Geography - Resource Reliance

Question 1

What are three factors leading to demand outstripping supply?

Answer 1

Population growth
Economic development
Finite and threatened supply

Question 2

What were the tortilla riots?

Answer 2

In Mexico City, in 2007, 70 000 people protested against the rising price of tortillas as there was a poor corn harvest so less supply

Question 3

Why is the availability of fresh water reducing?

Answer 3

Climate change
Also, more water is being used in homes, agriculture and industry

Question 4

What are two ways that mechanised commercial farming affects the environment?

Answer 4

Herbicides and pesticides pollute the soil and water sources and get into the food chain. When fertilisers leak into water sources, it causes algae to grow and take all the oxygen, killing the fish (eutrophication).

Only a single crop is grown which reduces biodiversity. This is bad for the environment as it reduces the variety of insects feeding off it and it has a knock-on effect.

Question 5

What is intensive farming?

Answer 5

Intensive farming uses machines, fertilisers and pesticides to maximise the amount of food produced. Farmers grow only one crop to maximise their profits (monoculture).

Question 6

What is by-catch?

Answer 6

When fish and marine animals are caught by accident in fishing nets.

Question 7

How dies commercial fishing affect the environment?

Answer 7

Overfishing is bad for the environment as more fish are caught than replaced naturally. For example, the bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean are nearly extinct because of this. If a species becomes extinct, it can upset the balance within an ecosystem, e.g. increasing its prey but decreasing its predators.

By-catch can also be harmful to the environment. By-catch is where fish and marine animals are accidentally caught in fishing nets. For example, dolphins and sharks that are caught will by thrown back dying. The large amount of by-catch has a knock on effect and it upsets the balance when species numbers decrease.

Question 8

What is fracking?

Answer 8

The process of injecting liquid at high pressure into rocks, forcing open existing gaps to extract oil or gas.

Question 9

def of food security?

Answer 9

when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life

Question 10

What is soil pollution?

Answer 10

Mining or drilling into the ground releases toxic chemicals contained in the rocks. These can be washed onto the surrounding land, polluting the soil. This means vegetation doesn’t grow, altering the diversity of plants, insects and animals.

Question 11

What is river pollution?

Answer 11

Toxic chemicals from mines or drilling can be washed into rivers and waste material can be washed into rivers. This kills fish and plant species, and reduces biodiversity.

Question 12

what are the three aspects of food securiy?

Answer 12

Food avaliability - is there enough food
Food access - is food affordsble
Food utilisation - is food nutricious and healthy

Question 13

What is groundwater pollution?

Answer 13

Chemicals from mining can pollute groundwater supplies. In the USA, people living near fracking sites can set fire to their tapwater as it contains methane. The chemicals affect plant growth and can affect human health if they’re in the water sources.

Question 14

name one Human factors of food security + explain

Answer 14

Poverty - people cant afford food and or farmers canta foord seeds
Distribution and infrastucture - needs to be given to pople who need it
War and conflict - disrupts farming and forces people to flee, potentially away from food sources
Land ownership - farmers dont own their land whcih means they can be bought out by TNCs
Waste - often as a result of poor transport, storage and processing
Climate change - effects rainfall paterns and temperatures which can thresten food productiin

Question 15

What is ocean pollution?

Answer 15

Oil leaks and spills can be very destructive. For example, in the Atlantic Ocean, near Florida, in 2010, the Deep Water Horizon oil well exploded and 4.9 million tonnes of oil leaked into the ocean. This affected the ocean ecosystem: it killed dolphins, turtles and fish and contaminated the food chain.

Question 16

What is air pollution?

Answer 16

Mining creates dust containing dangerous chemicals like sulfur and arsenic which harm animals and affect biodiversity. Burning fossil fuels releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, they dissolve in rainwater to create acid rain. This kills plant life and pollutes water courses.

Question 17

4 reasons for the 3 Gorges Dam being built?

Answer 17

Power generation
To control flooding downstream
For ships to be able to navigate the river easier
Tourist attraction

Question 18

What are some negative impacts from the 3 Gorges Dam?

Answer 18

1.4 million people were moved from their homes
Landslides have become much more common
Could cause extinction of some species as amount of shipping could scare them off
There have been floods which the dam was meant to prevent
There’s always a risk that the dam would collapse which would affect 400 million people.

Question 19

name and explian one physical factor of food security

Answer 19

Temperature - plants wont grow if its too hot or too cold
Soil - bad quality soil eg stones
Water supply - drought kills plants
Pests, disesae and parasites - can kill planst eg african wchichweed

Question 20

What are 3 impacts of the dam upstream?

Answer 20

Land is flooded, destroying plant and animal habitats
Floodwater covers towns and industry, polluting the river
Deepwater can become a ‘dead zone’ with not enough oxygen for species to survive

Question 21

What are 3 impacts of the dam downstream?

