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GCSE Chemistry - AQA Single Science > Geography - Rivers (Physical Landscapes in the UK) > Flashcards

Geography - Rivers (Physical Landscapes in the UK) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a drainage basin?

A

An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.

A drainage basin is an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.

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2
Q

What does a river long profile show?

A

How the steepness changes over the river’s course.

It shows how the steepness of a river changes over the course of the river.

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3
Q

Does the river’s gradient/slope increase or decrease further down the course?

A

Decreases
The river’s gradient decreases as it moves from the upper course to the lower course.
…the slope becomes more gentle.

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4
Q

As rivers flow downhill, they form _______ and ________.

A cross-profile shows a cross-section of a river, the river valley and channel.

A

valleys
channels
As rivers flow downhill, they form valleys and channels. A cross-profile shows a cross-section of a river, the river valley and channel.

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5
Q

Cross-section:
In the upper course, _______ (vertical erosion) is the dominant process.
How does this affect the shape of the valley and channel in the upper course?

A

erosion
In the upper course, erosion (vertical erosion) is the dominant process.

The shape of the valley and channel:
Steep-sided, v-shaped valleys
Narrow, shallow channels

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6
Q

Cross-section:
In the middle course, which process is more dominant? Erosion or deposition?
How does this affect the shape of it’s features (valley and channel)?

A

Neither
Gently sloping valley.
Valley is wide and has a flat floor.
Channel is wider, and deeper.

In the middle course, neither erosion or deposition is particularly dominant.
It has a gently sloping valley.
The valley is wide and has a flat floor.
The channel is wider and deeper.

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7
Q

Why is the river channel deeper in the middle course?

A

higher discharge

The river channel is deeper because it has a higher river discharge.

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8
Q

Cross-section:
In the lower course, which process is more dominant?
What does this mean?

A

deposition
valley is wide and flat
channel is wide and deep

Deposition is dominant over erosion.
The valley is wide and flat.
The channel is wide and deep.

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9
Q

Why does the river get deeper and wider along it’s course?

A

Deeper - increased river discharge
(e.g. middle course is deeper than upper course)

Wider - carrying more discharge, and more rivers and tributaries have joined it.
This is why you get a wide river at its mouth.

It is deeper because of higher discharge.
It is wider because it ends up carrying more discharge along its’s course.

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10
Q

Similar to erosional and depositional processes…

V_______ and ______ erosion are more or less dominant along a river’s course…

A

Vertical
Lateral
Vertical and lateral erosion are more or less dominant along a river’s course…

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11
Q

In which course does vertical erosion dominate?

A

the upper course

Vertical erosion dominates in the upper course

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12
Q

Vertical erosion makes the river valley ______

A

deeper

Vertical erosion makes the river valley deeper.

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13
Q

How does vertical erosion happen?

A

1.
Upper course –> high levels of turbulence.
Upper course –> rough and angular particles.

High levels of turbulence… make rough and angular particles drag along the river bed.

2.
Material being carried cuts into the river bed making the valley deeper.

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14
Q

What is lateral erosion?

A

Sideways
Widening meanders

Lateral erosion is erosion that happens sideways, widening meanders in the river.

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15
Q

Lateral erosion makes the river valley _____.

A

wider

Lateral erosion makes the river valley wider.

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16
Q

Which two courses does lateral erosion dominate in?
(erosion -> upper course)
(neither erosion/deposition –> middle course)
(deposition –> lower course)

A

Middle course
Lower course

Lateral erosion dominates in the lower course and middle course.

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17
Q

Vertical erosion makes the river valley ______.

Lateral erosion makes the river valley _____.

A

deeper
wider

Vertical erosion makes the river valley deeper.
Lateral erosion makes the river valley wider.

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18
Q

River Tees:

Where is the River Tees located?

A

Northeast England.

The River Tees is located in Northeast England.

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19
Q

River Tees -

The River Tees flows east, from its source in the ______ _____ to its mouth where the river joins the _____ ___.

A

Pennine Hills
North Sea

The River Tees flows east, from its source in the Pennine Hills to its mouth where the river joins the North Sea.

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20
Q 
River Tees (upper course) -
What are the landforms of erosion, in the upper course of the River Tees?
A

The High Force waterfall

The High Force waterfall is a landform of erosion in the upper course of the River Tees.

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21
Q 
River Tees (lower course) -
What are the landforms of deposition, in the lower course of the: River Tees?
A

Levees
Floodplains

Levees and floodplains are found in the lower course of the River Tees.

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22
Q 
River Tees (upper course) -
High Force waterfall = landform of erosion.
What is the height of the High Force waterfall?
A

20m

The height of the High Force waterfall is 20m.

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23
Q 
River Tees (upper course) -
Describe how High Force waterfall was formed.
A

Limestone (less resistant)
Dolorite (more resistant)

Formed by the erosion of limestone, which lies underneath a layer of dolorite.

