geography roulette Flashcards
1
Q
Define erosion.
A
Break down / wearing away of material
2
Q
Define hydraulic action.
A
Force of the water hitting the cliff. Squeezes air into the rock. Wave retreats and the air expands causing a minor explosion.
3
Q
Define abrasion
A
Sand-papering effect of rocks grinding over a rocky platform. Makes rock smooth.
4
Q
Define attrition.
A
Rock fragments carried by the sea knock against one another, causing them to become smaller.
5
Q
Define solution (erosional).
A
A chemical reaction where rocks are dissolved by the sea water.
6
Q
Name 4 erosional processes
A
Hydraulic action, attrition, abrasion and solution.
7
Q
Define traction
A
Large rocks are rolled along the sea bed by the force of the sea.
8
Q
Define saltation.
A
Smaller pebbles and stones bounce along the sea bed.
9
Q
Define transportation.
A
Movement of material.
10
Q
Define suspension.
A
Fine light material like silt and clay are carried along by the sea.
11
Q
Define solution (tansportation).
A
Rocks dissolve in the water and are carried along.
12
Q
Name 4 transportation processes.
A
Traction, saltation, suspension, solution
13
Q
Define deposition.
A
When the sea loses energy, sediment can no longer be carried and it drops the material.
14
Q
When is deposition likely to occur? Name 3 reasons.
A
Waves entering shallow water. Waves entering a sheltered area (bay). There is little wind.
15
Q
What is the fetch?
A
The stretch of water which the wind blows over.
16
Q
How are waves created?
A
By the action of the wind blowing over the sea or ocean.
17
Q
Fill in the gap. The longer the fetch the ______________ the wave.
A
Bigger
18
Q
Define swash.
A
Movement of water up the beach.
19
Q
Define backwash.
A
Movement of water down the beach.
20
Q
In what conditions do constructive waves form? Make two points
A
Calm conditions with light winds.
21
Q
Describe the swash and backwash of the constructive wave.
A
Strong swash and weak backwash.
22
Q
Are the waves high or low in height for a constructive wave?
A
Low
23
Q
Does a constructive wave build or destroy the beach?
A
Build
24
Q
What type of beach does a constructive wave make?
A
Wide/flat and Sandy
25
In what conditions do destructive waves form? Make 2 points
High winds with Stormy conditions
26
Describe the swash and backwash of the constructive wave.
Strong swash and Weak backwash
27
What type of beach does a destructive wave make?
Steep/ stepped beaches
28
List all erosional features found at the coast.
Headlands and bays, stack, arch, stack, stump, wavecut notch and wavecut platform.
29
Describe the formation of headlands and bays.
Sea attacks the coastline which has alternating bands of hard and soft rock. Soft rock (sand and clay) erode more easily than those with hard rock (chalk). This leave headlands which stick out into the sea and the retreated soft rock is called a bay.
30
What type of rock is more resistant?
Chalk
31
What type of rock is less resistant?
Sand and clay
32
What erosional processes take place on the cave?
Abrasion and hydraulic action
33
How does a cave turn into an arch?
Erosion can lead to two back to back caves breaking through to form an arch OR one cave break through
34
How does a arch turn into a stack?
Lines of weakness in the rock are vulnerable to ersoion. Hydraulic action attacks the cliff weakness.
35
How does a stack turn into a stump?
Stack is eroded at its base. Undercuts the stack.
36
Describe what a wavecut notch is.
The sea attacks the cliff head on. Where the wave hit the cliff it erodes. Forming a notch.
37
Describe the formation of a wavecut notch.
The sea attacks the cliff head on. Where the wave hit the cliff it erodes. Forming a notch. The weight of the rock above the cliff is unsupported and collaspses into the sea. The waves carry the material away. The cliff retreats.
38
Describe the formation of a wavecut platform
The base of where the cliff used to be.
39
Define longshore drift.
The movement of material across the beach.
40
At what angle do waves need to hit the beach for longshore drift to occur?
45 degrees
41
At what angle do the waves retreat the beach during longshore drift?
90 degrees.
42
On longshore drift, what causes the wave to retreat?
Gravity.
43
What causes the waves to hit the beach at an angle for longshore drift?
