-Briand pact?
Not to start war
128
Why did people criticise Stressemann for his international policies?
Did not demand back some of the land that had been taken in ToV
129
During the golden years, what happened to the support for the Nazis?
32 votes in 1924 to 12 votes in 1928
130
What remained high during the Stresseman era?
Unemployment did not fall below 1.3 million
131
In 1925, how many people were members of the Nazi party?
27,000 members
132
In 1928, how many people were members of the Nazi party?
100,000 members
133
Who was in charge of propaganda?
Goebbels
134
From whom did Hitler secure support in the 1920s?
Rich bankers in Germany and America
135
What did Hitler set up in 1925?
The SS
136
How big was the SA by 1930?
400,000
137
Describe the work of the SA:
used at rallies to make the Nazis seem strong, organised and disciplined. Attacked political enimies
138
Name the communist private army:
Red Front Fighters
139
What were Hitler's radical ideas?
Aryan race was strongest, purest blood, Jews and communists have caused all Germany's problems and must be destroyed
140
How was the Nazi party run?
Like a small country
141
Define Lebensraum
Living space for the German people to live and work in
142
Describe two features of Hitler's 25 point programme
Destroy Weimar Govt.
Regain lost land in ToV
Remove democracy
Bigger army
Ignore ToV
Remove Jews
Volksdeusche
143
What event led to the Depression in Germany?
Wall Street Crash
144
Give two reasons why the Nazi party appealed to people during the Depresssion:
Germany needed a strong leader
End ToV
End unemployment
145
Give an example of how the Nazis intended to end unemployment:
grow the army
146
Give one group attracted by the Nazis' 25 point programme:
Elderly/unemployed/middle class
147
Name one group the Nazis blamed for the Depression:
November Criminals/Jews
148
How many seats did the Nazis win in 1930 and 1932?
107 and 196
149
Who was the Propaganda Chief?
Goebbels
150
Give two examples of messages in Nazi propaganda:
Return to traditional values
Criticised democratic systems
Republic's failures
Hatred of Jews and ToV
End unemployment
151
Describe the SA:
protected rallies
disrupted meetings
not diciplined
not fully under Hitler's control
152
Describe the SS:
swore loyalty to Hitler
known as black shirts
153
Who defeated Hitler in the election to become chancellor in 1932?
Hindenburg
154
How did Hitler bring his message to millions?
Radio, film, rallies, records
155
How did Hitler cover so much of Germany in the campaign?
Plane
156
What percentage of factory workers were unemployed 1932?
40%
157
How many farmers were bankrupt in 1932?
18,000
158
Why did Weimar fail to solve the Depression?
Raised taxes and cut benefits
159
How many were unemployed by 1932?
6 million
160
What did Bruning use to try and gain control?
Used Article 48 to sieze rich people's land and give it to poor peasants but Bruning lacked support from both the Reichstag and President Hindenburg
161
How many young people were unemployed by 1932?
Over 50%
162
Describe Hitler's personal skills:
Public speaking
163
What was the share of the votes in the 1932 election?
Hindenburg: 19 million
Hilter: 13 million
164
Which Nazi group fought with Communist gangs?
SA
165
What happened to the number of SA from 1931 to 1932?
100 to 400 thousand
166
How did Nazis win votes from farmers?
Protect private land
167
How did Nazis appeal to women
eliminate suberting culture
168
How did the Nazis appeal to middle-classes?
Protection from communism
169
How did the Nazis appeal to workers?
Employment
170
How did the Nazis appeal to business owners?
Rearmament contracts
171
Which SPD group fought with the SA?
Reichsbanner
172
Who became chancellor in July 1932?
Von Papen
173
What is the name of a group of political parties that join to form a majority government?
Coalition
174
Who became Chancellor in November 1932?
Kurt Von Schleicher
175
What is the group of ministers who advise the Chancellor?
Cabinet
176
When did Hitler become chancellor?
30th Jan 1933
177
Who did Hindenburg appoint as vice chancellor in Jan 1933?
