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GEO 101 > GEOLOGY Exam 1 > Flashcards

GEOLOGY Exam 1 Flashcards

Based of og quizzes 1-3

1
Q

What are the characteristics of minerals? (Select all that apply)

A
  • are crystalline
  • are solid
  • have a definite chemical composition
  • are naturally occurring
  • are not organic

Minerals are not always composed of only one element and are not always the same color.

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2
Q

What form of cleavage does calcite illustrate?

A

3 planes not at 90 degrees

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3
Q

What form of cleavage does plagioclase feldspar have?

A

2 planes at 90 degrees

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4
Q

Match the bond to its definition: Ionic

A

A relatively weak bond formed between ions of opposite charge.

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5
Q

Match the bond to its definition: van der Waals

A

The weakest bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between polar molecules.

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6
Q

Match the bond to its definition: Covalent

A

A strong bond formed when two or more atoms share electrons.

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7
Q

Match the bond to its definition: Metallic

A

A malleable bond where electrons freely pass from atom to atom.

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8
Q

Which mineral causes hydrochloric acid (HCl) to effervesce?

A

Calcite

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9
Q

How are igneous rocks created?

A

by the cooling and hardening of molten rock (magma or lava)

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10
Q

What are extrusive igneous rocks formed from?

A

when lava cools outside of the Earth’s crust.

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11
Q

The term ‘porphyritic’ refers to what texture in igneous rocks?

A

both coarse and fine grained

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12
Q

An igneous rock that solidifies at or near the Earth’s surface will have this texture.

A

fine grained

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13
Q

What is the classification of an igneous rock made up of mostly dark colored minerals?

A

mafic

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14
Q

Using Bowen’s Reaction Series, which rock type is formed between 500-800 degrees C?

A

intermediate

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15
Q

Which minerals should be found in a rock formed between 1100-1400 degrees C?

A

olivine

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16
Q

As sediment is transported farther from its source, roundness of grains _______.

A

increases

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17
Q

The depositional environment of a sedimentary rock is defined as _______.

A

the environment in which the rock was deposited right before it was buried and lithified.

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18
Q

A depositional environment of quartz sandstone is _______.

A

beach

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19
Q

Which sedimentary rock type forms by precipitation of rock from minerals in a liquid solution?

A

chemical

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20
Q

Metamorphic rocks can form _______.

A

both above and below the Earth’s surface

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21
Q

The protolith of marble is _______.

A

limestone

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22
Q

What is a protolith?

A

the parent rock to a metamorphic rock.

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23
Q

The metamorphic texture of a rock can be classified as _______.

A

foliated

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24
Q

The composition of the Earth’s core is most similar to:

