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Latin, 4th - 8th lesson > geography test > Flashcards

geography test Flashcards

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1
Q

What is weather? What scientific study studies it, on what does it focus?

A

Weather is a condition of the lower atmosphere at a certain place and time. The scientific study which studies it is Meteorology and it focuses on weather processes and forecasting.

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2
Q

Name all weather elements.

A

Temperature, insolation, clouds, air pressure, humidity, precipitation and wind.

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3
Q

What is climate? What is the study of climate called?

A

Climate are the average weather conditions of an area. It’s the result of weather data recorded over a long period of time (min. 30 years). The study of climate is called Climatology.

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4
Q

Name all factors affecting climate.

A

Rotation and revolution, Latitude, Altitude, Distance from the sea, Ocean currents, Prevailing winds, Relief, Soil and vegetation, The human factor.

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5
Q

Explain Rotation and revolution.

A

Because of it, we have change of seasons and day/night. It happens because of the Earth’s tilted axis - 23,5°.

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6
Q

Explain Latitude.

A

Latitude is the distance from the equator. The farther away from the equator the colder the climate becomes.

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7
Q

Explain Altitude.

A

This means that temperature decreases 0,5 to 0,6°C every 100m above the sea level - more rainfall in the mountains.

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8
Q

Explain Distance from the sea.

A

This means that the land heats up and cools more quickly than the sea. Coastal areas are cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter. Coastal areas also have more precipitation.

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9
Q

Explain Ocean currents.

A

Ocean currents can be warm and cold. The Gulf Stream brings warmth to NW Europe.

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10
Q

Explain Prevailing winds.

A

Prevailing winds can be wet/dry and hot/cold.

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11
Q

Explain Relief.

A

This means that mountains are barriers and that there is more fog in the valleys in winter.

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12
Q

Explain Soil and vegetation.

A

If there is vegetation, there is less wind and more humidity.

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13
Q

Explain The human factor.

A

This means that cities are warmer than rural areas, there is Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases and there is also pollution.

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14
Q

Što utječe na klimu Hrvatske?

A

Smještaj u umjerenom pojasu, zapadni vjetrovi, pretežno nizinski reljef, Alpe i Dinaridi kao barijera te Jadransko more i tople morske struje.

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15
Q

What is atmosphere? What is its composition?

A

The Atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the Earth. It consists of: 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% Argon and 0,1% CO2, CH4 and others.

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16
Q

Name all layers of the atmosphere, starting from the layer closest to the surface of the Earth and say something about them

A

Troposphere (10-12km, weather); Stratosphere (12-50km, contains ozone layer); Mesosphere(50-80km, the coldest layer); Termosphere (80-700km, reflects radio waves, temperature up to 2000°C, aurora); Exosphere (700-10000km, extremely thin air).

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17
Q

What is solar radiation? How much of it is absorbed in the atmosphere?

A

Solar radiation is the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. It’s the main source of heat energy. Only 20% of it is absorbed in the atmosphere.

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18
Q

What is albedo?

A

Albedo is the amount of incoming solar radiation that is reflected back to space (reflectivity). Earth’s albedo is 30%, ice and snow 90%, oceans 6-7%.

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19
Q

According to what does the amount of solar radiation vary?

A

Geographic location, time of day, season, local landscape and local weather.

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20
Q

Explain terrestrial radiation.

A

Earth absorbs solar energy. The ground heats up and re-emits energy as long wave radiation. It is constant (night and day).

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21
Q

Explain the greenhouse effect.

A

Earth’s heat is absorbed and re-emitted by clouds and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane. The greenhouse effect is a natural process - without it, the average temperature on Earth would be -18°C.

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22
Q

Explain why are cloudy nights warmer.

A

Cloudy nights are warmer because clouds trap the heat.

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23
Q

What is the instrument that measures temperature called?

A

Thermometer.

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24
Q

Opiši insolaciju u Hrvatskoj.

A

Insolacija raste prema jugu, raste prema istoku.

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25
Q

When is the peak value of solar radiation?

A

At noon.

26
Q

When is the peak value of air temperature?

A

Around 16h. The coldest time of day is just before sunrise.

27
Q

What is the vertical thermal gradient?

A

0,5 - 0,6°C/100m

28
Q

Explain the temperature inversion.

A

This means that the layer of cool air at the surface is overlain by a layer of warmer air. Cold air is denser and heavier. Usually in winter, valleys are foggy and up in the mountains is sunny.

29
Q

What is air pressure?

A

Air pressure is the weight of the atmosphere at the Earth’s surface.

30
Q

What instrument measures air pressure?

A

Barometer.

31
Q

In which units is air temperature measured?

A

hPa, mb, mmHg.

32
Q

What is the normal or standard air pressure?

A

1013hPa, 1013mb, 760mmHg

33
Q

With what does the air pressure vary? Explain each one.