Von Schleicher
178
Who led the SA?
Ernst Rohm
179
What was the nickname of the SA?
Brownshirts
180
Who led the SS?
Heinrich Himmler
181
Who was Minister for Propaganda?
Goebbels
182
What was the Nazi election slogan?
Arbeit und Brot
183
What political idology did the Nazis want to destroy?
Communism/marxism
184
What is the political idology that believes the government should provide services?
Socialism
185
What was the Nazi term for subhuman?
Untermenschen
186
What was the Nazi term for pure Germans?
Aryan
187
When was the Reichstag Fire?
27th February 1933
188
Who was blamed for the Reichstag Fire?
Van Der Lubbe - communist
189
What did Hitler gain from the Reichstag Fire?
Emergency Powers
190
What civil liberties were suspended after the Reichstag Fire?
Right to free press
Right to a trial
Right to assembly
Rights of secret post and telephone
191
How many communists were arrested due to the Reichstag Fire?
4000
192
What political party was banned due to the Reichstag Fire?
Communist party (KPD)
193
Which Nazi group imitated voters in the March 1933 election?
SA
194
What act was passed in March 1933?
Enabling Act
195
What was the process of brining into line?
Gleichschaltung
196
Jewish people could no longer serve as civil servants, educators or judges due to what act?
Civil service act
197
When was the first boycott of Jewish businesses?
April 1st 1933
198
What groups represent workers?
Trade unions
199
When were trade unions banned?
May 1933
200
When was the SPD banned?
June 1933
201
How many SPD were arrested in June 1933?
3000
202
When did Germany become a one party state?
July 1933
203
What was the SA membership in 1934?
3 million
204
When was the night of the long Knives?
30th June 1934
205
What title did Hitler give himself following the Night of the Long Knives?
Supreme Judge of the German people
206
Which Nazi gorup carried out the Night of the Long Knives?
SS
207
How many people were murdered on the Night of the Long Knives?
85
208
When did Hitler take the title Fuhrer?
August 2nd 1934
209
What did the Army swear on August 2nd 1934?
Oath of Loyalty
210
Books written by what authors were burnt by the Nazis?
Jewish and Communists
211
How many un-German books were burnt on May 10th 1933?
25,000
212
What was the first concentration camp?
Dachau
213
Who was put into Concentration Camps in the 1930s?
Political prisoners
214
When was Himmler made Chief of German police?
1936
215
What was the role of the SD?
Intelligence gathering
216
Who led the SD?
Reinhard Heydrich
217
What was the name of the secret police?
Gestapo
218
How many officers did the Gestapo employ?
15,000
219
What local groups supplied information to the Gestapo?
Block wardens
220
How many people did a block warden spy on?
40-60
221
What crimes did people's courts try
Political crimes
222
How many concentration camps were set up in 1933?
70
223
When was it decreed that Concentration camp guards could not be jailed for their actions?
1937
224
What was the Nazi newspaper called?
Der Sturmer
225
What radio did the Nazis subsidise?
People's reciever
226
What proportion of Germans owned radios by 1939?
70%
227
Where was the largest Nazi rally held?
Nuremburg
228
When was the Berlin Olympics?
1936
229
What propaganda film showed the Nuremburg rally?
triumph of the will
230
What name did the SPD take after they had been banned?
SOPADE (Social Democrats in exile
231
How did the Social Democrats resist the Nazis?
Handing out leaflets
232
What was the communist paper called?
Red Flag
233
What communist tried to assasinate Hitler in 1939?
Georg Elser
234
How many Red Flag copies were produced in a month?
10,000
235
How many women were teachers in 1933?
100,000
236
What summed up the role women should take in Nazi Germany?
Kinder, Kuche, Kirche
237
How should a Nazi woman dress?
Traditonal clothing
238
What body type should a Nazi woman aim for?
PHysically robust
239
What habits were women discouraged from?
Smoking and drinking
240
How much was the marriage loan to Aryan couples?
1000 marks
241
What award was given to mothers of 8 children?
