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Geology and Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

San Andreas Fault Fun Facts

A

right lateral transform

NW trending

formed ~28ma

Coast Range, Transverse Ranges

earthquake in 1989, Loma Prieta

earthquake in 1906, San Francisco

earthquake in 1857, Transverse Range

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2
Q

Hayward Fault Fun Facts

A

right lateral

NW trending

southern extension of Rodger Creek-Healdsburg Fault

splits from Calaveras Fault which is a split from San Andreas Fault (Calaveras Fault is east of the Hayward, San Andreas is to the west)

Coast Range

earthquake in 1868

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3
Q

Garlock Fault Fun Facts

A

left lateral

NE trending (not NW-trending)

Sierra Nevada Range, north of Mojave Desert

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4
Q

Newport-Inglewood Fault Fun Facts

A

right lateral

Peninsular Range

earthquake 1933, Long Beach damaged schools and resulted in Field Act (state responsibility for school construction, and building code improvements)

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5
Q

Elsinore Fault Fun Facts

A

right lateral (and blind thrusts)

Peninsular Ranges

Whittier earthquake 1987

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6
Q

San Jacinto Fault Fun Facts

A

right lateral

Peninsular Ranges

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7
Q

Rose Canyon Fault Fun Facts

A

right lateral

Peninsular Ranges

partially offshore

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8
Q

Whipple Fault Fun Facts

A

listric detachment

Ca-Az border

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9
Q

San Fernando Fault Fun Facts

A

shallow thrust

NW trending

Transverse Ranges

earthquake in 1971 resulted in Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act

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10
Q

Northridge Fault Fun Facts

A

series of blind thrusts

Transverse Range

earthquake 1994, San Fernando Valley

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11
Q

Coalinga Nose Fault Fun Facts

A

thrust

aka Nunez Fault near Coalinga anticline

earthquake `983

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12
Q

Owens Valley Fault Fun Facts

A

oblique normal and right lateral

Sierra Nevada Range

earthquake 1872, Owens Lake

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13
Q

Surprise Valley Fault Fun Facts

A

normal

far NE corner of Ca

N-S trending

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14
Q

White Wolf Fault Fun Facts

A

oblique reverse/thrust and left lateral

thought to be inactive, but is not

Sierra Nevada Range, Great Valley

earthquake 1952

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15
Q

Reverse Fault vs. Thrust Fault

A

direction of movement is the same

reverse is steep sloped

thrust is shallow sloped

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16
Q

Triple Junction

A

where the Gorda/Juan de Fuca, North American, and Pacific plates meet

links convergence of Cascadia subduction zone and translation of San Andreas fault system

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17
Q

Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act Intent

A

intent is to prohibit location of structures for human occupancy across active fault traces (50ft setback)

faults must be well-defined (not blind) and active

all faults in fault zone maps, uncertain or undefined, are considered active until proven otherwise

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18
Q

Active Fault Age

A

Holocene

~12k years as of age dating in 2018
~10k years as of 2007

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19
Q

Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act Setback Distance

A

50ft

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20
Q

Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act Beginngings

A

signed into law 1972

result of San Fernando earthquake (1971)

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21
Q

Transverse Range

A

W-E trending ranges

approx. Santa Barbara to Mojave

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22
Q

Field Act Intent

A

mandates earthquake-resistant construction (especially schools)

result of Newport-Inglewood earthquake in Long Beach in 1933

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23
Q

Peninsular Range

A

N-S trending range in southern California

aka Lower California Province

approx. San Bernardino to Baja California

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24
Q

Whittier Earthquake Fun Facts

A

part of Elsinore Fault Zone (blind thrusts)

