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Geology > Geology 101 Test 2 > Flashcards

Geology 101 Test 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Sedimentary Rocks?

A

Sediments are condensed.

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1
Q

To be a rock? (6)

A
  1. Coherent: Can’t be many pieces, must be together as a coherent whole.
  2. Naturally occurring.
  3. Aggregate of minerals or a mass of grass or other organic materials.
  4. Organic
  5. Mineral and non-mineral materials
  6. Can have glass
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2
Q

Igneous Rocks?

A

Rocks that heat and cool. “Fire rocks” Lava & Magma

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3
Q

Metamorphic Rocks?

A

Pressure & heat. (coming together, convergent, rocks/mountains form)

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4
Q

If magma is too hot…? (3)

A

Then it cannot crystalize (moving too fast).
Crystallization occurs once cooling begins, crystalizes and forms silica tetrahedrons.
As temp. keeps dropping, more keeps happening.

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5
Q

How do all igneous rocks form?

A

“Fire rock” Form through cooling and crystallization of magma and lava.

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6
Q

Aphanitic Rocks? (properties and textures) (4)

A
  1. Formed above ground
  2. Small microscopic crystals
  3. RAPID! cooling (can be instant)
  4. Texture is so small due to fast cooling, it cannot be seen with naked eye
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7
Q

Extrusive is?

Or?

A
  1. Igneous rocks formed above ground

2. Can be called extrusive or “volcanic”

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8
Q

Intrusive is?

Or?

A
  1. Igneous rocks formed below ground

2. Can be called intrusive or “plutonic”

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9
Q

Pyroclastics? (3)

A
  1. Extrusive rocks (above ground)
  2. Types from massive explosions such as Yellowstone
  3. Can be called fragmental
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10
Q

Vesicular and glassy rocks? (3)

A
  1. Foamy vesicular rocks that cool fast (Dr. Pepper example)
  2. Shoots out extremely fast
  3. Fragmental or pyroclastic
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11
Q

Good and bad heat conductors?

A

Good: sucks up all heat (copper for cooking pots, air blowing on hot soup)

Bad: keeps drinks hot, great insulator, does not take heat (styrofoam keeps drinks hot for long periods of time)

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12
Q

Phaneritic rocks? (properties and textures) (4)

A
  1. Able to see with naked eye
  2. Heat loss is very SLOW,
  3. Much time to form large minerals
  4. Rocks are formed under ground
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13
Q

Pegmatitic

A
  1. Special circumstance occurs
  2. Magma shoots out (due to water in it)
  3. Creates massive rock
  4. In magma, volatiles can create gas (ex: water, CO2, SO2)
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14
Q

Heat Law

A

Heat will move into area where there is little heat until the temperatures are equal.

Example: Opening front door in summer, letting heat in

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15
Q

Ash? (3)

A
  1. Extrusive
  2. Microscopic rock fragments
  3. Can settle on ground and becomes fragmental or pyroclastic
16
Q

What is texture?

A

Texture is how the rock appears.

17
Q

Controlling variables that can affect texture?

How do they affect the texture?

A
  1. The cooling rate and Volatiles
    Cooling rate:
    - slower cooling creates larger crystal sets
    - faster cooling creates smaller crystal sets
18
Q

Porphyritic rocks?

A
  1. Volcanic eruption when half solid and half liquid

2. Consists of two distinct crystal sizes because of slow cooling AND fast cooling.

19
Q

What is composition?

A

Rocks’ composition is what the rock is made of.

20
Q

Rock composition chart:

A

FELSIC INTERMEDIATE MAFIC

low DENSITY high
light (white pink) COLOR dark (dark grey, black, green)
high (65%) SIO% low (45%)
low (Fe, Mg, Ca %) high
high (K, Al, Na %) low

                                                 (further down) ULTRAMAFIC
21
Q

Felsic rocks (6)

A
  1. High SIO%
  2. Liquid is thicker (in magma)
  3. High viscosity (extremely thick liquid)
  4. Peanut Butter consistency
  5. Extremely hot
  6. Example: Yellowstone
22
Q

Mafic rocks (5)

A
  1. Low SIO%
  2. Liquid is thinner (in magma)
  3. Low viscosity
  4. Very thin, not as dangerous
  5. Example: Hawaii
23
Q

NL Bowen

A

Devised experiments cooling melts (1920’s) “Grandfather” of Igneous rocks. Silicate minerals DO NOT melt/form simultaneously.

24
Q

Where does magma come from? (4)

A
  1. Divergent boundaries on Earth and ocean floors
  2. Mantle plumes
  3. Rift
  4. Ocean ridge
25
Q

How does magma melt? (3)

A
  1. Rocks are under pressure, rises in opening, pressure drops in this zone = melting
  2. Subduction zone, lower temps at which melting occurs, contain a lot of magma and volcanic activity
  3. Transfer of heat
26
Q

Volcano Labels

A 
Opening: vent
Small conical under vent: crater
Side: flank
Side opening: fissures
Opening (circle under ground): chamber(s)
27
Q

SIO% and Viscosity explain

Low? (3)
High? (3)

A

Low SIO, low viscosity

  • Basaltic
  • Gas decompression melting
  • Thin liquid lava flow

High SIO, high viscosity

  • Pyroclastic (explosions)
  • Gases
  • Thick liquid lava flow (peanut butter)
28
Q

Shield Volcano (7 and example)

A
  1. Low and wide
  2. Cinder and lapilli
  3. Pillow lavas (underwater)
  4. Lava flows/fountains A LOT of lava
  5. Fissure erruptions
  6. Basaltic lava, low SIO
  7. High Temps.
    EX: Pahoehoe, Mauna Loa, HI
29
Q

Cinder Cone Volcano (9 and example)

A
  1. Conical profile
  2. Crater at the top
  3. Basaltic
  4. Low SIO, low viscosity
  5. NOT thick
  6. Loose materials
  7. Lipilli
  8. Contains a lot of iron
  9. Popcorn lava
    EX. El Paracutin, Mexico
30
Q

Dome Volcano (7 and example)

A
  1. Bulging dome (forms in already created volcanoes)
  2. More dissolved gas
  3. Low temps.
  4. High viscosity, High SIO
  5. VERY thick
  6. Detinates
  7. Pyroclastics, rhyolitic lava
    EX. Mt. Saint Helen’s, WA
31
Q

Composite Cone Volcano (7 and 2 examples)

A
  1. Conical profile (steep symmetrical cones)
  2. Lahar (snow at top of volcano, turns to water, mixes with ash and makes concrete)
  3. Low temps.
  4. Moderate to high viscosity (thick as a liquid)
  5. Pyroclasitc flow
  6. Verticle eruptive column with pyroclastics
  7. Andesitic lava
    EX. Mt. Fujiyama, Japan, Mt. Vesuvious, Italy
32
Q

Large Igneous Provinces

A

Massive amounts of lava like Yellowstone

33
Q

Flood Basalts

A

Voluminous lava eruption above a plume like Columbia River Plateau.

Geology (1 decks)

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