The prevailing wind.
44
On longshore drift, what is the water that moves up the beach?
Swash
45
On longshore drift, what is the water that moves down the beach?
Backwash
46
List all the depostional features.
Spit, Beach, Tombolo and Bar
47
What grows behind a spit? 2 things
Deposits of mud build up. Salt marshes are formed as vegetation starts to grow.
48
Define a spit.
Long narrow finger of new land made out of sand or shingle projecting out into the sea from the land.
49
What causes the spit end to become recurved?
A short term change in wind direction.
50
When the spit end is bent backwards - what is this called?
Recurved end
51
On a spit formation, at what two places is the material deposited?
Where the coastline changes direction OR where there is a river mouth.
52
Why can a spit not form over a river's estuary?
The flow of the river prevents material building up.
53
What process is the main cause for a spit formation?
Longshore drift.
54
Define a bar.
Where a spit joins two headlands together.
55
Define tombolo.
Where a spit joins an island to the mainland.
56
What process creates a bar?
Longshore drift.
57
The bar traps water behind it. What does this form initially? AND over time?
A lagoon which will gradually become infilled by depostion.
58
There are 4 main sources of beach material, when creating beaches. What are they?
1. Material deposited mouth of rivers. 2. cliff erosion. 3. Constructive waves. 4. Longshore drift.
59
What type of structures does hard engineering used?
Artificial structures
60
What type of structures does hard engineering used?
Expensive, high maintenance costs, unnatural.
61
Name 4 examples of hard engineering?
Sea wall, groynes, rockarmour (riprap) and gabions
62
Describe a sea wall.
Concrete barrier along the coast which absorbs the energy of the wave.
63
Describe positives of the sea wall.
Effective coastal protection. Coastal flooding can be prevented. Long lasting - around 100 years.
64
Describe the negatives of the sea wall.
Maintenance and repairing can be expensive. Unnatural looking and ugly.
65
Describe what groynes are.
Wooden barriers built at righ angles into the beach.
66
What process do groynes prevent?
Longshore drift.
67
What do groynes create?
A build up of material.
68
Provide positives for groynes.
They build up the material on the beach and tourists like beaches.
69
Describe what rip-rap is.
Hard rock placed at the base of cliffs.
70
Describe one positive and one negative of hard engineering.
Relatively cheap £1,000 per cubic meter but the rocks are difficult to transport.
71
Define what gabions are.
Metal cages containing rocks.
72
Where are gabions placed?
At the base of cliffs to absorb waver energy and reduce erosion.
73
Descrie negatives of gabions.
Short term measure as they are easily eroded by the waves and easily rusted. They have an unnatural appearance. Injury could occur, On going maintenance is expensive
74
What is soft engineering?
Protecting the coast using natural processes.
75
Describe the soft engineering approach?
"Involve working with nature by using natural materials or allowing nature to take back areas. They try to fit in and work with the natural coastal processes. They do not involve large artificial structures. Often more ‘low key’ and with low maintenance costs – both economically and environmentally – soft engineering approaches are more sustainable. They are usually the preferred option of coastal management.
"
76
Name 3 types of soft engineering approaches?
Beach nourishment, managed retreat and dune regeneration
77
Describe beach nourishment.
"The addition of sand or shingle to an existing beach to make it higher or wider. The wider beach reduces the energy of waves and prevents erosion.
"
78
Describe managed retreat.
This involves allowing low-lying coastal areas to be flooded and eroded by the sea to become salt marshes. Salt marshes are effective barriers to the sea by slowing down waves and reducing erosion
79
Describe dune regeneration.
Involves creating or restoring sand dunes ( a sand dune is a hill or mound of sand that lies behind the beach). The vegetation on sand dunes help stabilise the dune which then provides a barrier and absorbs wave energy.
80
Define climate.
Average weather of a given place, measure over a long period of time. Usually 30 years.
81
Name 4 factors that affect climate.
Distance from the sea, Earth's tilt, Altitude and Latitude
82
What does the Earth's tilt affect?
Seasons
83
Define altitude.
Height above sea level
84
Altitude: For every 100m you rise, what happens to the temperature?