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24
Q 
River Tees (upper course) -
Name the less resistant rock (High Force Waterfall).
A

Limestone

The less resistant rock of the High Force Waterfall is limestone.

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25
Q

River Tees:

Name its source and mouth.

A

Source –> found in Pennine Hills

Mouth —> where the river joins the North Sea

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26
Q

River Tees (middle course) -
The river erodes sideways (lateral erosion) which forms meanders in the middle course.
Where is this near?

A

Barnard Castle

Lateral erosion forms meanders in the middle course. This is near Barnard Castle.

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27
Q 
River Tees (lower course) -  
Here you also get \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

meanders

Here (the lower course), you also get meanders.

28
Q

River Tees (lower course) -
Near ____, the meanders in the lower course are much ______, and _____ lakes have formed.
There are also ______ that have formed (where the river has flooded)
…

A

Yarm
larger
oxbow
levees

Near Yarm, the meanders in the lower course are much larger, and oxbow lakes have formed.
There also levees that have formed (where the river has flooded)
…

29
Q 
River Tees (lower course) -
The River Tees has a very large \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A

estuary.

The River Tees has a very large estuary.

30
Q

River Tees (lower course) -

  • meanders
  • oxbow lakes
  • floodplains
  • levees
  • estuary

Describe the estuary.
Name a site.

A

The River Tees has a very large estuary.
The estuary has mudflats and sandbanks which support wildlife.

Seal Sands is an example of a site - one of the protected areas.

31
Q

River Tees (lower course) -

The large estuary has ________ and _________ which support ________.
Seal Sands = protected area.

A

mudflats
sandbanks
wildlife

The large estuary has mudflats and sandbanks which support wildlife.
Seal Sands = protected area.

32
Q

Erosion _____ away the river bed and banks.

Erosion breaks up the rocks _______ by the river.

A

wears
carried

Erosion wears away the river bed, and banks.
Erosion breaks up the rocks carried by the river.

33
Q

Why is the river’s load larger in the upper course?

A

Hasn’t been broken down by erosion yet.

The river’s load is larger in the upper course because it hasn’t been broken down by erosion yet.

34
Q

Why is the river’s load fine sediment in the lower course?

A

Erosion has broken down the rocks.

The river’s load is fine sediment in the lower course because erosion has broken down the rocks.

35
Q

Describe the process of solution.

A

Soluble rocks are dissolved by the water (e.g. limestone; chalk).
They are then transported within the water.

36
Q

Why does the river deposit material?

A 
River reaches mouth
Shallower water
Loses velocity
Decreased volume
Increased sediment in channel
37
Q

In the upper course, valleys are _____ and v_______ because most erosion happens __________.

A

steep
v-shaped
vertically

In the upper course, valleys are steep and v-shaped because most erosion happens vertically, downwards.

38
Q

The upper course river does not have a lot of ______ as there is not a lot of f___-moving water.

What are the missing phrases?

A

energy

39
Q

The lack of ______ in the river in the upper course means:

- they do not erode laterally.

A

energy

The lack of energy in the river in the upper course means:
- they do not erode laterally

40
Q

The river is ___ ______ ______ to erode laterally, so it has to ____ ______ the high hillsides in its path.
The hillsides interlock, forming interlocking spurs.

A

not strong enough
wind around

The river is not strong enough to erode laterally, so it has to wind around the high hillsides in its path.
The hillsides interlock, forming interlocking spurs.

41
Q

Why is more sediment deposited at slip-off slopes, than river cliffs?

A

The water is shallower.
The current has less energy.

More sediment is deposited at slip-off slopes because:

  • the water is shallower
  • the current has less energy
42
Q

Meanders _____ floodplains by _________ across them.

A

widen
migrating

Meanders widen floodplains by migrating across htem.

43
Q

Meanders can make valley floors _______ by migrating __________.

A

flatter
downstream

Meanders can make valley floors flatter by migrating downstream.

44
Q

What increases the height of a floodplain?

A

Deposition on meander slip-off slopes.
During flooding, water loses speed, drops its sediment,

Deposition on meander slip-off slopes also increases the height of flood plains.

45
Q

Floodplains are created by m______ m________, close to the m____ of the river.
Meanders w____ the floodplains by migrating across them.
Meanders make valley floors _______ by migrating d_________.

Increasing height:
During a flood, the water l____ speed and _____ the sediment it is carrying.
This, increases the height of the floodplain.
Deposition on meander ____-___ slopes increases the height of flood plains.

A 
meander migration
mouth
widen
flatter
downstream

loses
drops
slip-off

Floodplains are created by meander migration close to the mouth of the river.
Meanders widen the floodplains by migrating across them.
Meanders make valley floors flatter by migrating downstream.