Honour Cross of German Mothers
242
When was the Law for the Encouragement for Marriage introduced and why?
1933 to increase the birth rate and help young couples marry
243
Describe the German woman's enterprise:
Classes and radio talks on household topics and skills for motherhood
244
What limits were placed on women entering universities?
10%
245
What could women not be after 1936?
Jurors or judges
246
What happened to marriages between 1932-1939?
Increased 516,000 to 772,000
247
What happened to the divorce law in 1938?
No children = divorce. The divorce rate went up
248
What happened to birth rates between 1932-1939?
Dropped 3.6 to 3.3
249
What happened to the number of women in industry from 1939 to 1941?
760,000 to 1.5 million (x2)
250
In which building did Jewish women stage a protest in 1943?
Rosenstrasse
251
What percentage of teachers had joined the Teachers' League by 1936?
97%
252
What was the name for elite Aryan schools?
Napola - military cadet schools
253
In Nazi Germany, who were children taught betrayed Germany in WW1?
November Criminals - Jews, Government
254
In Nazi Germany, what were children taught in Physics lessons?
Ballistics
255
In Nazi Germany, what were children taught in geography lessons?
Lebensraum
256
In Nazi Germany, what percentage of school timetables were given to PE?
15%
257
In Nazi Germany, what were children taught in biology lessons?
Race Studies (Eugenics)
258
When was the Hitler Youth made compulsory?
1936
259
In 1938, how many Hitler Youth were armed?
By 1938, 1.2 million boys were trained to use handguns and rifles
260
How did the Hitler Youth replicate the army?
Weapons training, marching drills
261
How did the Hitler youth increase fitness?
HIking, boxing, sport
262
What was exercise used in the Hitler Youth?
Carried out in wintry weather to toughen them up. Harsh physical punishments
263
What was the Nazi group for girls?
League of German Maidens
264
In Nazi Germany what were girls trained to do?
Cook, iron, make bed, sew, prepare the house
265
What role did the Youth play in political activities?
Oaths of loyalty, fundraising for Nazis, going to ralleis
266
What was the Nazi slogan to appeal to farmers?
Blood and soil
267
What was introduced by the Nazis to help small craftsmen?
Law to Protect Retail Trade
268
What law attempted to keep farmland in the family?
Reich Entailed Farm Law
269
What scheme fed the unemployed in winter with soup kitchens?
Winter relief
270
What was the number of unemployed in 1933?
6 million
271
Wages were fixed at 1933 levels, but what kept rising for Germans?
Food prices
272
What was the Nazi trade union?
DAF - German Worker's Front
273
What DAF scheme tried to organise leisure time?
KDF - Strength through Joy
274
How many KDF package tours ran in 1937?
1.7 million
275
What DAF tried to improve working conditions?
Beauty of Labour
276
What scheme was compulsory for the unemployed?
Reich Labour Service (RAD)
277
What car scheme was created by the DAF?
Volkswagen scheme
278
How many miles of autobahn had been built by 1938?
3800
279
What is the rebuilding of the military?
Rearmament
280
When did the Nazis introduce conscription?
1935
281
Who did Hitler appoint as Minister of Economics in 1933?
Hjalmar Schacht
282
Who did Schacht sign deals with to get rearmament materials?
South America and SE Europe
283
When did Goering become Minister for Economics?
1936
284
What did Goering launch in 1936?
Four Year Plan
285
What was the Nazi term for self-sufficiency?
Autarky
286
What was the propaganda campaign around the Four Year Plan?
Guns and butter
287
What percentage of Germans were farmers in the 1930s?
30%
288
What was the percentage population of Jewish people in Germany?
0.8%
289
What was the compulsory military service?
Conscription
290
What were Jews represented as in children's books from 1938?
Poisoned mushrooms
291
When was Kristallnacht?
9-10th Nov 1934
292
What does Kristallnacht mean?
Night of the Broken Glass
293
Who led the arrangements for Kristallnacht?
Goebbels
294
How many synagogues were destroyed during Kristallnacht?
