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SY Spring Semester > GEOL 120 - Final > Flashcards

GEOL 120 - Final Flashcards

1
Q

Geologic Definition of Soils

A

Earth material altered to support rooted plant life.

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2
Q

Engineering Definition of Soils

A

Earth material removable without blasting.

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3
Q

O Horizon

A

Mostly organic (brown/black).

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4
Q

A Horizon

A

Organic materials and clay.

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5
Q

E Horizon

A

Clay and less organics (transition layer).

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6
Q

B Horizon

A

Ions precipitate to form new minerals (subsoil).

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7
Q

C Horizon

A

Transition to substrate/bedrock.

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8
Q

Zone of Leaching

A

Topsoil and transition layers (O, A, E).

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9
Q

Zone of Accumulation

A

The B horizon

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10
Q

Soil Color and Drainage

A

Well drained: red color due to iron oxidixing
Poorly drained: yellow color

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11
Q

Soil Fertility

A

Capacity to support plant nutrients. Improved by adding organic matter, nutrients, and drainage systems.

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12
Q

Hydraulic Conductivity

A

Ability of material to transmit fluids (permeability).

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13
Q

Agricultural Soil Erosion

A

Caused by plowing, flooding, pestisides. removes topsoil, reducees fertility.

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14
Q

Urbanization and Soil Erosion

A

Negatively affects soil duee to runoff and soil scraping.

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15
Q

Urban Waste Disposal Problems

A

Increasing due to population growth

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16
Q

Byproducts of Waste Incineration

A

Air pollutants and toxic ash residue

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17
Q

Leachates

A

Water percolated through solid, transporting chemicals/bacteria.

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18
Q

Sanitary Landfill Locations

A

Considers topography, groundwater, precipitation, soil, and proximity to sensitive areas.

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19
Q

Love Canal Environmental Problem

A

Toxic chemicals surfaced due to heavy rain/snowfall.

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20
Q

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

A

Governs solid and hazardous waste disposal.

21
Q

Pros of Deep Well Disposal

A

Long-term operation, cost effective

22
Q

Cons of Deep Well Disposal

A

Risk of earthquakes, groundwater contamination

23
Q

Valuable Resource from Sanitary Landfills

A

Methane (natural gas)

24
Q

Industrial Ecoloy Concept

A

Aim for “zero waste” by mimicking natural ecosystems

25
Q

Limiting Liability for Contamination

A

Conducting environmental audits before purchasing real estate.

26
Q

London Smog Crisis

A

Industrial pollution, burning of coal.

27
Q

Atmosphere for Waste Disposal

A

Large, dynamic, fast-moving

28
Q

Sources of Air Pollution

A

Point, mobile, area, and fugitive sources

29
Q

Point Sources

A

Distinct location from which pollutants are discharged e.g pipes, smokestacks

30
Q

Mobile Sources

A

Emmisions from a mobile source e.g cars

31
Q

Area Sources

A

Pollution from multiple sources in a well-defined area e.g small urban communities

32
Q

Fugitive Source

A

Pollution from open areas exposed to wind processes e.g wildfires

33
Q

Examples of Secondary Pollutants

A

Ozone, sulfate, nitrate

34
Q

Major Sources and Effects of Sulfur Dioxide

A

Fossil fuels, industrial processes; corrosion, lung damage, acid rain

35
Q

Causes of Acid Rain

A

Chemical reaction of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides with water and oxygen

36
Q

Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide

A

Eye/throat irritation, smog, acid rain

37
Q

Atmospheric Inversions and Air Quality

A

Traps pollutants closer to the surface

38
Q

Photochemical/LA smog

A

Formed by complex reactions, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and solar radiation, related to automobile usage.

39
Q

Air Pollution Patterns

A

Worsen during afternoon-evening peak sun

40
Q

Radon Gas

A

Comes from soil, problematic in basements and first floors

41
Q

Blue Zone and Longevity Factors

A

Demographic/geographic areas with longer life spans; proximity to urban areas/highways.

42
Q

Life Span in the US

A

Shorter in south/southeast, longer in northeast/west coast/midwest.

43
Q

Well Being in the US

A

Better in west, average in northeast/west coast/southwest, lowest in midwest/south.

44
Q

Easter Island

A

environmental damage (extinction, deforestation) due to resistance to change

45
Q

Mayans

A

environmental damage (deforestation, soil erosion), climate change (droughts) hostile neighbors (chronic warfare), resistance to change (kings isolated from issues)

46
Q

Greenland Norse

A

environmental damage (deforestation, soil erosion), climate change (colder), hostile neighbors (military problems), changes in friendly trade partners (Europe cutoff), resistance to change (refused to adapt to changing times)

47
Q

Sustainability and Challenges

A

Equal access to resources for future generations; cost, politics, delayed recognition.

48
Q

Reasons for Societal Collapse

A

Environmental damage, climate change, hostile neighbors, changes in friendly trade partners, and resistance to change (political, economic, social)

SY Spring Semester (4 decks)

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