Geography Paper 1 Flashcards

Question

What challenges are there in the Western desert

Answer 1

1. The are us **running out of water**, especially as irrigation and urbanisation is causing overuse 2. There is **limited accessibility** - especially state highways, this means people can be really isolated 3. **Extreme temperatures** - it can easily reach 40 degrees c, often much hotter, and climate change is making that worse

Answer 2

1. **Water is being recycled**- particularly by big hotels in Las Vegas, water for fountains is recycled 2. **Airports and rail networks** are being invested in to provide transport infrastructure; this means places are better connected 3. **Buildings have big rooms, and are painted white** that can stay cool have been designed to deal with the high temperatures

Answer 3

1. **Climate change** **Rainfall is reducing** in places that are already dry- this makes the soil dry, and so plants die **Higher temperatures** are leading to more evaporation, making soils dryer leading to soil erosion 2. **Human activities** **Population growth** puts pressure on the land leading to overgrazing and over farming **Deforestation** is increasing desertification as people cook using trees, leaving soil exposed to erosion

Answer 4

Water management Building small dams to trap rainwater Collecting rainwater on roofs **Managing soils** Build low stone walls to slow the flow of rainwater This traps soils and organic matter which can go back over the land for nutrients Pros - both cheap and easy but climate change may reduce local rainfall

Answer 5

1. Roots bind soil together strengthening the soil and reducing erosion 2. Leaves from the trees add nutrients back into the soil when they decompose 3. The Great Green Wall planted by the African Union is an excellent example where trees have slowed down desertification

Answer 6

It is a wall of acacia trees that are being planted across 11 countries, to be complete by 2030 The roots provide more structures to the soil, and aren't being eroded The shade makes the soil cooler, and stops evaporation, meaning the soils are less dry The leaves that fall provide nutrients to the soil, making it fertile

Answer 7

1. Using efficient stoves - they burn hotter for longer and use much less wood for burning 2. Move towards small scale solar power - can be used as an alternative to wood burning 3. Using stone walls to stop water evaporating from the soil

Answer 8

Stone walls stop rainwater from leaving the environment, and the water soaks into the soils, this stops soil erosion There is more moisture in the soil, which encourages plant growth This is appropriate technology because... 1. It's free - the stones are collected from local farms 2. You don't need to be highly educated to do It, it's a pile of rocks

Answer 9

Constructive - they build beaches and have a strong swash Destructive - they erode beaches and have a strong backwash

Answer 10

Chemical weathering (acid rain) Biological weathering ( plants and animals) Freeze-thaw weathering ( water freezes and expands and breaks rock apart)

Answer 11

It occurs where rocks have cracks in them. Water gets in during warm weather, then freezes during cold weather. This breaks the rock apart because the water expands when it turns into ice.

Answer 12

1. Waves approach the beach at an angle due to the prevailing wind direction 2. The wave pushes sediment across the beach 3. The wave then retreats down the beach 4. The process continues and sediment is pushed along the beach

Answer 13

Rockfall- where rocks break off the cliff Landslide - where big bits of land slide down a cliff Mudflow - where soil and rock flow down Rotational slip - slump of soil and rock down a curved surface

Answer 14

1. Along the coast there are bands of hard and soft rock. Hard rock like limestone doesn't erode easily, but soft rock like clay does. They must be on a discordant coastline 2. Over thousands of years, the softer rock erodes more quickly than the harder rock, and the hard rock sticks out of the coastline. These are headlands. Bays are where the soft rock has eroded. 3. The waves then focus more because of refraction eroding the soft rock further 4. These headlands then develop into caves, arches and stacks

Answer 15

1. A small crack in the cliff occurs. This is a weakness in the cliff. 2. Hydraulic action, abrasion and solution opens this crack up until it makes a cave. 3. This cave opens until it makes an arch, passing through the headland 4. The arch is eroded and weakened until it collapses and eventually makes a stack. 5. The stack erodes and that makes a stump

Answer 16

1. Waves hit the foot of a cliff, making a wave cut notch. Hydraulic action and abrasion cause this. This gets larger during storms. 2. Over time, the cliff above the notch becomes unstable and falls because of gravity. 3. A new wave cut notch will now form and the process happens again. 4. A wave cut platform is what is left at the base of the cliff as it retreats

Answer 17

1. Spits form where there is long shore drift 2. If there is a bend in the coastline, sediment is deposited far out to sea 3. Sand continues to be deposited further out into the sea, long-shore drift doesn't follow it round the coastline 4. As this builds up, it starts to form land, and curves due to wind 5. Behind the curved spit, a saltmarsh will form

