Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CSE > Geology and Hazards > Flashcards

Geology and Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

San Andreas Fault Fun Facts

A

right lateral transform

NW trending

formed ~28ma

Coast Range, Transverse Ranges

earthquake in 1989, Loma Prieta

earthquake in 1906, San Francisco

earthquake in 1857, Transverse Range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hayward Fault Fun Facts

A

right lateral

NW trending

southern extension of Rodger Creek-Healdsburg Fault

splits from Calaveras Fault which is a split from San Andreas Fault (Calaveras Fault is east of the Hayward, San Andreas is to the west)

Coast Range

earthquake in 1868

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Garlock Fault Fun Facts

A

left lateral

NE trending (not NW-trending)

Sierra Nevada Range, north of Mojave Desert

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Newport-Inglewood Fault Fun Facts

A

right lateral

Peninsular Range

earthquake 1933, Long Beach damaged schools and resulted in Field Act (state responsibility for school construction, and building code improvements)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Elsinore Fault Fun Facts

A

right lateral (and blind thrusts)

Peninsular Ranges

Whittier earthquake 1987

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

San Jacinto Fault Fun Facts

A

right lateral

Peninsular Ranges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Rose Canyon Fault Fun Facts

A

right lateral

Peninsular Ranges

partially offshore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Whipple Fault Fun Facts

A

listric detachment

Ca-Az border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

San Fernando Fault Fun Facts

A

shallow thrust

NW trending

Transverse Ranges

earthquake in 1971 resulted in Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Northridge Fault Fun Facts

A

series of blind thrusts

Transverse Range

earthquake 1994, San Fernando Valley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Coalinga Nose Fault Fun Facts

A

thrust

aka Nunez Fault near Coalinga anticline

earthquake `983

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Owens Valley Fault Fun Facts

A

oblique normal and right lateral

Sierra Nevada Range

earthquake 1872, Owens Lake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Surprise Valley Fault Fun Facts

A

normal

far NE corner of Ca

N-S trending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

White Wolf Fault Fun Facts

A

oblique reverse/thrust and left lateral

thought to be inactive, but is not

Sierra Nevada Range, Great Valley

earthquake 1952

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Reverse Fault vs. Thrust Fault

A

direction of movement is the same

reverse is steep sloped

thrust is shallow sloped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Triple Junction

A

where the Gorda/Juan de Fuca, North American, and Pacific plates meet

links convergence of Cascadia subduction zone and translation of San Andreas fault system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act Intent

A

intent is to prohibit location of structures for human occupancy across active fault traces (50ft setback)

faults must be well-defined (not blind) and active

all faults in fault zone maps, uncertain or undefined, are considered active until proven otherwise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Active Fault Age

A

Holocene

~12k years as of age dating in 2018
~10k years as of 2007

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act Setback Distance

A

50ft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zoning Act Beginngings

A

signed into law 1972

result of San Fernando earthquake (1971)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Transverse Range

A

W-E trending ranges

approx. Santa Barbara to Mojave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Field Act Intent

A

mandates earthquake-resistant construction (especially schools)

result of Newport-Inglewood earthquake in Long Beach in 1933

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Peninsular Range

A

N-S trending range in southern California

aka Lower California Province

approx. San Bernardino to Baja California

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Whittier Earthquake Fun Facts

A

part of Elsinore Fault Zone (blind thrusts)

Peninsular Ranges

earthquake 1987, Whittier, San Gabriel Valley

25
Q

El Mayor-Cucapah Earthquake Fun Facts

A

Southern California, Baja California

Peninsular Ranges

2010

M 7.2

liquefaction and subsidence disrupted water supply and drainage in ag areas

26
Q

South Napa Earthquake Fun Facts

A

Napa

Coast Ranges

2014

M6

8 miles surface rupture, `8 inches surface slip, 14 inches afterslip

27
Q

Loma Prieta Earthquake Fun Facts

A

Santa Cruz

Coast Ranges

1989

M6.9

28
Q

P-Wave

A

body wave

first arrival (“primary arrival”)

sound wave

29
Q

S-Wave

A

body wave

second arrival (“secondary arrival”)

shear wave (side to side)

30
Q

Love Wave

A

surface wave

up and down motion

S waves

31
Q

Raleigh Wave

A

surface wave

elliptical motion

P and S waves

32
Q

Current Earthquake Magnitude Scale

A

Moment Magnitude

Mw >9

based on physical characteristics of the source or the work done by the earthquake

rigidity x area of rupture x amount of slip

measures the largest earthquakes

33
Q

Objective Earthquake Magnitude Scale

A

Moment Magnitude

Mw >9

based on physical characteristics of the source or the work done by the earthquake

rigidity x area of rupture x amount of slip

measures the largest earthquakes

34
Q

Subjective Earthquake Magnitude Scale

A

Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale

measures effects felt by people

many intensities for one magnitude

basis for USGS “did you feel it” earthquake website

35
Q

Strike Slip Fault

A

lateral movement

when in-line with the fault, side that moves towards you is the direction-lateral movement

tension areas in each fault block (minimum compressive stress direction, particles move up)

pressure areas along fault line (maximum compressive stress direction, particles move down)