Reduces by 1C
85
Altitude: The higher up you travel the colder it gets. Why?
The air becomes thinner which means it can not hold to to heat or mositure.
86
Define latitude.
Distance from the equator
87
How does latitude affect climate? 2 reasons
Due to the curvature of the Earth, the suns rays strike the Earth at an angle. The Poles are colder and the rays have a larger surface area to heat. Whereas at the equator, the rays strike the area flat and have a smaller surface area to heat. Secondly, when the rays enter the atmosphere, the greenhouse gases (pollution) scatter the sunsrays. This means that the rays have further to travel through the atmsphere and alot of heat is lost. Resulting in a colder area
88
List the 5 air masses.
Tropical continental, Tropical maritime, Polar continental, Polar maritime, Arctic maritime.
89
What weather does the tropical continental bring and why?
Warm (equator) and dry (land and no evaportation)
90
What weather does the tropical maritime bring and why?
Warm (equator) and wet (Atlantic Ocean - evaporation)
91
What weather does the polar maritime bring and why?
Cold and Wet (Arctic Sea / Greenland)
92
What weather does the Arctic maritime bring and why?
Cold and Snow (Arctic)
93
What weather does the Polar continental bring and why?
Cold and dry (land - no evaporation, central Europe)
94
On a climate graph, what is the precipitation shown as?
Bar graph
95
On a climate graph, what is the temperature shown as?
Line graph
96
Define precipitation.
Rain, hail, sleet and snow that falls from the clouds.
97
Define condensation.
When water vapour cools and turns into water droplets and forms clouds
98
Define Transpiration.
When the sun heats up water from the leaves of trees. Evaporates from the underside of the leaf.
99
Define surface run-off.
When the water runs off the surface of the ground.
100
Define ground water flow.
When water flows through the rocks underground.
101
Define evaporation.
When the sun heats up water from the sea and it goes into the air as water vapour (a gas).
102
Define infiltration.
When water soaks into the soil.
103
Describe the formation of frontal rainfall.
Two large blocks of air meet, one is hot and one is cold. Heat rises, so the hot air rises, cools, condenses and creates precipitation.
104
Describe the formation of convectional rainfall.
Sun heats the land and the air above, warm air rises and condenses forming clouds. It rains.
105
Describe the formation of relief rainfall.
Warm moist air is forced to rise over high areas, air cool and condenses forming clouds. It rains.
106
What is the geographical name given to water that falling from the sky, this includes hail, snow and sleet as well as rain.
Precipitation
107
What is the name given to the flow of water around the world?
The Water Cycle
108
What term is used to describe the change of water from a liquid to a gas?
Evaporation
109
What term is used to describe the change of water from a gas back to a liquid?
Condensing
110
‘When the wind meets a line of high hills or mountains, there is only 1 way to go – UP. So the air rises and cools, and we get rain.’ Which type of rainfall does this definition fit?
Relief Rainfall
111
‘When a warm air mass meets a cold air mass, the warm air rises. Its water vapour condenses so we get rain.’ Which type of rainfall does this definition fit?
Frontal Rainfall
112
‘Air is rising because the ground is heating it. It rises as currents of warm air. We call these CONVECTION CURRENTS.’ Which type of rainfall does this definition fit?
Convectional Rainfall
113
What type of terrain are we likely to see relief rainfall?
Hilly / Mountains
114
Which 2 things meet to create frontal rainfall?
Cold air mass and a warm air mass
115
What does the line show on a climate graph?
Temperature
116
What does the bar show on a climate graph?
Precipitation
117
How many axis does a climate graph have?
3
118
Name the 4 rivers involved in the Somerset Levels Flood?
River Axe, Parrett and Tone, Brue
119
Name the two sets of hills involved in the Somerset Levels flood.
Quantocks and Mendips
120
How much rain fell on the Somerset Levels in January and February?
350mm
121
Somerset Levels flood: how many homes were flooded as a result of the floods?
600
122
How many livestock were evacuated as a result of the Somerset Levels floods?
1000
123
Somerset Levels: ‘Local roads were cut off by flooding’. What category would this fit into? Name 2.
Social and economic
124
When did the Somerset Levels flood?