Increasing height:
During a flood, the water loses speed and drops the sediment it is carrying.
This, increases the height of the floodplain.
Deposition on meander slip-off slopes increases the height of flood plains.

46
Q

Levees are raised natural ___________.

A

embankments

Levees are raised natural embankments.

47
Q

Levees are created during f_____.
When a flood happens, water overf____ over the b____ of a river.
L_____ sediment that was being transported, is deposited first.

This creates levees after lots of floods.

A

flood
overflows
banks

Levees are created during floods.
When a flood happens, water overflows over the banks of a river.
Larger sediment that was being transported, is deposited first.
This creates levees after lots of floods.

48
Q

What happens at high tide in estuaries?

A

At high tide, the river overflows its banks.
Because water is moving slowly at this point, the sediment being transported is deposited.
These sediments build up over time forming mudflats.

49
Q

What happens at low tide, in estuaries?

A

The sea retreats…

The mudflats are exposed to the air.

50
Q

Estuaries:

At high tide, the river ________ its banks.

A

overflows

51
Q

What are the things that affect flood risk?

A

Prolonged rainfall:
saturation –> more surface runoff.

Heavy rainfall:
less infiltration –> more surface runoff.

Relief:
steep valleys –> rainwater runs off by gravity into the river more quickly –> more surface runoff –> quickly increases discharge.

Geology:
impermeable rocks –> doesn’t allow water pass through in groundwater flow and percolation –> more surface runoff.

Vegetation:
trees intercept rainwater. Less trees –> less interception/vegetation storage/transpiration –> more surface runoff (e.g. deforestation)

Urban land use:
increase in impermeable surfaces (e.g. tarmac and concrete) –> more surface runoff.
storm drains and sewers —> takes water directly to river –> increases flood risk.

52
Q

When does flooding happen?

A

Flood happens when the amount of water in a river is greater than the river’s capacity.
The increase in river level is caused by increase in river discharge.

53
Q

What does a hydrograph show?

A

A hydrograph shows how a river responds to a period of rainfall.

54
Q

Describe the features of a hydrograph:

A

Peak discharge: maximum water held in channel.
Peak rainfall: maximum rainfall amount.
Lag time: time taken between peak rainfall and peak discharge.
Rising limb: increase in discharge, as the water from the precipitation/rain is entering the channel.
Falling limb: return of discharge to normal/base flow.

55
Q

What affects lag time?

use vegetation

A

Different factors.

E.g. if there is no vegetation, water runs into river quicker… so there is a shorter lag time.

56
Q

What does a short lag time mean?

A

Water is reaching the river channel quickly.

Greater chance of flood.

57
Q

Name factors that will influence lag time (as well as peak discharge and rising limb).

A
  • size of drainage basin
  • vegetation
  • valley side steepness
  • soil type
58
Q

Name 2 soft engineering strategies.

A

Floodplain zoning - environmental agency issues warnings.

Flood warnings and preparation - only building on certain areas across a floodplain.

59
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of floodplain zoning?

A

Advantages:
Gives people a sense of control.
Gives people time to prepare.
Protects properties.

Disadvantages:
Not everyone has internet to access the warnings
The warning does not stop the flood.
Not everyone will act on the warnings.

60
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of floodplain zoning?

A

Advantages:
Many expensive and important land uses further away from river, preventing flood risk and this means less damage.
Reduces the impermeable structures, reducing flood risk.

Disadvantages:
Can lead to building on greenfield sites.
Some areas have been built on already, and this cannot be changed.
Could put pressure on the urban population.
Planners have to decide what type of flood to plan for.

61
Q

Where is Oxford located?

A

Central, Southern England
North west of London (approximately 55miles)
At the confluence of the River Thames and the River Cherwell (tributary)

62
Q

What is Oxford’s population?

A

approximately 152,450 people (150,00)

63
Q

What happens at times of heavy rainfall in the areas in close proximity to Oxford?

A

The river discharge increases in the two channels.
The river discharge backs up against the confluence…

… this increases the risk of flood.

Oxford is in close proximity to these areas.

64
Q

Why does Oxford need a river management scheme.

A 
Close proximity to the confluence of the river Thames and the River Cherwell.
It's a an urban area.
More impermeable surfaces.
Less infiltration.
More surface runoff.
Rapidly increasing discharge.
Leads to increased flood risk.
-> Risk of two rivers reaching bankfull capacity and flooding the surrounding areas.

Severe effects for community.
July 2017 and January 2014.
July - flash flood event. 250 homes evacuated. A420 flooded for 100m. Decreased tourism –> decreased income –> impacts quality of life for residents.
January 2014: flood event. drains overflowing & trains were cancelled.
Impacts local people and tourists.

65
Q

What was the Oxford flood management scheme?

A

Oxford Flood Alleviation Scheme, began 2017, due to be completed by 2023.
Combination of both hard and soft engineering.

GCSE Chemistry - AQA Single Science (2 decks)

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