36
Q

Focal Mechanism

A

beach ball stereonet reflects the slip direction and orientation of the fault line

earthquake source is in the center of the 2D beachball representation

beachball lines are the fault and auxillary planes

P - pressure axis reflects maximum compressive stress direction (particles move down)

T - tension axis reflects minimum compressive stress direction (particles move up)

37
Q

Normal Fault

A

expansive movement

tension areas in far side of each fault block (minimum compressive stress direction, particles move up)

pressure areas along fault line (maximum compressive stress direction, particles move down)

38
Q

Thrust/Reverse Fault

A

compressive movement

tension areas along fault line in far side of each fault block (minimum compressive stress direction, particles move up)

pressure areas in far side of each fault block (maximum compressive stress direction, particles move down)

39
Q

Oblique Thrust/Reverse Fault

A

compressive and strike slip lateral movement

tension areas along fault line in far side of each fault block (minimum compressive stress direction, particles move up)

pressure areas in far side of each fault block (maximum compressive stress direction, particles move down)

40
Q

Fault Class A Definition

A

“active” (Quaternary)

geologic evidence of tectonic origin and that fault is active (liquefaction, deformation)

41
Q

Fault Class B Definition

A

between A and C

geologic evidence demonstrates Quaternary deformation but

  1. fault may not be deep enough to be a source of significant tectonic earthquakes, or
  2. geologic evidence is too strong to classify the fault as C and not strong enough to classify the fault as A
42
Q

Fault Class C Definition

A

“in-conclusive” not enough data

geologic evidence is insufficient to demonstrate tectonic faulting or Quaternary deformation

43
Q

Fault Class D Definition

A

“dead”

geologic evidence that the feature is not tectonic

generally includes things like landslides, joints, and fluvial/erosional scarps

44
Q

Fault Classification Requirements

A
  1. Age (evidence of Quaternary deformation)

2. Tectonic origin

45
Q

UCERF3 Definition

A

Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast v.3

estimates magnitude, location, and likelihood of earthquakes using geodesy, geology, seismology, and paleoseismology

time-independent model historically, but predicts for next 30 years

48% chance of M7.5 or greater in Ca
75% chance M7 or greater in SoCal
76% chance M7 or greater in NorCal

46
Q

Seismic Site Class A Definition

A

hard rock

shear velocity (Vs) = >5000 ft/s
standard penetration resistance (N) = NA
undrained shear strength (S) = NA psf

(examples include east of Rocky Mtns)

measured shear wave velocities are required

<10ft of soil to rock interface

47
Q

Seismic Site Class B Definition

A

rock

shear velocity (Vs) = 2500-5000 ft/s
standard penetration resistance (N) = NA
undrained shear strength (S) = NA psf

(examples include West Coast rock sites)

moderate fracturing and weathering
measured or estimated shear wave velocities

<10ft of soil to rock interface

48
Q

Seismic Site Class C Definition

A

very dense soil and soft rock

shear velocity (Vs) = 1200-2500 ft/s
standard penetration resistance (N) = >50
undrained shear strength (S) = >2000 psf

(examples include dense glacial tills, sands gravels, and shallow rock)

applicable for shallow foundation buildings

49
Q

Seismic Site Class D Definition

A

stiff soil

shear velocity (Vs) = 600-1200 ft/s
standard penetration resistance (N) = 15-20
undrained shear strength (S) = 1000-2000 psf

applicable for shallow foundation buildings (<30ft)

50
Q

Seismic Site Class E Definition

A

soft clay soil

shear velocity (Vs) = <600 ft/s
standard penetration resistance (N) = <15
undrained shear strength (S) = <1000 psf

OR, profile with >10ft of PI>20, moisture>40%, and S<500psf

applicable for deep foundation buildings

51
Q

Seismic Site Class F Definition

A

soil requires site response analysis

liquefiable soils, peat, high plasticity clays

(examples could be liquefiable granitic rock of Sierra Nevada or SF Bay soils)

52
Q

Seismic Site Class Definition

A

based on International Building Code and ASCE standards

soil types are found to impact the force level for mid- and high-rise buildings

Uses soils for upper 100ft of the subsurface

53
Q

Standard Penetration Test

A

measure energy transfer and other engineering soil properties with each hammer drop of the rig

measure penetration resistance

54
Q

Soils At Risk of Liquefaction

type, PI, moisture content, water table

A

sandy or silty soils of low plasticity or gravels with fines
PI<12
moisture content >85% of liquid limit
groundwater <50ft

55
Q

Cone Penetration Test

A

continuous resistance measurements to measure determine friction ratio and susceptibility to liquefaction

56
Q

Atterberg Limits

A 
plasticity index (PI)
liquid limit (LL)
plastic limit (PL)

PI = LL - PL

57
Q

Sieve Size Threshold of Fine Grains

A

those that pass through a #200 sieve

200 openings per inch = 0.074 mm openings

58
Q

Sieve Size Threshold of Coarse Grains

A

those that are retained in a #40 sieve

40 openings per inch = 0.42 mm openings

59
Q

Mitigation of Liquefaction

A
  1. densification

2. hardening/mixing

CSE (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions