Geography paper 2 Flashcards
Urbanisation
Growth in the proportion of people living in urban areas
Push factors
Natural disasters
Fewer jobs
Desertification
Pull factors
More jobs - better pay
Better healthcare and education
Family
Better QOF
Rio population
6.7 million
Why is Rio important
Carnivals, Hosted 2016 olympics and paralympics, Brazil has largest economy in South America, Tourists
Challenges in Rio
Lack of healthcare
Lack of education
Lack of water supply
Lack of energy - blackouts
Unemployment
Opportunities in Rio
Jobs; Manufacturing and service
Education; Grants to poor families
Adult classes for skills
Medical staff visit Favelas
What did Favela Bairro project do
Improved roads
Improved water access and sanitation
Hillsides strengthened
Healthcare, Leisure and education
Cable car
Pacification
Why was it successful
Access is better
Improved healthcare, education, less crime, fewer landslides
Why was it unsuccessful
New infrastructure not maintained
Demand to live in area - poorest move
Low budget couldn’t help all Favelas
Positives of migration in Bristol
Migrants employ jobs
Migrants bring their culture to the city
St. Paul’s carnival
Negative of migration in Bristol
Shortage in housing and pressure on services
Bristol rover’s football club positives
Local sports clubs can hire grounds
Businesses can hire conference rooms
Bristol rover’s football club negatives
Some may disagree with the costs
Cabot circus positives
Job opportunities for local residents
Use up derelict area
Urban sprawl
Growth of towns and cities into countryside
Solution to dereliction
Government offering grants for businesses to renovate derelict buildings
Solution to waste and pollution
50% of household waste recycled
pedestrianise areas, electric charging ports
Solution to housing shortages
Build homes on Greenfield and Brownfield land
Filwood
Deprived
Street litter
56% of adults overweight
Crime rates higher than Bristol average
Stoke Bishop
Only few overweight 37%
Most people have own home
Urban regeneration
When an urban area is upgraded
Temple Quarter regeneration
New transport links
Improved public transport
Enterprise zones
Electrification of line between London and Bristol
Freiburg water conservation
Motivation to use less water
Permeable pavements allow water to be retained
Toilets use less water
Water meters in homes
Freiburg renewable energy
Solar power - football stadium
Biomass and Biogas
People can sell electricity to national grid
Freiburg green space
Afforestation
River doesn’t have flood management so habitat for birds
Traffic management in the UK
Cycle routes, metroBus, Park-and-ride, BioMethane bus, Integrated transport network
Nigeria’s culture
Second largest film industry ‘Nollywood’
Nigeria’s politics
Battled to stop corrupt government
Advantages of TNCs
Invest in microfinance - small businesses
Provide healthcare, water, electricity
Create job opportunities
Disadvantages of TNCs
Bad working conditions
Lack of education
Bunkering - stealing of crude oil can cause natural damage
Flaring - toxic gas
Oil spills - Harm environment
Aid in Nigeria
NGO nest for life educate on malaria
Aid for USA educates and protects people on HIV/AIDS
Deindustrialisation
Decline of traditional industry
Why did deindustrialisation occur?
Lack of investments, high labour cost, outdated machinery made UK products more expensive
Globalisation
Process of countries becoming more economically, politically and culturally connected
What did globalisation do in UK?
Made quaternary sector rise
Boosted trade and imports
Area of population growth
South Cambridgeshire
Area of Population decline
Outer Hebrides
Transport development
2014 road investment strategy
High speed rail
London’s Crossrail
Improvements to ports
GNI
Total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
GNI per head
GNI divided by the population of a country
Birth rate
Number of live births per thousand of the population per year
Death rate
Number of death per thousand of the population per year
Infant mortality rate
Number of babies who die before the age of 1, per thousand babies born
People per doctor
Average number of people for each doctor
Literacy rate
Percentage of adults that can read and write
Access to safe water
Percentage of people who can get clean drinking water
Life expectancy
Average age a person can expect to live to
HDI
Income, Life expectancy, Education level