Peninsular Ranges

earthquake 1987, Whittier, San Gabriel Valley

25
El Mayor-Cucapah Earthquake Fun Facts
Southern California, Baja California Peninsular Ranges 2010 M 7.2 liquefaction and subsidence disrupted water supply and drainage in ag areas
26
South Napa Earthquake Fun Facts
Napa Coast Ranges 2014 M6 8 miles surface rupture, `8 inches surface slip, 14 inches afterslip
27
Loma Prieta Earthquake Fun Facts
Santa Cruz Coast Ranges 1989 M6.9
28
P-Wave
body wave first arrival ("primary arrival") sound wave
29
S-Wave
body wave second arrival ("secondary arrival") shear wave (side to side)
30
Love Wave
surface wave up and down motion S waves
31
Raleigh Wave
surface wave elliptical motion P and S waves
32
Current Earthquake Magnitude Scale
Moment Magnitude Mw >9 based on physical characteristics of the source or the work done by the earthquake rigidity x area of rupture x amount of slip measures the largest earthquakes
33
Objective Earthquake Magnitude Scale
Moment Magnitude Mw >9 based on physical characteristics of the source or the work done by the earthquake rigidity x area of rupture x amount of slip measures the largest earthquakes
34
Subjective Earthquake Magnitude Scale
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale measures effects felt by people many intensities for one magnitude basis for USGS "did you feel it" earthquake website
35
Strike Slip Fault
lateral movement when in-line with the fault, side that moves towards you is the direction-lateral movement tension areas in each fault block (minimum compressive stress direction, particles move up) pressure areas along fault line (maximum compressive stress direction, particles move down)
36
Focal Mechanism
beach ball stereonet reflects the slip direction and orientation of the fault line earthquake source is in the center of the 2D beachball representation beachball lines are the fault and auxillary planes P - pressure axis reflects maximum compressive stress direction (particles move down) T - tension axis reflects minimum compressive stress direction (particles move up)
37
Normal Fault
expansive movement tension areas in far side of each fault block (minimum compressive stress direction, particles move up) pressure areas along fault line (maximum compressive stress direction, particles move down)
38
Thrust/Reverse Fault
compressive movement tension areas along fault line in far side of each fault block (minimum compressive stress direction, particles move up) pressure areas in far side of each fault block (maximum compressive stress direction, particles move down)
39
Oblique Thrust/Reverse Fault
compressive and strike slip lateral movement tension areas along fault line in far side of each fault block (minimum compressive stress direction, particles move up) pressure areas in far side of each fault block (maximum compressive stress direction, particles move down)
40
Fault Class A Definition
"active" (Quaternary) geologic evidence of tectonic origin and that fault is active (liquefaction, deformation)
41
Fault Class B Definition
between A and C geologic evidence demonstrates Quaternary deformation but 1. fault may not be deep enough to be a source of significant tectonic earthquakes, or 2. geologic evidence is too strong to classify the fault as C and not strong enough to classify the fault as A
42
Fault Class C Definition
"in-conclusive" not enough data geologic evidence is insufficient to demonstrate tectonic faulting or Quaternary deformation
43
Fault Class D Definition
"dead" geologic evidence that the feature is not tectonic generally includes things like landslides, joints, and fluvial/erosional scarps
44
Fault Classification Requirements
1. Age (evidence of Quaternary deformation) | 2. Tectonic origin
45
UCERF3 Definition
Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast v.3 estimates magnitude, location, and likelihood of earthquakes using geodesy, geology, seismology, and paleoseismology time-independent model historically, but predicts for next 30 years 48% chance of M7.5 or greater in Ca 75% chance M7 or greater in SoCal 76% chance M7 or greater in NorCal
46
Seismic Site Class A Definition
hard rock shear velocity (Vs) = >5000 ft/s standard penetration resistance (N) = NA undrained shear strength (S) = NA psf (examples include east of Rocky Mtns) measured shear wave velocities are required <10ft of soil to rock interface
47
Seismic Site Class B Definition
rock shear velocity (Vs) = 2500-5000 ft/s standard penetration resistance (N) = NA undrained shear strength (S) = NA psf (examples include West Coast rock sites) moderate fracturing and weathering measured or estimated shear wave velocities <10ft of soil to rock interface
48
Seismic Site Class C Definition
very dense soil and soft rock shear velocity (Vs) = 1200-2500 ft/s standard penetration resistance (N) = >50 undrained shear strength (S) = >2000 psf (examples include dense glacial tills, sands gravels, and shallow rock) applicable for shallow foundation buildings
49
Seismic Site Class D Definition
stiff soil shear velocity (Vs) = 600-1200 ft/s standard penetration resistance (N) = 15-20 undrained shear strength (S) = 1000-2000 psf applicable for shallow foundation buildings (<30ft)
50
Seismic Site Class E Definition
soft clay soil shear velocity (Vs) = <600 ft/s standard penetration resistance (N) = <15 undrained shear strength (S) = <1000 psf OR, profile with >10ft of PI>20, moisture>40%, and S<500psf applicable for deep foundation buildings
51
Seismic Site Class F Definition
soil requires site response analysis liquefiable soils, peat, high plasticity clays (examples could be liquefiable granitic rock of Sierra Nevada or SF Bay soils)
52
Seismic Site Class Definition
based on International Building Code and ASCE standards soil types are found to impact the force level for mid- and high-rise buildings Uses soils for upper 100ft of the subsurface
53
Standard Penetration Test
measure energy transfer and other engineering soil properties with each hammer drop of the rig measure penetration resistance
54
Soils At Risk of Liquefaction | type, PI, moisture content, water table
sandy or silty soils of low plasticity or gravels with fines PI<12 moisture content >85% of liquid limit groundwater <50ft
55
Cone Penetration Test
continuous resistance measurements to measure determine friction ratio and susceptibility to liquefaction
56
Atterberg Limits
``` plasticity index (PI) liquid limit (LL) plastic limit (PL) ``` PI = LL - PL
57
Sieve Size Threshold of Fine Grains
those that pass through a #200 sieve | 200 openings per inch = 0.074 mm openings
58
Sieve Size Threshold of Coarse Grains
those that are retained in a #40 sieve | 40 openings per inch = 0.42 mm openings
59
Mitigation of Liquefaction
1. densification | 2. hardening/mixing

CSE (3 decks)

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