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History > Germany 1918-1945 > Flashcards

Germany 1918-1945 Flashcards

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0
Q

What was the impact on Germany of the First World War?

A
  • the proud German army was destroyed
  • the Germans were surviving or turnips and bread, even the flour was mixed with sawdust
  • a flu epidemic was sweeping the country, killing thousands of people
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1
Q

What was Germany like in 1914? Give 3 examples

A
  • Germans were proud people
  • their army was probably the finest in the world
  • there were prospering businesses and a well-educated and well-fed workforce
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2
Q

What was Germany like before and after the war in relation of ruling

A
  • before the was Germany had no real democracy. The Kaiser was virtually a dictator
  • the Weimar constitution attended to set up the most democratic system in the world where no one could gain too much power
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3
Q

Under what terms did the Allies offer peace to Germany?

A

The allies offered to end the war but only if Germany became a democratic country- the Kaiser would not be allowed to rule Germany

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4
Q

What happened in Kiel? Why do you think this happened?

A

The Kaiser refused- rebellion broke out in Kiel- sailers mutinied and revolts spread around the country

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5
Q

What happened on 9th November 1918?

A

The Kaiser abdicated and left his throne on the 9th November- he fled to Belgium

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6
Q

Who became the new leader of the Republic of Germany? What did he do to improve Germany’s problem?

A

Following his departure, Ebert, a socialist, became Weimar’s first leader. He quickly signed armistice and brought WW1 to an end.

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7
Q

What changes to personal liberties were introduced under the new constitution?

A

Under Weimar people were allowed to do what they wanted and they could decide which religion they followed

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8
Q

Who was threatening the New Democratic system?

A

Threats came from both left and right wing people- mainly the Sparticists and old supporters of the Kaiser; army, judges

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9
Q

What was the ‘stab in the back’ theory?

A

Many believed that they were stabbed in the back by the ‘November criminals’

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10
Q

What did people on the Left want?

A

Communists wanted a communist revolution like what happened in Russia in 1917- the democratic system was under threat.

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11
Q

Who was its first president? How did this happen?

A

The first elected president of the Republic was Ebert. January 1919 he was given the job as a president (he won majority of the elections)

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12
Q

Why was the Republic not founded in Berlin? Where was it created?

A

Berlin was not considered safe. Berlin was filled with ex-soldiers ( Freikorps) and communist who were causing riots and trouble.

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13
Q

What was the President’s role?

A

Head of state and elected every 7 years

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14
Q

What was The Chancellor’s role?

A

Appointed from the Reichstag by the President. Had to be supported by a majority of Reichstag.

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15
Q

What was the Reichstag’s role?

A

Elected using proportional representation: parties got the same proportion of seats as their proportion of votes.

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16
Q

What’s Article 48

A

In emergency the President could make laws without using the Reichstag.

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17
Q

What are the positives of the Weimar constitution?

A
  1. Very democratic as all 20 year olds could vote and have a say
  2. Fair system- every party which gained voted, gained seats
  3. Needed to take control of county in crisis
  4. Ensured that if necessary someone could put down rebellion and riots
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18
Q

What are the negatives of the Weimar constitution?

A
  1. In 1919, the Weimar Republic had many enemies and lots of people voted for parties who wanted to get rid of it
  2. Coalition governments, who had to work together. No strong leaderships. Lots of small parties working together- no party had majority of seats
  3. The president could turn into a dictator, as he held much of the power in Germany
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19
Q

What is a republic- Weimar Republic?

A

a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.

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20
Q

Who were the ‘Big three’ ( name them and which country they came from)

A

France- Georges Clémenceau
Britain- Woodrow Wilson
United States- Lloyd George

21
Q

How was Germany’s military powers restricted ( specific figures/ facts)

A

a) 100,000 men+ 6 battleships. No construction, no planes, no submarines.
b) the Rhineland was demilitarized so no armed forces or vehicles were allowed

22
Q

What are reparations?

A

Germany had to pay £6.6 billion to France

23
Q

How did Germany react to the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Most Germans were appalled and blamed it on the Weimar Republic

24
Q

List 2 things that you can do in a democratic system of government

A
  1. Vote ( Reichstag)

2. Have seats in parliament

25
Q

Who tried to take over power in Munich in 1923?

A

Adolf Hitler

26
Q

What happened in 1919? Who was fighting? What did they want? What did Ebert do? Who was involved? What happened to the leaders? Who supported them? Where else did Communists rebel?