267
295
How many Jewish owned businesses were attacked during Kristallnacht?
7500
296
How many Jewish people were murdered during Kristallnacht?
91
297
How many Jewish people were arrested during Kristallnacht?
30,000
298
Which laws took away Germany citizenship from Jewish people and prevented marriage between Jews and Aryans?
Nuremburg laws 1935
299
How many Jews emigrated from Germany by 1939?
282,000 / 50%
300
How many Jewish people were killed by the Nazis?
6 million
301
What were the 3 solutions posed in solving the Jewish Question
Emigration, Ghettoisation, murder
302
What Nazi organisation confiscated Jewish property?
SS
303
What is a segregated, guarded slum area of a city?
Ghetto
304
What disease was common in Ghettos?
Typhus
305
What were the Nazi mobile killing units that operated in Russian territory?
Einatzgruppen
306
Which conference started the Final Solution in 1942?
Wannsee Conference
307
Which Nazi led the final solution?
Heydrich
308
What was the gas used to kill in the Holocaust?
Zyklon B
309
What was the largest death camp?
Auschwitz-Brikenau
310
What name was given to Jewish slave labourers who cleaned the gas chambers?
sonderkommando
311
What agreement said the Catholic Church would be left alone if it did not interfere with Nazi policies?
July 1933 concordat
312
When were Church Youth Groups banned?
1936
313
What church was created for Protestants?
Reich Church
314
What did Martin Niemoller create?
Confessional Church
315
When did the Pope distribute the anti-Nazi sermon 'With Burning Anxiety'?
1937
316
Which Catholic was too high-profile to prosecute?
Cardinal Galen
317
How many gangs of young communists resisted the Nazis?
20
318
What religious exercises did Young Christians do?
Pilgrimages
319
What music did Swing kids listen to?
Swing music (Jazz)
320
What clothing styles did Swing Kids wear?
American - dyed hair, make up
321
How did the Edelweiss pirates identify themselves?
Edelweiss flower
322
When were a group of Edelweiss Pirates executed for fighting with Hitler Youth members?
1944
323
Who criticised the Nazi polity of euthanisising the disabled?
Cardinal Galen
324
Which Church leader organised the escape of Jews to safety in Switzerland?
Bonhoffer
325
Who led the White Rose Group?
Hans and Sophie Scholl
326
When were the Scholls tortured and executed?
Feb 1943
327
How did the White Rose Group oppose the Nazis?
Posters/leaflets
328
Who led the Chamber of Culture?
Goebbels
329
Why did the Nazis ban jazz music?
Black Americans
330
Name a composer that Nazis encouraged?
Bach, Mozart, Beethoven
331
How many writers left Germany between 1933-45?
2500
332
What did the Nazis shut down in Berlin nightlife?
Cabaret Clubs
333
Name a book banned in Nazi Germany?
All Quiet on the Western Front
334
How many degenerate paintings were burnt in 1936?
5000
335
Who was in charge of the German military?
Hermann Goring
336
When did Germany invade Poland?
September 1st 1939
337
When did France surrender to Germany?
June 1940
338
What campaign meant all German industry would be dedicated to the war effort?
War economy
339
By 1941, what percentage of German industry was producing war materials?
55%
340
Who was appointed Minister of Armaments and War Production in Feb 1942?
Albert Speer
341
What was created in 1942 to direct war production?
Central Planning Board
342
How did Speer direct specialisation in factory?
Single products produced
343
How did Speer keep skilled workers employed?
Excluded from conscription
344
Who did Speer force to work in industry?
Concentration camp prisoners
345
What happened to food and other resources for civilians?
Rationing
346
What happened to the number of women in industry from 1939 to 1941?
Doubles 760,000 to 1.5 million
347
Who conducted air raids against Germany?
RAF
348
What was the programme that evacuated children to the countryside?
KLV
349
Who led a plot to assassinate Hitler in July 1944?
Colonel Von Stauffenberg
350
What was the name of the army assassination plot of 1944?
Operation Valkyrie