December 2013-February 2014.
125
Define monsoon.
A change in wind direction bring a change in weather.
126
What season/months does a monsoon effect India?
Summer / June to October
127
During the monsoon, where is the moisture picked up from?
Indian Ocean
128
How have they managed the Somerset Levels to prevent future flooding?
March 2014 the rivers Tone and Parrat was dredged. Road levels increased. Flood defences put in place. River banks raised.
129
Why did the Somerset Levels flood: Wettest January on record since records began in what year?
1910
130
Why did the Somerset Levels flood: High tides and storm surges swept up the ________________. Fill in the gap?
Bristol Channel
131
Why did the Somerset Levels flood: how long hadn't the river been dredged for?
20 years
132
Why did the Somerset Levels flood: it is an area of low-lying land. How low?
3-4 meters above sea-level
133
What does dredging mean?
The material is removed from the bottom of the river which increases the carrying capacity.
134
Somerset Levels flood: How many farms were evacuated?
16
135
Describe the relationship between speed and time.
As time moves forward and years pass by, technology improves which can increase the speed of cars/phones/planes.
136
Define globalisation.
Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming more interconnected.
137
What does a shrinking world mean?
We can get to places quicker and therefore the world appears smaller.
138
What is another word we can use for 'interconnected?'
Linked
139
What is another word we can use for 'interdependence?'
Rely
140
Name 4 reasons why globalisation has happened?
Improvements in ICT and technology, freedom of trade and labour availability and skills in developing countries
141
How has freedom of trade caused globalisation to happen?
Organisations such as World Trade Organisation promote free trade between countries, which helps remove barrier between countries.
142
How has labour availability caused globalisation to happen?
Countries such as India have lower labour costs. Labour intensive industries such as clothing can take advantage of cheaper labour costs
143
Using named countries, why is the Wimbeldon Tennis ball an example of globalisation?
Wool from New Zealand, Cloth and dyes from UK, Silica from Greece, Zinc Oxide from Thailand, Rubber from Malaysia, Tins from Indonesia, Clay from USA, Magnesium Carbonate from Japan, Sulpur from South Korea
144
What does TNC stand for?
Transnational corporation.
145
Define Transnational Corporation. Use examples.
A company that operates in more than one country. Nike, Coke, Apple, Disney, HSBC, Ford
146
Name 3 features of a TNC.
Large and wealthy organisations, Headquaters in developed countries. Production occurs in developing countries.
147
Suggest 3 advantages of TNC for either the developed or developing country.
Training of workforce leads to development of skills. The new company improves transport links in the country. Multiple Effect. Company brings technology and knowledge to developing country. Provide jobs
148
Suggest 3 disadvantages of TNC for either the developed or developing country.
Wages can be low. Jobs go to outsiders. Health and safety regulations don’t exist in developing countries. Jobs are insecure. Leakage - profits taken out of country. Working conditions are bad. Pollution maybe a problem as less regulations.
149
Which company is the largest seller of sports footware and clothing?
Nike
150
How many countries do Nike sell their goods too?
over 130
151
Where would you find the headquaters for Nike?
Oregon USA
152
Define leakage.
Money spent on overseas products mean that the money leaves the economy.
153
Define multiplier effect.
People who get new jobs spend money in their local economy, which also creates new jobs. A knock-on effect.
154
Where are Nike goods made?
LIC's: India, China, Vietnam, Brazil
155
Where do Nike have branches?
HIC's: UK, USA, Norway, Sweden, Canada
156
Define revenue.
This is all the money the company takes from selling their goods.
157
Define costs.
This is what is spent on making and seeling goods. For example, cost of materials, wages, advertising.
158
Define profit.
This is the financial gain companies want in the end.
159
How can Nike increase their sales?
get 36% of its trainers made in China, sponsor famous sportsmen and women, bring out new styles regularly, run a website globally and employ sport scientists to keep uptodate with the latest designs to enhance sport performance.
160
How can Nike reduce their costs?
Close factories in the USA, reduce the number of adverts, reduce the number of workers, get factory workers to work longer hours for less pay.
161
Define sweatshop.
A factory or workshop where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions.
162
What is better Geography or History
History
