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MIDTERM > GEOTECHNICAL > Flashcards

GEOTECHNICAL Flashcards

1
Q

Soil in geotechnical engineering

A

(Iatin: solium); topsoil which consist of large quantity or organic matter and is not suitable as a construction materials or as foundation for structures.

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2
Q

SOIL MECHANICS

A

The term _______ was coined by Dr. Karl Terzaghi in 1925 when his book “ERDBAUMECHANIC” on the subject was published in GERMANY.

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3
Q

Soil mechanics

A

is the branch of science that deals with the study of the physical properties of soil and the behavior of soil masses subjected to various types of forces.

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4
Q

Soils engineering

A

is the application of the principles of soil mechanics to practical problems.

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5
Q

Geotechnical engineering

A

is the subdiscipline of civil engineering that involves natural materials found close to the surface of the earth.

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5
Q

Early Observations (Ancient Times)

A

Egyptians and Mesopotamians, made basic observations about soil properties for constructing buildings and irrigation systems. Ancient Chinese texts also contain references to soil properties and their effects on construction.

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6
Q

Coulomb’s Frictional Theory (18th Century)

A

HISTORY: Charles-Augustin de Coulomb, a French engineer, introduced the concept of soil friction and cohesion in the late 18th century. He formulated equations to describe the stability of soil slopes and retaining walls based on these concepts.

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7
Q

Terzaghi’s Work (20th Century)

A

HISTORY: Karl Terzaghi; His work in the early 20th century laid the foundation for modern soil mechanics. Terzaghi developed fundamental principles for analyzing soil behavior under different loads and conditions. He introduced concepts such as effective stress and pore water pressure.

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8
Q

Consolidation Theory (1930s)

A

HISTORY: Terzaghi and Arthur Casagrande furthered the understanding of soil consolidation, which is essential for predicting settlement in foundations. Casagrande developed the widely used liquid limit and plastic limit tests for soil classification.

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9
Q

Ancient Civilization

A

HISTORY: Coulomb’s Frictional Theory (18th Century); Karl Terzaghi

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10
Q

Development of Laboratory Testing (20th Century)

A

HISTORY: significant advancements in soil testing techniques, including the introduction of the triaxial test and the direct shear test. These tests helped engineers better understand soil behavior under various loading conditions.

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10
Q

Father of Modern Geotechnology and Father of Soil Mechanics

A

Karl Terzaghi

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11
Q

Introduction of Geotechnical Engineering (Mid-20th Century)

A

HISTORY: Soil mechanics evolved into the broader field of geotechnical engineering, which encompasses soil behavior, rock mechanics, and foundation design. This expansion was driven by the need to address complex geotechnical challenges in construction projects.

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12
Q

Advances in Computational Methods (Late 20th Century)

A

HISTORY: With the advent of computers, numerical methods and finite element analysis became crucial tools for analyzing soil structure interactions and geotechnical problems.

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13
Q

Ongoing Research and Innovations (Present)

A

HISTORY: Soil mechanics continues to evolve with ongoing research into soil behavior, new testing methods, and innovative geotechnical engineering solutions. Today, soil mechanics plays a critical role in infrastructure development, including the design of buildings, bridges, dams, tunnels, and other civil engineering projects. It remains a dynamic field with a rich history of contributions from engineers and scientists worldwide.

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14
Q

Soil

A

is a complex mixture of mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air, along with living organisms. It forms because of the weathering of parent material (such as rocks and minerals) over time.

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15
Q

Mineral Particles

A

these are the solid, inorganic components of soil that originate from the breakdown of rocks and minerals through physical and chemical weathering processes.

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16
Q

The mineral particles are classified based on their size: SAND

A

The largest soil particle size, with diameters ranging from 0.05 to 2.0 millimeters.

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17
Q

The mineral particles are classified based on their size: SILT

A

Smaller than sand particles, with diameters ranging from 0.002 to 0.05 millimeters.

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18
Q

Weathering

A

is the process by which rocks and minerals are broken down into smaller particles and transformed through various physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms.

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18
Q

The mineral particles are classified based on their size: CLAY

A

The smallest soil particles, with diameters less than 0.002 millimeters.