A

Altitude - thinner atosphere-lower pressure; temperature - warmair is less dense-lower pressure; humidity - humidity increases-pressure decreases.

34
Q

What are isobars?

A

Isobars are lines of equal pressure on a weather map.

35
Q

What happens in the low, and what in the high pressure area?

A

Low pressure - hot air rising, the lowest value is in the center; High pressure - cool air sinking, the highest value is in the center.

36
Q

Explain the anticyclone and cyclone.

A

Anticyclone - area of high pressure, no clouds or rain, winter anticyclone is cold and sunny while summer anticyclone is cold and sunny.
Cyclone - area of low pressure, brings clouds and precipitation.

37
Q

What is wind?

A

Wind is horizontal movement of air. It’s caused by differences in air pressure (flows from high to low pressure). The greater the difference in air pressure the faster blowing of the wind. Wind is named after the direction it blows from. It’s measured in m/s and km/h.

38
Q

What instrument is used for measuring wind and what does it do?

A

Instrument is called anemometer. It measures wind speed and direction.

39
Q

What is the summer sea breeze?

A

This means that there are differences in air pressure caused by the differing heat capacities of water and land. Goes from cooler sea to warmer land.

40
Q

What is the land breeze?

A

Land breeze during the night goes from cooler land to warmer sea.

41
Q

What is a planetary wind?

A

A planetary wind is created by the uneven heating of the Earth’s surface.

42
Q

What is the Coriolis effect?

A

The Coriolis effect acts due to the rotation of the Earth. All winds in the Northern hemisphere appear to curve to right.

43
Q

What are the 3 main planetary winds? Explain each one of them.

A

Polar easterlies - from east to west between 60 and 90° latitude.
Westerlies - from west to east between 30 and 60° latitude.
Trade winds - from east to west between 0 and 30° latitude.

44
Q

What is a monsoon?

A

It’s the seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing winds of a region. It always blows from cold to warm regions.

45
Q

Explain the summer monsoon.

A

The summer monsoon blows from colder ocean to warm land (from high to low pressure). It has heavy rains.

46
Q

Explain the winter monsoon.

A

The winter monsoon blows from cold land to warm sea (from high to low pressure). It has a dry wind (except areas where it blows above the sea).

47
Q

What is a tropical cyclone?

A

A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system. Types of it are hurricanes, typhoons, willy-willies… It forms over warm tropical sea and has large dimensions. The strongest hurricane was hurricane Katrina in New Orleans in 2005 which killed 1833 people.

48
Q

What is a tornado?

A

A tornado is a violently rotating column of air connecting the ground and a cumulonimbus cloud. It happens worldwide.

49
Q

Što je pijavica?

A

Pijavica je atmosferski vrtlog manjih dimenzija i kratkog trajanja koji se pri izrazito nestabilnoj atmosferi pojavljuje ispod olujnog kumulonimbusa.

50
Q

What is humidity?

A

Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. It’s the evaporation from oceans, rivers and lakes, and also transpiration from plants.

51
Q

Which instrument measures humidity?

A

Hygrometer.

52
Q

What is the relative humidity?

A

The relative humidity is a percentage of the maximum amount that the air could hold at the given temperature.

53
Q

What is the absolute humidity?

A

The absolute humidity is the actual amount of water vapor. It’s measured in g/m3.

54
Q

What is the dew point?

A

The dew point is the temperature at which air is saturated with water vapor. Relative humidity is at 100%. Hrv. rosište.

55
Q

What is condensation? Name its forms.

A

Condensation is a process of water vapor turning back into liquid water. Its forms are clouds, fog, dew, frost and white frost.

56
Q

What are clouds?

A

Clouds are warm and moist air risen from the surface.

57
Q

What are the main 3 types of clouds?

A

Cumulus or fluffy, stratus or layered, cirrus or thin feathery.

58
Q

What is a cumulonimbus?

A

A cumulonimbus is a dense and towering vertical cloud. It’s the only type of cloud that can produce hail, thunder and lightning.

59
Q

What is precipitation?

A

Precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravitational pull from clouds. Examples are rain, drizzle, hail, snow, sleet… It’s the deposition of moisture from the atmosphere, including fog and dew.

60
Q

Explain the formation of hail.

A

Hail forms in cumulonimbus. Hailstones are formed when raindrops are carried upward by thunderstorm updrafts.

61
Q

What are the types of rainfall? Explain each one of them.

A

Convectional rainfall - typical in Tropics, forms from the sun heating the ground to the formation of clouds and rainstorm.
Relief or orographic rainfall - air is forced to rise over hills and mountains.
Frontal rainfall - when cold and warm air masses meet.

62
Q

What are air masses?

A

Air masses are a large volume of air in the atmosphere. They can be warm/cold and dry/moist.

Latin, 4th - 8th lesson (3 decks)

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