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Science 8I > Geology year 8 > Flashcards

Geology year 8 Flashcards

Preparation for geology test

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1
Q

Faults

A

Cracks where rocks break and move past each other

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2
Q

Folds

A

Bends in rock layers due to stress

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3
Q

Boundary

A

Line separating different tectonic plates

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4
Q

Anticline

A

Fold where oldest rock layers are at the core, arched upward

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5
Q

Syncline

A

Fold where youngest rock layers are at the core, arched downward

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6
Q

Deformation

A

Process where rocks change shape under stress

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7
Q

Folding

A

Bending of rock layers under stress

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8
Q

Fault blocks

A

Blocks of rock on either side of a fault

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9
Q

Strike-slip fault

A

Fault where blocks move past each other horizontally

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10
Q

Normal fault

A

Fault where hanging wall moves down relative to footwall

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11
Q

Reverse fault

A

Fault where hanging wall moves up relative to footwall

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12
Q

Fault plane

A

Location where two fault blocks meet

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13
Q

Hanging wall

A

Block above the fault plane

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14
Q

Footwall

A

Block below the fault plane

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15
Q

Elastic Deformation

A

Reversible strain in material

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16
Q

Ductile Deformation

A

Irreversible strain in material

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17
Q

Fracture Deformation

A

Irreversible strain leading to material breakage

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18
Q

Orogeny

A

Formation of mountain ranges by crustal displacement

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19
Q

Fault

A

Break or crack where tectonic plates move

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20
Q

Fold

A

Bending of rock layers due to plate movement

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21
Q

Brittle

A

Rock’s tendency to break under stress

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22
Q

Plastic

A

Rock’s ability to deform without breaking

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23
Q

Compression

A

Stress causing rocks to be squeezed together

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24
Q

Tension

A

Stress causing rocks to be pulled apart

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25
Q

Shearing

A

Stress causing rocks to slide past each other

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26
Q

Confining / Uniform

A

Stress applied equally in all directions

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27
Q

Transform Fault Boundary

A

Boundary where tectonic plates slide past each other

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28
Q

San Andreas Fault

A

Major fault in California known for seismic activity

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29
Q

Size Scale

A

Providing a reference for the size of geological features

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30
Q

Igneous Rock

A

Formed by cooling and solidifying magma or lava

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31
Q

Erosion

A

Natural removal of soil and rock by wind or water

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32
Q

Deposition

A

Process of laying down material to form landforms

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33
Q

Sediment

A

Material broken down by weathering and erosion

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34
Q

Sedimentary Rock

A

Rock formed from compressed sediment layers

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35
Q

Heat & Pressure

A

Forces that transform rocks into metamorphic rocks

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36
Q

Metamorphic Rock

A

Rock altered by heat and pressure conditions

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37
Q

Magma & Lava

A

Molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface

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38
Q

Melting

A

Process of turning solid rock into molten form

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39
Q

Volcanic Activity

A

Processes related to volcanic eruptions

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40
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Rock with layers showing deposition of sediment at different time periods, often porous and containing fossils

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41
Q

Sediment

A

Small grains weakly held together, forming porous and sometimes soft and crumbly rocks

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42
Q

Cementation

A

Process where pressure compacts sediment grains together to form a solid rock

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43
Q

Rock cycle

A

Continuous process of rock formation and transformation through geological processes

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44
Q

Weathering

A

Process of breaking down rocks into smaller fragments by natural elements like water, wind, and temperature changes

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45
Q

Fossils

A

Remains or traces of ancient organisms preserved in sedimentary rocks

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46
Q

Chemical sedimentary rocks

A

Formed when dissolved materials in water solidify and settle at the bottom through processes like evaporation and crystallization

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47
Q

Organic sedimentary rocks

A

Result from the burial and transformation of dead plant and animal debris under pressure and heat, often containing fossils

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48
Q

Clastic sedimentary rocks

A

Composed of pieces of pre-existing rocks compacted and cemented together, with clasts larger than 2 millimeters

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49
Q

Evaporation

A

Process of liquid turning into vapor and leaving behind solid materials

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50
Q

Crystallization

A

Formation of solid crystals from a solution

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51
Q

Halite

A

A type of chemical sedimentary rock composed of salt crystals

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52
Q

Limestone

A

A type of chemical sedimentary rock often containing fossils and formed from calcium carbonate

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53
Q

Coal

A

An organic sedimentary rock formed from buried plant debris under pressure and heat

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54
Q

Chalk

A

An organic sedimentary rock made of calcium carbonate from marine organisms

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55
Q

Clastic Process

A

Process where weathered rock fragments are transported, trapped, compacted, and cemented to form sedimentary rocks

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56
Q

Plenary

A

Session at the end of the class to review if learning objectives were met

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57
Q

Weathering

A

Process of breaking down rocks into smaller fragments by natural elements like water, wind, and temperature changes

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58
Q

Compaction

A

Process where layers of sediment are compressed by the weight of overlying materials

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59
Q

Deposition

A

Process where sediments settle out of a transporting medium and accumulate on the surface

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60
Q

Basin

A

A natural depression in the Earth’s surface where sediments accumulate

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61
Q

Pressure

A

Force applied to an area, compacting sediment grains together to form rocks

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62
Q

Plate Movement

A

Plates shift 1 to 10 cm annually.

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63
Q

Plate Boundaries

A

Areas where plates interact, causing various geologic events.

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64
Q

Divergent Boundaries

A

Plates move apart, forming shield volcanoes and rift valleys.

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65
Q

Convergent Boundaries

A

Plates collide, leading to subduction, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes.

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66
Q

Rift Valley

A

Valley formed when plates separate, like Hell’s Gate in Kenya.

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67
Q

Subduction

A

Denser oceanic crust sinking beneath continental crust.

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68
Q

Shield Volcanoes

A

Volcanoes formed by the eruption of molten rock at divergent boundaries.

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69
Q

Mt St. Helens

A

Volcano resulting from the Juan de Fuca-North American plate collision.

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70
Q

Italian Volcanic Activity

A

Volcanic events from the Eurasian-African plate convergence.

71
Q

Earthquake Formation

A

Plates jam, build pressure, then release energy as seismic waves.

72
Q

Conservative Boundaries

A

Plates slide past each other, causing destructive earthquakes.

73
Q

San Andreas Fault

A

A famous conservative boundary known for seismic activity.

74
Q

Collision Boundaries

A

Plates move slowly, uplifting crust to form mountain ranges.

75
Q

Himalayan Mountains

A

Result of the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates.

76
Q

Convection Currents

A

Heat-driven currents causing tectonic plate movement.

77
Q

Plate Boundary Name

A

Term for the location where tectonic plates meet.

78
Q

Island Formation

A

Process occurring at divergent boundaries, like in Iceland.

79
Q

Seismic Waves

A

Energy released during an earthquake event.

80
Q

Plate Snap

A

Abrupt movement of plates past each other, causing earthquakes.

81
Q

Pressure Build-Up

A

Accumulation of force between stuck tectonic plates.

82
Q

Plate Tectonics

A

Theory explaining movement of Earth’s lithosphere plates

83
Q

Convection

A

Heat-driven circulation in a fluid or gas

84
Q

Continental Drift

A

Movement of continents over geologic time

85
Q

Pangaea

A

Supercontinent that existed about 250 million years ago

86
Q

Convergent Boundaries

A

Plate boundaries moving towards each other

87
Q

Plates

A

Sections of Earth’s lithosphere that move

88
Q

Current

A

Flow of fluid or gas in a specific direction

89
Q

Faults

A

Fractures in Earth’s crust where movement occurs

90
Q

Continents

A

Large landmasses on Earth’s surface

91
Q

Starter

A

Initial question or activity to engage students

92
Q

Shell

A

Outer layer of Earth’s surface like an egg’s shell

93
Q

Mantle

A

Layer between Earth’s crust and core

94
Q

Yellow Yolk

A

Analogous to Earth’s core in the egg analogy

95
Q

Egg White

A

Analogous to Earth’s mantle in the egg analogy

96
Q

Scientific Evidence

A

Data supporting the theory of plate tectonics

97
Q

Alfred Wegener

A

German scientist who proposed continental drift

98
Q

Permian Period

A

Geologic time period 250 million years ago

99
Q

Triassic Period

A

Geologic time period 200 million years ago

100
Q

Jurassic Period

A

Geologic time period 145 million years ago

101
Q

Cretaceous Period

A

Geologic time period 65 million years ago

102
Q

Laurasia

A

Northern part of Pangaea after split

103
Q

Sediments

A

Particles composing sedimentary rocks before formation

104
Q

Metamorphic Rocks

A

Formed by high heat and pressure causing chemical and physical changes

105
Q

Regional Metamorphism

A

Occurs from tectonic plate movements, heating, and compression

106
Q

Contact Metamorphism

A

Results from rocks encountering hot magma, inducing changes

107
Q

Gneiss

A

Metamorphic rock with bands or flat layers, denser and harder

108
Q

Diamond

A

Precious mineral found in some metamorphic rocks

109
Q

Ruby

A

Another precious mineral sometimes present in metamorphic rocks

110
Q

Sapphire

A

A precious gemstone that can be found in metamorphic rocks

111
Q

Metamorphism

A

Process of rock change due to high heat and pressure

112
Q

Igneous Rock

A

Rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava

113
Q

Sedimentary Rock

A

Rock formed from the accumulation of sediments over time

114
Q

Heat

A

Energy transferred between substances due to temperature difference

115
Q

Pressure

A

Force applied perpendicular to a surface

116
Q

Chemical Changes

A

Alterations in the composition of substances

117
Q

Physical Changes

A

Modifications in the appearance or state of matter

118
Q

Layers

A

Strata or sheets of material stacked on top of each other

119
Q

Crystals

A

Solid structures with a definite geometric shape

120
Q

Denser

A

Having a higher mass per unit volume

121
Q

Harder

A

Resistance of a material to deformation or scratching

122
Q

Wavy Patterns

A

Curved or undulating designs seen in some rocks

123
Q

Zig-Zag Patterns

A

Angular or jagged designs observed in certain rocks

124
Q

Igneous

A

Rock formed from solidified magma

125
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface

126
Q

Lava

A

Magma that reaches the Earth’s surface

127
Q

Mantle

A

Layer between the crust and core

128
Q

Core

A

Earth’s innermost layer

129
Q

Crust

A

Earth’s outermost layer

130
Q

Crystal

A

Mineral with a geometric shape

131
Q

Interlocking

A

Crystals growing into each other and locking together

132
Q

Extrusive

A

Igneous rock formed above the surface

133
Q

Intrusive

A

Igneous rock formed below the surface

134
Q

Inner Core

A

Solid, very hot layer composed of iron and nickel

135
Q

Outer Core

A

Liquid layer composed of iron and nickel

136
Q

Starter

A

Not provided in the notes

137
Q

Solid

A

State of matter with fixed shape and volume

138
Q

Liquid

A

State of matter with fixed volume but no fixed shape

139
Q

Compare and contrast the inner core, outer core, mantle and crust

A

Analyze the differences and similarities between Earth’s layers

140
Q

Differentiate between magma and lava

A

Distinguish molten rock below and above the Earth’s surface

141
Q

Rocks

A

Composed of minerals and formed in various ways

142
Q

Minerals

A

Chemical substances with consistent composition

143
Q

Formation of Igneous rocks

A

Process of magma cooling and solidifying to form rocks

144
Q

Felsic VS Mafic

A

Comparison based on silica/quartz content (felsic) or iron/magnesium content (mafic)

145
Q

Faults

A

Cracks where rocks break and move past each other

146
Q

Folds

A

Bends in rock layers due to stress

147
Q

Boundary

A

Line separating different tectonic plates

148
Q

Anticline

A

Fold where oldest rock layers are at the core, arched upward

149
Q

Syncline

A

Fold where youngest rock layers are at the core, arched downward

150
Q

Deformation

A

Process where rocks change shape under stress

151
Q

Folding

A

Bending of rock layers under stress

152
Q

Fault blocks

A

Blocks of rock on either side of a fault

153
Q

Strike-slip fault

A

Fault where blocks move past each other horizontally

154
Q

Normal fault

A

Fault where hanging wall moves down relative to footwall

155
Q

Reverse fault

A

Fault where hanging wall moves up relative to footwall

156
Q

Fault plane

A

Location where two fault blocks meet

157
Q

Hanging wall

A

Block above the fault plane

158
Q

Footwall

A

Block below the fault plane

159
Q

Elastic Deformation

A

Reversible strain in material

160
Q

Ductile Deformation

A

Irreversible strain in material

161
Q

Fracture Deformation

A

Irreversible strain leading to material breakage

162
Q

Orogeny

A

Formation of mountain ranges by crustal displacement

163
Q

Fault

A

Break or crack where tectonic plates move

164
Q

Fold

A

Bending of rock layers due to plate movement

165
Q

Brittle

A

Rock’s tendency to break under stress

166
Q

Plastic

A

Rock’s ability to deform without breaking

167
Q

Compression

A

Stress causing rocks to be squeezed together

168
Q

Tension

A

Stress causing rocks to be pulled apart

169
Q

Shearing

A

Stress causing rocks to slide past each other

170
Q

Confining / Uniform

A

Stress applied equally in all directions

171
Q

Transform Fault Boundary

A

Boundary where tectonic plates slide past each other

172
Q

San Andreas Fault

A

Major fault in California known for seismic activity

173
Q

Size Scale

A

Providing a reference for the size of geological features

Science 8I (1 decks)

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