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19
Q

Two main types of weathering

A

mechanical (physical) weathering and chemical weathering.

20
Q

Mechanical (physical) weathering

A

involves the physical breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments without changing their chemical composition.

20
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

involves the alteration of the chemical composition of rocks and minerals through reactions with water, gases, and other substances.

21
Q

Biological Weathering

A

involves the actions of living organisms that contribute to the breakdown of rocks.

22
Q

Types of rocks

A

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rock

22
Q

Igneous rock

A

the solidification of molten magma ejected from deep within the earth’s mantle.

23
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

the deposits of gravel, sand, silt, and clay formed by weathering may become compacted by overburden pressure and cemented by agents like iron oxide, calcite, dolomite, and quartz.

23
Q

called Plutons

A

intrusive igneous rocks

Sometimes magma ceases its mobility below the earth’s surface and cools to form intrusive igneous rocks that are called ________.

24
Q

Metamorphic rock

A

is the process of changing the composition and texture of rocks (without melting) by heat and pressure.

During metamorphism, new minerals are formed, and mineral grains are sheared to give a foliated texture to metamorphic rock

25
Q

Cohesionless

A

Soil Particles do not stick together

Three Common Types: Gravel, Sand, and Silt

26
Q

Cohesive

A

very small particle size where surface chemical effects predominate. The particles stick together. Both sticky and plastic.

27
Q

Organic

A

Typically spongy, crumbly, and compressible, not ideal for supporting structures

28
Q

Gravels

A

are pieces of rocks with occasional particles of quartz, feldspar, and other minerals.

29
Q

Sand

A

particles are made of mostly quartz and feldspar

30
Q

Silts

A

are the microscopic soil fractions that consist of very fine quartz grains and some flake-shaped particles that are fragments of micaceous minerals.

31
Q

HYDROMETER ANALYSIS

A

for particle sizes smaller than 0.075 mm 2 in diameter.

31
Q

Clays

A

are mostly flake-shaped microscopic and submicroscopic particles of mica, clay minerals, and other minerals.

32
Q

SIEVE ANALYSIS

A

for particle sizes larger than 0.075 mm 1 in diameter

33
Q

Sieve analysis

A

is a laboratory technique used to determine the particle size distribution of a granular material, such as soil, sand, gravel, and crushed stone. After the 6.3-mm size designation, a number designation is used, i.e., No. 4 to No. 400.

34
Q

Hydrometer Analysis

A

is based on the principle of sedimentation of soil grains in water. When a soil specimen is dispersed in water, the particles settle at different velocities, depending on their shape, size, weight, and the viscosity of the water.

35
Q

Cu

formula: Cu= D60/D10

A

Uniformity coefficient

36
Q

Cc

formula: Cc= (D30)^2/D60*D10

A

Coefficient of gradation

37
Q

formula: So= sq.rt. D75/D25

A

Sorting coefficient

38
Q

poorly graded soil

A

most of the soil grains are the same size (CURVE 1)

39
Q

well graded

A

the particle sizes are distributed over a wide range. A flat S-curve represents a soil which contains the particles of different sizes in good proportion. (CURVE 2)

40
Q

gap graded

A

soil might have a combination of two or more uniformly graded fractions. A curve with a hump in which some of the intermediate size particles are missing. (CURVE 3)

41
Q

particle shapes three major categories

A

bulky, flaky, and needle shaped

41
Q

Bulky Particles

A

are formed mostly by mechanical weathering of rock and minerals. Geologists use such terms as angular, subangular, subrounded, and rounded to describe the shapes of bulky particles

42
Q

Flaky Particles

A

have very low sphericity—usually 0.01 or less. These particles are predominantly clay minerals.

43
Q

Needle-shaped Particles

A

are much less common than the other two particle types. Examples of soils are some coral deposits and attapulgite clays

44
Q

Atterberg

A

developed a method to describe the consistency of fined-grained soils with varying moisture content

45
Q

Behavior of Soils in four basic states

A

solid, semisolid, plastic, and liq

MIDTERM (1 decks)

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