A
  • January 1919 Freikorps and the Spartacist were fighting
  • they wanted to get rid off the Weimar Republic. They wanted to establish a communist soviet to rule Germany
  • Ebert made the Freikorps and the army to put down the communist revolution
  • Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknect
  • Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknect were killed
  • soldiers and sailors
  • in 1920 communists rebelled in the Rhineland (Ruhr) 2000 casualties
27
Q

What happened in 1920? When? Who was fighting? What did they want? What did Ebert do? Who was involved? What happened to the leaders? Who supported them? Where else did right-wing rebellions take place?

A
  • March 1920
  • Dr Wolfgang Kapp and 5000 Freikorps
  • strong army, a powerful Germany with an empire. A dictatorship
  • nothing. Instead the people of Berlin stopped the right wing uprising by going on strike. Army refused to fight the Freikorps
  • Freikorps- these men who had fought in WW1 and hated communists
  • Kapp left the country
  • nationalists and right-wing people
  • November 1925 in Munich, Hitler and Naziz tried to take power in the Munich Putsch
28
Q

Why can 1923 be considered a year of crisis. What 3 things happened?

A
  1. Rough was occupied by the French and Belgian troops
  2. Inflation ( hyperinflation)
  3. The Munich ( beer hall) putsch
29
Q

Who became the President of the Weimar Republic in 1923?

A

Stresmann

30
Q

Which policy did he stop and why?

A

The passive resistance in the Rugh because it was making Germany even poorer by refusing to produce the goods that it used to produce

31
Q

How did the new President deal with hyperinflation- what did he get rid off? What was it replaced with?

A
  • He got rid off the old, worthless money.

- He replaced it with a new temporary currency, the Rentenmark

32
Q

How did this work? (Rentenmark)

A

By strictly limiting the amount of this current in circulation the value of German money was established

33
Q

What happened in Thuringa and Saxony?

A

To keep the support of the army, who were strongly right-wing, the government gave orders that left-wing state government in Saxony and Thurnogia should be deposed

34
Q

What was the name of the money which Germany used to pay reparations?

A

Dawes

35
Q

When did the plan start to work? ( 1924- Dawes plan)

A

April 1924

36
Q

What was the idea behind the Dawes plan?

A
  • The idea was that the money would help rebuild German trade and industry.
  • Money would then flow into the German government and they could pay regular reparations.
37
Q

Define the term Treaty of Versailles

A

Germany and the Allies signed a peace treaty at the end of World War I.

38
Q

Define the term demilitarized

A

Remove all military forces from an area

39
Q

Define the term Freikorps

A

Freikorps were German volunteer military or anti-communist paramilitary units.

40
Q

Define the term Spartacists

A

Left wing communist party

41
Q

Define the term Beer Hall Putsch

A

Hitler’s attempt in taking power of Germany ( breaking into a political meeting in Munich)

42
Q

Define the term dictator

A

a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force.

43
Q

Define the term proportional representation

A

an electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them.

44
Q

Define the term Article 48

A

The president can pass laws without the Reichstag

45
Q

Define the term War Guilt clause

A

ticle 231, often known as the War Guilt Clause, was the opening article of the reparations section of the Treaty of Versailles, which ended the First World War between the German Empire and the Allied and Associated Powers.

46
Q

Define the term Rentenmark

A

A temporary German momentary unit used to stabilize currency

47
Q

Why did Hitler try to take power during the Munich Putsch?

A
  • 8th and 9th November Hitler was planning a right wing revolution
  • he wanted to bring the Weimar Republic down
  • the Nazi party was growing ( Weimar was in crisis)
  • he was against democracy
  • he had a huge army of storm troopers
48
Q

What happens in 1923 ( Munich putsch)?

A
  • on the 8th November, hurler and 600 Nazis broke into a beer hall to stop a political meeting of taking place
  • 9th November 1923 the Nazis marched from Munich to Berlin ( celebrating the ‘victory’)
49
Q

What were the consequences ( Munich putsch)? 4 things

A
  1. Beer hall putsch failed
  2. 14 nazis died
  3. Hitler was arrested
  4. He was banned to speak public ally until 1927
50
Q

How was it a partial success? ( some good things came out of it!)

A
  • he wrote Mein Kampf whilst in prison- and lots of people shared his ideas
  • he reorganized the party- local branches of the Nazi party were trying to make him in power
  • he decided not to rebel but to be voted into power instead

History (1 decks)

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