Geology and Hydrosphere Flashcards
Naturally occurring inorganic solids that possess an orderly crystalline structure that can be represented by a chemical formula
Minerals
Consolidated mixture of minerals
Rocks
Formed from cooled magma that solidated through crystallization
Igneous
Large crystal formed from slow cooling of magma below the earth’s surface
Intrusive
Large crystal formed from quick cooling of magma at the earth’s surface
Extrusive
Formed from the lithification of sediments
Sedimentary
Originated as solid particles derived from weathering and are transported
Detrital Sediments
Originated from soluble materials produced by chemical weathering
Chemical Sediments
Rocks are subjected to extreme heat and pressure
Metamorphic
Effects of metamorphism
- increased density
- recrystallization
- Reorientation of mineral grains
- formation of new minerals
The hypothesis that breaking apart of a super Continental into smaller continents, then drifting into their current positions
Continental drift
Proposed the continental drift theory
Alfred Wegener
Provides the mechanism for the continental drift hypothesis
Plate tectonic
Outer solid layer of the earth
Lithosphere
Lithosphere is divided into segments called
Plates
Weaker inner liquid layer of the earth
Asthenosphere
Rapid vibration of earth due to the release os energy that were subjected to extreme pressure
Earthquake
Plates that moves apart
Divergent boundary
Plates that grind against each other
Transform boundary
Plates that moves toward each other
Convergent boundary
Types of pyroclastic material by size
Ash/Dust -> Lapili/Cider -> Block -> bomb
Symmetrical cones with structure of imbedded lava and pyroclastic material
Composite volcano
Have steep slopes composed of pyroclastic materials
Cider cone volcano
Broad, domed volcanoes composed of basaltic lava
Shield Volcano
Disintegration and decomposition of rock near the surface
Weathering
Transfer of rock material downslope
Mass-wasting
Incorporation and transportation of material by mobile agent
Erosion
Broad, domed volcanoes composed of basaltic lava
Shield Volcano
Disintegration and decomposition of rocks near surface
Weathering
Transfer of rock material downslope
Mass-wasting
Incorporation and transportation of material by mobile agent
Erosion
Underwater landmass that extends from the coastline to the shelf break then steep towards the deep ocean basin
Continental shelf
Steep sloping from the continental shelf into deep ocean floor
Continental slope
Found where trenches do not exist
Continental rise
Lies between continental margin and oceanic ridge system
Deep ocean basin
Crustal plates descending into mantle level area, contains thick accumulations of sediments
Deep-ocean trenches abyssal plains
Isolated volcanic peaks accumulation of basaltic lava flows
Seamounts and guyots oceanic plateaus
Reef building of corals and other organisms on the flanks of sinking volcano island
Atolls
Site of divergent plate boundaries where seafloor spreading occurs
Oceanic ridge
Masses of ocean water that flow from one place to another
Ocean current
Movement of particles opposite that of the rotation of the earth, cause gyres in the northern hemisphere
Coriolis effect
Upward movement of cold water from deeper layers
Upwelling
Area extending between the lowest tide level and the highest elevation on the land is affected by storm waves
Shore
Accumulation of sediment found along the landward margin of the shore
Beach
Daily rise and fall in the elevation of the oceansurface at a specific location
Tides
Land area that contributes water to a stream water that occupies spaces in the bedrock
Drainage Basin groundwater
Intersection of a water table to the surface heated ground water that expands and changes steam, causing water eruption
Spring geyser