Answer 21

Less sediment means the river has more energy, increasing erosion
Diversity of fish and river species are reduced
The dam releases oxygen-starved water killing fish downstream

Question 22

indicators of food securiy?

Answer 22

Life expectancy
percentage of population living on less than one dollar a day
avg daily calorie consumption
mortality rate of children under 5
GNI per capita at PPP (purchasing power parity)
% of household income spent on food

Question 23

What did Malthus’s theory say?

Answer 23

Population increases at a faster rate than food production which will eventually lead to famine and starvation. He said there will be a point of crisis where the population decreases again due to famine.

Question 24

What did Boserup’s theory say?

Answer 24

When we approach a point of crisis about food, we will make more and invent new technology and better farming techniques (e.g. irrigation and chemical fertilisers) to allow more food to be produced and population growth can continue.

Question 25

def of goat aid

Answer 25

a type of bottom up aid that helps poor communities to develop. goats reproduce so it is sustainable.

Question 26

Advantages of goat aid

Answer 26

The Toggenburg goats produce up to 3 litres of milk a day The villagers were trained how to care for them The milk, butter, cheese, skin and meat can be sold which allows people to afford better schooling, housing equipment and food for a more nutritious diet. The manure can help crops grow

Question 27

where is the goat aid scheme??

Answer 27

in the manyara provence in tanzania if u wanna be fancy... babati district which is located in northern tanzania south east of lake victoria. it is west of the indian ocean in the manyara provence

Question 28

Disadvantages of goat aid

Answer 28

Goats require lots of water which is a scarce resource Veterinary bills can be expensive if the goats get sick Their hooves and grazing can damage the land and lead to desertification Small-scale projects are not ambitious enough and have little impact on a country's food security

Question 29

why doent they just give the goats for free

Answer 29

becuse if they pay for them the goats are more vakued

Question 30

What is the Tanzania-Canada Wheat Programme?

Answer 30

In 1967, the Tanzanian president argued that the country should grow all its own food as 90% of its maize and 80% of its wheat was imported He asked Canada for help in growing wheat as they had expertise in growing large amounts of wheat using modern technology. Canada provided $95 million between 1968 and 1993. The programme covered 26400 hectares in the Hanang District in north-eastern Tanzania. Canada provided training, fertilisers and machinery like tractors which were free at first but eventually Tanzania had to pay for them.

Question 31

What are the benefits of the Tanzania-Canada Wheat Programme?

Answer 31

Provided 60% of all Tanzania's wheat In the 1992 drought, Tanzania was the only Southern African country not to rely on food aid It provided nearly 700 jobs in farming, machinery and training in wheat production.

Question 32

What are the failures of the Tanzania-Canada Wheat Programme?

Answer 32

The Barabaig villages were burnt and the Barabiags were raped, beaten, fined and imprisoned as they were forced off their land. Their food security got worse. Only one crop was grown, lowering biodiversity and soil fertility. This meant that the yield was low + importing wheat would've been cheaper. Most Tanzanians couldn't afford wheat so low-technology maize production was a better idea. Tanzania couldn't afford the fuel or spare parts so the Canadian manufacturers were the biggest winners as they sold them spare parts when needed. Only a few jobs were created.

Question 33

What is ethical consumerism?

Answer 33

Buying products that have a positive social, economic or environmental impact.

Question 34

What are 2 ways to reduce food waste?

Answer 34

Eating ugly - encouraging people to buy and eat imperfect food and not waste it. Buying local - locally grown food is less likely to be wasted during transportation.

Question 35

What is fairtrade?

Answer 35

Fairtrade works with cooperatives, businesses and governments to pay farmers a fair price for the food they grow. The farmers receive a fair minimum price and workers rights are protected. They are also trained in better farming methods but must stop using chemical fertilisers and pesticides.

Question 36

What is the fairtrade premium?

Answer 36

Farmers can form a cooperative meaning that they can earn an additional payment on top of their minimum price which can be used to benefit the community (e.g. better schooling, medical facilities and improving farming practices).

Question 37

What is SAGCOT?

Answer 37

The Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania stretches from east to west and is connected to the port of Dar es Salaam by main road and TAZARA railway. The land there is very fertile Governments, TNCs and the Tanzanian government are investing millions of dollars to improve infrastructure like roads, railways and irrigation. There are 6 key cluster areas with better connections to national and world markets which will help food security by producing more food and earning money from selling food to other countries.

Question 38

What are the benefits of the SAGCOT?

Answer 38

450,000 jobs created 2 million lifted out of poverty The Kilombero Plantation has invested millions of dollars into machinery and storage causing its rice yield to double. Many other rice growers are connected to better facilities and have produced up to 8 times more rice and gotten a better price from improved access to markets.

Question 39

What are the criticisms of the SAGCOT?

Answer 39

Most of the money invested benefits large commercial farms Small landowners have't been involved in decision-making Nomadic tribes have lost access to water for their animals