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Geology > Geological Structures > Flashcards

Geological Structures Flashcards

1
Q

What is structural geology

A

Study of rock formation

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2
Q

What is another name for mountain building

A

orogenesis

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3
Q

What are the two terms used to describe different orientations of a flat surface

A

Strike and Dip

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4
Q

What does strike mean

A

the compass direction of the line of intersection on the dipping flat surface of INCLINED PLANES

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5
Q

What is dip

A

The angle between a horizontal plane and the inclined plane

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6
Q

What angle is the dip measured at

A

Measured perpendicular to direction of strike

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7
Q

What symbol is used to indicate the direction of the slip

A

a strait line parallel to the compass direction

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8
Q

What symbol is used to indicate the dip angle

A

a short tick mark with the angle next to it

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9
Q

what is the definition of stress

A

the force which causes strain

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10
Q

what are the types of stress

A

compression, extension, shear

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11
Q

what is shear stress

A

blocks of rocks SLIDING PAST each other

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12
Q

What are characteristics of compression

A

thickening material, found at convergent

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13
Q

what are characteristics of extension

A

thinning material, found at divergent boundaries

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14
Q

what are characteristics of shear stress

A

rocks neither thickened or thinned but some shape change, found at transform boundaries

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15
Q

what is the definition of strain

A

how a material reacts when stress is applied

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16
Q

what are key differences between stress and strain

A

stress is force applied and strain is the resulting deformation

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17
Q

what is displacement

A

change in location

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18
Q

what is rotation

A

change is orientation

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19
Q

what is distortion

A

change in shape

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20
Q

what are the two types of deformation types

A

brittle and ductile

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21
Q

what does brittle deformation show as

A

creates cracks

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22
Q

what does ductile deformation show as

A

creates folds

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23
Q

where does brittle deformation occur

A

closer to earths surface where temp is COOLER. COLD=BRITTLE

24
Q

where does ductile deformation occur

A

deeper in the crust where temps are hotter and FLOW better

25
Q

What is the other component of deformation types

A

strain rate. faster force means more likely breakage not flow

26
Q

What are joints

A

fractures that have had no movement or shifting

27
Q

What are characteristics of joints

A
  • can be described by strike and dip
  • typically in parallel strips
  • result from tensional tectonic stress
  • pathways for water and thus chemical weathering
28
Q

What are faults

A

planar fractures where rock has been offset or shifted

29
Q

What are characteristics of faults

A
  • abundant and have variety of scales
  • can be active or inactive
  • vary by type of stress
30
Q

what is a dipping fault

A

fault that is not straight up and down

31
Q

What is the block above the fault called

A

hanging wall

32
Q

what is the block below the fault called

A

footwall

33
Q

What is a dip slip fault

A

when the fault plane is angled and the movement is parallel to the dip

34
Q

What are the types of dip slip faults

A

normal, reverse, and thrust

35
Q

What is the orientation of a normal fault

A

the hanging wall moves down relative to the foot wall

36
Q

what causes normal faults

A

crustal extension (pulling apart)

37
Q

What is the orientation of reverse and thrust faults

A

hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall

38
Q

What causes reverse and thrust faults

A

crustal shortening (compressive stress)

39
Q

What determines a fault as reverse or thrust

A

how steep/shallow the fault is dipping

40
Q

What angle makes a fault reverse

A

steeper than 35

41
Q

what angle makes a fault thrust

A

less than 35

42
Q

What is a strike slip fault

A

fault motion parallel to strike of the fault (back and forth not up and down)

43
Q

What determines a left or right lateral fault

A

the block opposite of where the observer is standing moves to either right or left side

44
Q

What is oblique slip

A

combo of dip and strike slip motion

45
Q

what is a hinge line

A

pint of max curvature along the fold

46
Q

what is the hinge line/fold axsis

A

line connecting all the hinge points

47
Q

what is a limb

A

less curved sides of a fold

48
Q

what is an anticline

A

arch like or A shaped fold LIMBS DIP AWAY FROM HINGE

49
Q

what is a syncline

A

U shaped fold LIMBS DIP TOWARD HINGE

50
Q

what are flexural folds

A

layers that slip as stratified rocks are bent formed from compressional stress on either side

51
Q

what are flow folds

A

non-uniform folds formed by ductile flow of hot soft rock

52
Q

what rocks commonly have flow folds

A

igneous or metamorphic rocks

53
Q

what is a plunging fold

A

a fold axis that is tilted or not level with ground surface

54
Q

what is a non plunging fold

A

a horizontal fold axis level with the ground surface

55
Q

what is dome

A

a fold that looks like an overturned bowl where layers dip away from center

56
Q
A

Geology (3 decks)

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