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GCSE HISTORY > GERMANY IN TRANSITION 1919-1939 > Flashcards

GERMANY IN TRANSITION 1919-1939 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were Wilson’s aims in terms of Germany and the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • To ensure that Germany was not destroyed
  • To end war by Creating the League of Nations
  • Not to blame Germany-he hated the guilt clause
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2
Q

What were Clemenceau’s aims in terms of Germany and the Treaty of Versailles?

A 
- Revenge and to punish Germany 
To return Alsace Lorraine to France
-No League of Nations 
-An independent Rhineland 
-Huge reparations 
-To disband the German army
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3
Q

What were Lloyd George’s aims in terms of Germany and the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • A just ‘peace’ tough enough to please dictators.
  • Land for Britain’s empire
  • Safeguard Britain’s naval supremacy
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4
Q

What did Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles say?

A

Germany was to blame for causing the war. However, to many Germans the war had been a means of self defence.

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5
Q

What did the treaty of Versailles say about reparations?

A
  • The allies fixed a special fund of £6600 million to be paid by Germany in 1921.
  • The Treaty took 10 % of Germany’s industry and 15% of its agricultural land.
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6
Q

Why sis the German army have to be drastically reduced?

A

Because of France’s desire for security.

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7
Q

What military restrictions did the Treaty of Versailles impose on Germany?

A
  • Air Force had to be disbanded
  • Army limited to 10,000 soldiers
  • Navy limited to 15,000 sailors, 6 battle ships and no submarines.
  • The Rhineland would be occupied by the Allies for 15 years, and no German troops allowed in the area.
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8
Q

What territorial loses did the Treaty of Versailles impose of Germany?

A

-Germany lost 13% of its land, which contained about 6 million people.
E.g
Alsace Lorraine was returned to France and West Prussia and Posen were returned to Poland.

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9
Q

Why did the German government resign in 1919?

A

Because they did not want to sign the treaty of Versailles and if they didn’t, the allies made it clear that they’d resume the war.

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10
Q

What were the reasons why the new government signed the treaty?

A

They had no choice, as responsible politicians they knew it would be potentially suicidal for Germany to resume the war.

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11
Q

What did the German people believe about the end of the war?

A

Many Germans believed that Germany had not lost the war: the government was to blame.

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12
Q

What myth developed after the signing of the treaty?

A

That the army had been ‘stabbed in the back’ by weak politicians.

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13
Q

What was the president’s role in the Weimar constitution?

A
  • Elected every 7 years
  • Controlled the armed forces
  • Stayed out of the day-to-day running of the country
  • In an emergency he could make laws without going through the Reichstag.
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14
Q

What was the Chancellor’s role in the Weimar constitution?

A
  • Responsible for the day-to-day running of the country
  • Chosen from the Reichstag by the president
  • Like a Prime Minister
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15
Q

What was the role of the Reichstag in the Weimar constitution?

A
  • Voted on new laws
  • Members elected every four years, through a system called PR (Proportional Representation) This gave small parties the chance to have a say in parliament.
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16
Q

What was the role of the German people in the Weimar constitution?

A
  • Elected the president and the members of Reichstag
  • All men and women over the age of 20 could vote
  • All adults had equal rights and the right of free speech
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17
Q

What is the flaw in the Weimar constitution?

A

The president could do what he wants without asking the Reichstag in particularly difficult times (article 48- Rule by decree) and the president can dissolve the Reichstag if it opposes these decrees (Article 25).

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18
Q

When did 50,000 Spartacists rebel in Berlin?

A

January 1919

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19
Q

When did communist workers’ council seize power all over Germany?

A

1919- they also took power in Bavaria

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20
Q

When did right wing nationalists take over Berlin?

A

March 1920

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21
Q

When did the communist group red army rebel in the Ruhr?

A

1920

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22
Q

Who assassinated 356 government politicians and what did the judges do?

A

Nationalist terrorists assassinated politicians e.g. Walter Rathenau. The judges gave sentences or let them go free.

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23
Q

What was the Spartacist league?

A

A communist group set up by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Leibknecht.

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24
Q

What did the Spartacists think about the new government?

A

They did not trust the new government and thought that they would not improve the lives of working people.

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25
Q

What did the Spartacists want?

A

They wanted a full-scale communist revolution.

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26
Q

What did the Spartacists do in 1919?

A

They took advantage of workers protesting in Berlin and tried to turn the protest into a revolution. In Berlin they took over the Government’s headquarters and the telegraph, hoping that the protesters would join them take over other buildings, but they didn’t.

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27
Q

How did the government prevent the Spartacist rising in 1919?

A

They sent the army. Over 100 workers were killed.

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28
Q

Who led the red rising in the Ruhr and why?

A

Members of a communist party because they German workers were angry about bad pay and bad working conditions.

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29
Q

What happened during the red rising in the Ruhr?

A

Communist ‘red army’ of 50,000 workers occupied the Ruhr region of Germany and took control of its raw materials.

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30
Q

What is the Ruhr?

A

One of Germany’s main industrial areas.

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31
Q

How did the Government stop the rising in the Ruhr?

A

The German army, with the help of the Freikorps, crushed the rising. Over 100 workers were killed.

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32
Q

Why did the communists fail to destroy the Weimar government?

A
  • They had no clear plan
  • Their protests weren’t widespread
  • The unrest they made never threatened the Weimar government’s control
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33
Q

What was the Kapp Putsch of ?

A

Freikorps lead by Wolfgang Kapp were told that the Freikorps were no longer needed as the left-wing groups had been crushed. Around 12,000 Freikorps marched to Berlin, forcing the government to flee and putting Kapp forward as the new leader of Germany.

34
Q

Why did the Freikorps and Kapp fail?

A

They failed to gain much support and Berlin workers went on strike- making it impossible for Kapp to rule. After 4 days he fled and Ebert’s government returned to Berlin

35
Q

When was the Kapp Putsch?

A

1920

36
Q

When was the Munich Putsch?

A

1923

37
Q

Who carried out the Munich Putsch?

A

The Nazi party with 55000 members and their own private army called the SA

38
Q

What caused the Nazis to carry out the Munich Putsch?

A

They believed that democracy only led to a weak government and that there should be 1 political party with 1 leader.

39
Q

What did the Nazi Party have planned with the Munich Putsch?

A

They planned to take over the government.

40
Q

What happened in terms of the Munich Putsch?

A

They started in Munich- Hitler and 600 of his SA burst into a meeting where the leader of Bavaria was speaking (Kahr). They forced Kahr to support their plan.

41
Q

Why did the Munich Putsch fail?

A

It had not been properly panned and Kahr withdrew his support the next day.
The German government sent the army to crush the revolt so when the Nazis marched to a military base in Munich they were greeted by the Munich police and soldiers.

42
Q

What happened as a result of the Munich Putsch?

A

14 Nazis were killed
Leader of the putsch was arrested
Hitler was sentenced 5 years in jail
After 9 months without their leader Nazis fell apart

43
Q

What did Germany announce in 1922?

A

It could not pay reparations for the next 3 years.

44
Q

What was the invasion of the Ruhr?

A

60,000 French and Belgian soldiers marched into the Ruhr and took control of Germany’s mines, factories and railways. They took supplies from shops and set up machine gun posts.

45
Q

When was the invasion of the Ruhr?

A

1923

46
Q

Why did the invasion of the Ruhr happen?

A

Because France did not believe that Germany could not pay its reparations.

47
Q

What did the German government tell the German people as a result of the invasion of the Ruhr?

A

They told workers not to co-operate with the French. All workers went on strike

48
Q

What was passive resistance?

A

What the German workers did as a result of the invasion of the Ruhr. Was meant to be a non-violent protest but 140 Germans were killed.

49
Q

Why did Germany go into hyperinflation?

A

Because during the strikes after the invasion of the Ruhr, the German government supported people on strike. No money was coming from the Ruhr meaning that the government had little money.

50
Q

What happened due to hyperinflation?

A

Major food shortages, deaths and an increase in crime.

51
Q

Who were the winners of the hyperinflation?

A

People found it easier to pay off loans.

Businessmen found it easier to pay back money they had borrowed to build up their businesses.

52
Q

Who were the losers of hyperinflation?

A

The value of what people had saved decreased drastically.

Workers found that wage increases did not keep up with rising prices.

53
Q

When was the mark worthless?

A

November 1923

54
Q

When did Stresemann become chancellor?

A

1923

55
Q

What did Stresemann win in 1926?

A

He won the noble peace prize.

56
Q

What did Stresemann die of?

A

A heart attack in 1929.

57
Q

When was the Dawes plan?

A

1924

58
Q

What was the positives of the Dawes plan?

A

Stresemann agreed with the vice president to reduce reparations and help by giving US loans.

59
Q

What were the negatives of the Dawes plan?

A

The Germans were dependent on the US doing well.

Germany were still paying reparations.

60
Q

What was the Rentenmark?

A

A temporary German currency set up in 1923.

61
Q

What were the positives of the Rentenmark?

A

Restored Germany’s faith in currency.

Later converted into Reichsmark

62
Q

What were the negatives of the Rentenmark?

A

The value was not as much as the dustchmark

Attached to property rather than gold reserves

63
Q

When was the young plan?

A

1929

64
Q

What were the positives of the young plan?

A

Reparation figure reduced to £1850 million

The length of time to pay reparations was extended to 59 years.

65
Q

What were the negatives of the young plan?

A

Stresemann was severely criticised by right wing politicians who objected to any further repayment of reparations.

66
Q

What was the extent of Germany’s recovery?

A
  • With American money, Germany seemed to prosper.
  • New stadiums, apartment blocks, industry improved
  • Less unemployment
  • Businesses could pay off debts, better wages, better relations between workers and employers.
67
Q

What happened to farmers after hyperinflation?

A

Farmers still experience problems like agricultural depression and lack of modernisation.
Farmers went into debt and product was still only 74% of pre-war levels

68
Q

What happened to industrial workers after hyperinflation?

A

They saw their wages increase but not much beyond the cost of living.

69
Q

What happened to the lower middle class after hyperinflation?

A

They still suffered and felt ignored.

70
Q

What were the aims of Stresemann in the Locarno pact?

A

To improve relations with France and Britain.
To restore Germany’s international prestige.
To gain France and Britain’s co-operation in reducing the worst parts of the treaty.

71
Q

When was the Locarno Pact signed?

A

1925

72
Q

What were the results of the Locarno pact?

A

Countries agreed to keep existing boarders between Germany, Belgium and France- began a period of co-operation between Germany, France and Belgium.

73
Q

What were the aims of the league of nations?

A

To maintain peace.

74
Q

What happened as a result of the league of nations?

A

Germany as given a permanent seat in the league of nations

75
Q

What were the results of Germany’s join to the league of nations?

A
  • Germany’s return to power

- considerable prestige for Stresemann

76
Q

When was Germany admitted to the league of nations?

A

1926

77
Q

When was the kellog-Briand pact signed by Germany along with 64 other countries?

A

1928

78
Q

What were the aims of the Kellog-Briand pact?

A

To only keep armies for self defence

To solve all international disputes

79
Q

What were the results of the Kellog-Briand pact?

A

Improved relations between USA and European nations.

80
Q

What were the results of Stresemann’s foreign policies?

A
  • 1925 France withdrew from the Ruhr
  • The allies agreed to the Dawes and Young plans
  • In 1927 Allied troops withdrew from the West bank of the Rhine, five years befor the original schedule of 1933.

GCSE HISTORY (2 decks)

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