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SOSE > Geography Test W6 > Flashcards

Geography Test W6 Flashcards

1
Q

GEOGRAPHICAL CONCEPTS

A
  • Allow us understand the world and how it works

- Concepts are like categories; tools for organizing and making sense of things

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2
Q

SEVEN MAJOR GEO CONCEPTS (SPICESS)

A
  • Space
  • Place
  • Interconnection
  • Change
  • Environment
  • Scale
  • Sustainability
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3
Q

SPACE

A
  • Everything has a location on Earth
  • ABSOLUTE location; is where a place is exactly found eg. latitude and longitude, grid reference, address etc
  • RELATIVE location; where it is in relation to another place eg. distance and direction
  • Geographers also look at how features are disturbed across a place and how they are interconnected with
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4
Q

PLACE

A
  • Places can be natural (nature produced) or highly modified by man
  • The well being of people and their quality of life is influenced by the human and physical characteristics of a place
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5
Q

INTERCONNECTION

A

It is the interconnection between people and the environment in one place can lead to changes in another location

  • The economic development of a place can influence its population characteristics
  • An example of this is an isolated mining town; as it will attract a large percentage of young males, whilst a coastal town with a mild climate attracts retirees as each require different or hold different services
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6
Q

CHANGE

A
  • Constant change is occurring

- Happens over a short and long period of time

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7
Q

ENVIRONMENT

A
  • There is a strong interrelationship between humans and natural and urban environments
  • People depend on the environment for the source, sink, spiritual and the service functions it provides
  • Humans alter the environment; both positively and negatively
  • Our mismanagement has created many threats such as soil erosion and global warming
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8
Q

SCALE

A
  • Scale is a tool used to look at different perspectives; local, regional, national and global
  • Also used to look for explanations or comparing outcomes
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9
Q

SUSTAINABILITY

A
  • Sustainability ensures that the source, sink, service and spiritual functions of the environment are maintained and managed to be available for future generations
  • There can be variations in how people perceive sustainable use of environment and its resources
  • Some believe that sustainable use involves the environment benefits and social justice, and others believe in technology
  • This is about maintaining the capacity of the environment to support our lives and lifestyle and the lives of other living creatures
  • Some believe that technology will solve the problems, others feel as if its about sustainable management of our resources
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10
Q

ECOLOGICAL SERVICES

A
  • Ecological services relate to the relationships between the environment and people. Its about what NATURE provides for humanity and how it makes the planet livable for people
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11
Q

CLIMATE CHANGE

A
  • Any change in climate over time, whether due to natural processes or human activities
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12
Q

GREENHOUSE EFFECT

A
  • Is the natural process where solar energy is trapped by water vapor and gases in the atmosphere. This heats up and helps retain the heat in the atmosphere, not allowing it to escape into space – like a greenhouse
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13
Q

ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT

A
  • The observable trend of rising world atmospheric temperatures over the past century, particularly during the last couple of decades
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14
Q

GLOBAL WARMING

A
  • Increased ability of the Earths atmosphere to trap heat
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15
Q

CARBON CREDITS

A
  • A tradable certificate representing the right of a company to emit one metric tonne of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
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16
Q

EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME

A
  • A market based government controlled system used to control greenhouse gases as a cap on emissions. Firms are allocated a set permit or carbon credit and they cannot exceed that cap. If they require extra credits, they must buy permits from other firms that have less needs or surplus
17
Q

KYOTO PROTOCOL

A
  • An internationally agreed set of rules developed by the United Nations aiming to reduced climate change through the stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere
18
Q

ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT

A
  • It measures the impact humans have on the environment
  • A country’s ecological footprint is the sum of all cropland, grazing land, forest and fishing grounds required to produce the food, fibre and timber it consumes as well as absorbing the waste emitted and energy use to provide the people with the lifestyle they are living
  • In 2010 the global ecological footprint was eighteen billion hectares of productive land being used by humans to support their life, and the bad news is that there is only eleven point nine billion hectares available
19
Q

SUSTAINABLE WORLD

A
  • A sustainable world/society is one that satisfies its needs without jeopardizing opportunities for future generations
  • A range of indices have been developed to examine the link between ecological services and human wellbeing
  • HDI; Human Development Index
  • SSI; Sustainable Society Index
  • HPI; Happy Planet Index
20
Q

SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY INDEX (SSI)

A
  • Can be shown as a spider diagram
  • Outer circle means total sustainability
  • Value of that is a given as a 10
  • At the centre there is no sustainability at all
21
Q

AUSTRALIAN CONSERVATION PLAN

A
  1. Switch to green power
  2. Get rid of one car in your household
  3. Take fewer air flights
  4. Use less power to heat your water
  5. Eat less meat
  6. Heat and cool your home less
  7. Replace your old shower head with a water efficient alternative
  8. Turn off standby power
  9. Cycle, walk or take public transport rather than driving your own car
  10. Make your fridge more efficient
22
Q

SIGNS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

A
  • Higher temperature
  • More droughts
  • Wilder weather
  • Changing rain and snow patterns
  • Less snowpack
  • Melting glaciers
  • Shrinking sea ice
  • Thawing permafrost
  • Warmer oceans
  • Increased ocean acidity
  • Rising sea level
23
Q

GREENHOUSE GASES

A
  • Heat trapping gases
  • Naturally occurring, help keep the Earth warm enough for plants and animals to live
  • Extra greenhouse gases caused by burning fossil fuels have stemmed to the Earth becoming warmer, setting off all sorts of other changes around the world
  • Cause changes on land, in oceans and atmosphere that affect people, plants and animals
24
Q

SIX MAIN GREENHOUSE GASES

A 
carbon dioxide
methane
nitrous oxide
hydrofluorocarbons
perfluorocarbons
sulphur hexafluoride
25
Q

METHANE

A

Methane is not as abundant as CO2, but is 21 times more effective at trapping heat making it a very potent greenhouse gas. It is released when vegetation decomposes in oxygen-free environments (such as a fire or landfill), as well as from animals in digesting their food.

26
Q

CARBON DIOXIDE

A
  • Increases of the main greenhouse gas - carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • Stem from burning petrol, coal, oil, natural gas, clearing trees and ploughing the soil
  • CO2 is the main contributor to climate change, and accounts for about two thirds of greenhouse gases produced by human activities.
  • Animals release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere by animals as they breathe
  • Activities like burning fossil fuels and intensive it
27
Q

NITROUS OXIDE

A
  • Naturally in the environment, but human activities increase its atmospheric concentrations.
  • Sources include fertiliser, legumes, organic matter in soil and manure
  • Emissions are greatest when soils are warm and waterlogged, and in those with high carbon and nitrate contents.
28
Q

CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS

A
  • Chemicals produced by air conditioners and in the manufacture of plastics
29
Q

RISING SEA LEVELS

A
  • As water gets warmer it expands, taking up more space
  • Melting glaciers and ice sheets add to the rising sea level
  • Sea levels rise faster in some places than others due to wind patterns, ocean currents and other factors
  • It may seem like its rising faster in certain places but this could be because the land itself is rising or sinking
  • Land rising or sinking is due to tectonic plates or because humans have pumped lots of oil, natural gas or water out the ground
  • Rising sea level is a threat to humans living on the coast, as low lying areas will have frequent flooding or become completely submerged
  • Also rising levels harm coastal ecosystems such as mangrove forests and coral reefs
30
Q

CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

A
  • Caused by trapping excess carbon in the Earth’s atmosphere
  • Trapped carbon pollution heats up, altering climate patterns
  • Fossil fuels such as coal and oil are the largest source of this type of pollution for energy
31
Q

WARMING CLIMATE AFFECTS

A
  • The atmosphere has evolved to retain sufficient warmth from the sun to encourage a healthy, dynamic ecosystem whilst shielding us from its harsher effects
  • The introduction of large amounts of excess pollutants thickens this blanket of protective gases, causing more heat to become trapped rather than escaping skywards
  • These gases will remain in the atmosphere for ninety years, contributing to long term warming
32
Q

LAND DEGRADATION

A
  • The deterioration of the quality of the land
33
Q

HABITAT

A
  • The natural home or environment of an animal, plant or other organism
34
Q

BIODIVERSITY

A
  • The abundance of different species living within a particular region
35
Q

BIOMES

A
  • Specific environment that is home to living things suited for that place and its climate
36
Q

ECOSYSTEM

A
  • A group of plants, animals and bacteria that interact and work with each other resulting in a balanced environment

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