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Year 9 Science > Geology > Flashcards

Geology Flashcards

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1
Q

Law of superposition

A

The Law of Superposition states that beds of rock on top are usually younger than those deposited below.

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2
Q

Absolute dating def

A

Absolute dating: Absolute dating is a method used to determine the specific age of a rock or fossil in years, qualitative

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3
Q

How is absolute dating usually carried out

A

through the use of radiometric techniques that measure the decay of radioactive isotopes.

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4
Q

Relative dating def

A

relative dating is a method used to determine the age of rocks or fossils by comparing their positions in relation to other rocks or fossils, quantitative

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5
Q

The law of uniformitarianism

A

the earth has always changed in uniform ways and that the present is key to the past

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6
Q

Weathering of rocks must take place

A

On the surface

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7
Q

Sedimentary rocks were likely formed

A

in water

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8
Q

Law of original horizontality

A

Layers of sedimentary rock are originally deposited flat

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9
Q

Law of crosscutting relationships

A

The cut rock layers are older than the rock that cuts across them.

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10
Q

Law of lateral continuity

A

Rock layers extend laterally until they encounter other solid bodies that block their deposition or acted upon after deposition

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11
Q

unconformity

A

a break in time in an otherwise continuous rock record

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12
Q

Fold

A

undulation or waves in stratified rock, caused by pressure that uplifts

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13
Q

Fault

A

a fracture or discontinuity in the Earth’s crust where rocks on either side have moved relative to each other,

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14
Q

Index fossil

A

a fossil that is useful for dating and correlating the strata in which it is found.

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15
Q

A useful index fossil

A

easily recognizable, abundant, and have a wide geographic distribution and a short range through time.

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16
Q

Radioactive isotopes are

A

isotopes that are unstable and break down into other isotopes by a process called radioactive decay.

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17
Q

The radioactive isotope is called

A

the parent isotope,

18
Q

and the stable isotope formed by its breakdown is called

A

the daughter isotope.

19
Q

Half-life is

A

time needed for half of a sample of a radioactive element to undergo radioactive decay and form daughter isotopes.

20
Q

Once a plant or animal dies

A

No carbon 14 can enter

21
Q

Who proposed the theory of Pangaea

A

Alfred Wegener

22
Q

Continental drift

A

Over millions of years, the continents slowly drift into their present-day positions.

23
Q

tectonic plates def

A

gigantic pieces of the Earth’s crust and uppermost mantle

24
Q

Contiental drift theory how

A

The Jigsaw Fit
Fossil correlation
Rock and Mountain correlation
Paleo climate correlation

25
Q

What is missing from his theory

A

There is no mechanism for how the continents could shift

26
Q

How was contiental drift mechanism found

A

Hess’ theory of seafloor spreading, lava from the earth’s mantle pushes the oceanic crust apart

27
Q

Mid Ocean Ridges

A

Underground mountains formed by the solidification of underwater lava

28
Q

Ocean trenches

A

when one plate goes under the other

29
Q

Age of seafloor

A

Further rocks are from ridges the older they are

30
Q

Convection Current (in the mantle)

A

Circulation patterns that occur as dense rocks sink and less dense rocks rise

31
Q

Tectonic plates move

A

relative to each other

32
Q

Oceanic crust

A

Crust that forms the Oceanic basin
More dense than continental crust
Gets recycled through subduction, younger

33
Q

Continental crust

A

Crust that forms the contients
Less dense than oceanic crust
Doesn’t get recyled, older

34
Q

The rocks formed from the mid ocean ridge (magnetic)

A

preserve the magnetic polarity, creating a rock record of it

35
Q

Plate Boundaries are

A

The places where tectonic plates meet

36
Q

Transformative/conservative boundaries are characterised by

A

the parralell sliding of plates, they move slowly and then ‘slip’ (san andreas)

37
Q

Divergent boundaries are characterised by

A

The Spreading of plates moving away from each other, creates mid ocean ridges (iceland)

38
Q

Convergent boundaries are characterised by

A

the collision of plates, one will slip beneath the other, creating a trench or subduction zone, or a mountain (himalaya mountains)

39
Q

In convergent boundaries, which is more likely to subduct

A

The older, as it is most likely more dense

40
Q

Why do tectonic plates move

A
  1. Friction between the convection cell and the tectonic plates is strong enough to move it
    2
41
Q

Why is oceanic crust thinner

A

it is recycled more and doesn’t have chance for a lot of sediment to deposit on it.

Year 9 Science (9 decks)

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