A

iron

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25
The composition of continental crust is most similar to:
granite
26
The composition of the mantle is most similar to:
peridotite
27
The composition of oceanic crust is most similar to:
basalt
28
The lithosphere is mostly:
solid
29
The outer core is:
liquid
30
The asthenosphere is mostly:
plastic
31
The mantle is mostly:
solid
32
The inner core is:
solid
33
Rank the following materials by order of density, with 1 being the LEAST dense and 6 being the MOST dense: 4, 6, 5, 3, 2, 1.
__4__ basalt, __6__ iron, __5__ peridotite, __3__ granite, __2__ water, __1__ air
34
Identify each earth layer depicted in this illustration: __2__, __6__, __1__, __3__, __4__, __5__.
__2__ asthenosphere, __6__ inner core, __1__ oceanic crust, __3__ continental crust, __4__ outer core, __5__ mantle
35
What type of plate boundary is responsible for volcanism in the Cascade Mountains?
oceanic-continental convergent
36
What type of plate boundary is responsible for the San Andreas Fault?
transform
37
What type of plate boundary is known as the Mid Atlantic Ridge?
divergent
38
What type of plate boundary sits beneath the continental shelf along the east coast of New Jersey?
passive
39
If an oceanic plate and a continental plate converge, which of the following will most likely occur? The _______ will subduct beneath the continental plate.
oceanic plate
40
What type of plate boundary is depicted by this tectonic cross section?
divergent
41
The lithosphere includes portions of which of the following two compositional layers? Select two.
* Crust * Mantle
42
What is the texture of Igneous Rock A?
Pegmatitic, Phaneritic, Aphanitic, Porphyritic, Vesicular, Glassy, Pyroclastic ## Footnote Different textures indicate varying cooling rates and environments of formation.
43
What is the composition of Igneous Rock A?
Felsic, Intermediate, Mafic, Ultramafic ## Footnote Composition determines the mineral content and color of the rock.
44
What is the cooling history of Igneous Rock A?
It cooled rapidly, It cooled slowly, It cooled so quickly that no crystals formed, First it cooled slowly to form phaneritic crystals, then it cooled quickly to form an aphanitic ground mass ## Footnote Cooling history affects the crystal size and texture of the rock.
45
Which of the following best classifies Igneous Rock A?
Intrusive (plutonic), Extrusive (volcanic) ## Footnote Classification is based on where the rock solidified.
46
What type of rock is Igneous Rock A?
Rhyolite, Andesite, Basalt, Granite, Diorite, Gabbro, Peridotite, Porphyritic Rhyolite, Porphyritic Andesite, Porphyritic Basalt, Pumice, Scoria, Obsidian ## Footnote Each type has distinct mineral compositions and textures.
47
If the magma from Igneous Rock A made it to the surface, what type of volcano would most likely form?
Composite Volcano, Cinder Cone, Shield Volcano ## Footnote The type of volcano formed depends on the magma's viscosity and gas content.
48
What is the texture of Igneous Rock B?
Pegmatitic, Phaneritic, Aphanitic, Porphyritic, Vesicular, Glassy, Pyroclastic ## Footnote Similar to Rock A, the texture indicates cooling conditions.
49
What is the composition of Igneous Rock B?
Felsic or Intermediate, Mafic, Ultramafic ## Footnote Composition influences the rock's characteristics and formation environment.
50
What is the cooling history of Igneous Rock B?
It cooled rapidly, It cooled slowly, First it cooled slowly to form phaneritic crystals, then it cooled quickly to form an aphanitic ground mass ## Footnote Understanding cooling history helps in identifying the rock type.
51
Which of the following best classifies Igneous Rock B?
Intrusive (plutonic), Extrusive (volcanic) ## Footnote Classification aids in understanding the environment of formation.
52
What type of rock is Igneous Rock B?
Rhyolite, Andesite, Basalt, Granite, Diorite, Gabbro, Peridotite, Porphyritic Rhyolite, Porphyritic Andesite, Porphyritic Basalt, Pumice, Scoria, Obsidian ## Footnote The specific type can indicate the geological history of the area.
53
What does a porphyritic texture tell you about the cooling history of an igneous rock?
Magma was blasted out of a volcano and cooled so quickly that no crystals could form, Magma was extruded from a volcano, forming a homogeneous set of small (< 1 mm) crystals, Some of the minerals grew large by crystallizing slowly underground, then the magma/crystal mixture was ejected from a volcano forming a 'ground mass' of crystals less than 1 mm in size, The magma cooled slowly underground, forming a homogenous set of large (1-10 mm) diameter crystals ## Footnote Porphyritic texture indicates a complex cooling process.
54
What type of volcano is Volcano A?
Shield, Cinder Cone, Composite Volcano, Dome Complex ## Footnote Each volcano type has distinct shapes and eruption styles.
55
Compared to other types of volcanoes, would an eruption from Volcano A be more or less explosive?
More Explosive, Less Explosive ## Footnote The explosion level is influenced by the magma's viscosity and gas content.
56
What type of rock will most likely form when lava from Volcano A lithifies?
Rhyolite, Andesite, Basalt, Granite, Diorite, Gabbro, Peridotite, Pumice ## Footnote The type of lava solidifies into different rocks based on its composition.
57
Where would you most likely find Volcano A?
Over continental crust, Over oceanic crust ## Footnote The location affects the type of volcano and eruption style.
58
What type of igneous feature is the collapsed-portion of the Santorini volcano?
Caldera, Volcanic Neck, Lava Plateau, Batholith, Dike, Sill ## Footnote A caldera forms from a large eruption that empties the magma chamber.
59
Given the highly explosive eruption style, what type of volcano is Santorini?
Shield Volcano, Cinder Cone, Composite Volcano ## Footnote The explosive nature indicates a composite volcano.
60
What type of rock would most likely be found lining the edge of Santorini volcano?
Pumice, Scoria ## Footnote Pumice typically forms from explosive eruptions, while scoria is associated with less explosive events.
61
What type of volcano is typically the largest in terms of volume?
Cinder cone, Composite Volcano, Shield, Dome Complex ## Footnote Shield volcanoes are usually the largest due to their broad, gently sloping sides.

GEO 101 (6 decks)

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