Answer 18

1. Sometimes a spit can grow access a bay, and joins two headlands together 2. This landform is known as a **bar**. They can trap shallow lakes behind the bar, these are known as lagoons 3. Lagoons do not last forever and may be filled up with sediment

Answer 19

1. Embryo dunes form around rocks or bits of wood. 2. These develop and stabilise to form fore dunes and yellow dunes. 3. They stabilise by having more vegetation, like marram grass, growing on the dune. 4. In time these get more stable and larger, forming back dunes and mature dunes

Answer 20

Groynes Stop long shore drift and grow the beach Gabions Absorb wave energy Sea wall Reflects the waves back out to sea Rock armour Absorbs wave energy

Answer 21

Beach replenishment Where sand is sprayed onto the beach to make it bigger, and absorb wave energy Managed retreat Allowing the coastline to erode at certain points and investing money elsewhere Dune regeneration Planting grass which helps embryo dunes form. These then form into big sand dunes that protect the coast

Answer 22

- Groynes stop longshore drift - The sediment is therefore able to build up on the beach - The beach absorbs the power of the waves - The beach stops the waves from reaching and eroding the cliffs

Answer 23

- The sediment is taken from the seabed and sprayed onto the beach - The beach absorbs the power of the waves - The beach stops the waves from reaching and eroding the cliffs

Answer 24

- Groynes on Hornsea beach ensures wide and steep beaches - this reduced wave energy - A concrete sea wall reflects wave energy back out into the sea during storms - Gabions and rock armour are also in place - Where there are no sea defences, erosion has increased rapidly

Answer 25

- Overall, it has been very successful. The town at Hornsea is generally well protected. - However, where there is no protection, erosion has increased massively to the south - Where there is protection, the government predict 0m of erosion over the next 100 years - High cost, the sea wall alone is £5000 per meter, it is 1.5km long, so cost approximately £7.5 million

Answer 26

- The upper course is steeper. Waterfalls and interlocking spurs are found here. The sediment is large and angular. There is vertical erosion. Discharge is low - The middle course begins to flatten out. Meanders, ox-bow lakes and floodplains occur here. The sediment is more rounded but varying in size. Discharge is increased. - The lower course is flat. It has floodplains, levees and mudflats. The sediment is fine and light called alluvium. Discharge is very high.

Answer 27

- In the upper course the river valley is steep sided and v-shaped. - In the middle course the river valley wider and flat - In the lower course the river valley is very wide and very flat

Answer 28

- In the upper course the river channel is narrow, shallow and turbulent - In the middle course the river channel is wider and deeper - In the lower course the river channel is very wide and deep with lots of sediment and is very fast flowing

Answer 29

**Vertical erosion - this erodes downwards.** It is found mainly in the upper coarse of a river. It forms features like waterfalls, interlocking spurs and gorges **Lateral erosion - this erodes sideways.** It is found in the middle and lower coarse of a river. It forms features like meanders and ox bow lakes

Answer 30

- **Hydraulic action** - this is the sheer power of the waves as they smash against the cliff or river channel. Air becomes trapped in the cracks in the rock and causes the rock to break apart. - **Abrasion** -this is when pebbles grind along the river bed / channel or against a cliff, breaking the rock and the channel - **Attrition**- this is when rocks that the sea is carrying knock against each other. They break apart to become smaller and more rounded - **Solution**- this is when the sea water dissolves certain types of rocks. In the UK, chalk and limestone cliffs are prone to this type of erosion

Answer 31

- **Traction** - rocks are heavy and have to be rolled or pushed along the river bed - **Saltation** - rocks are too heavy to be permanently lifted so they are bounced along the river bed - **Suspension** - rocks are light enough to be permanently lifted in the water - **Solution** - rocks are dissolved in the water by slightly acidic water

Answer 32

- When the river doesn't have enough energy to carry sediment. - This happens because: - The sediment is too heavy - The river levels become shallow

Answer 33

1. Rivers don't have the energy to erode through the mountains so the water goes around them instead 2. Rivers are able to erode vertically 3. This creates v-shaped valleys that snake around the mountains

Answer 34

1. A river flows over an area where there is hard rock (limestone) on top of soft rock (sand stone) 2. Over time the soft rock is worn away by hydraulic action and abrasion, creating an overhang, and a waterfall 3. The water hits the bottom of the fall, creating a plunge pool 4. The overhang will get larger, and will collapse due to gravity 5. This then retreats upstream over thousands of years, forming a gorge 6. This process happens faster when there is large amounts of rainfall as there is more erosion

Answer 35

1. A meander is a **winding curve** or bend in a river 2. Meanders form due to **deposition and erosion** 3. Water flows fastest on the outer bend of the river where the channel is deeper. This causes **erosion** and the formation of a steep **river cliff** 4. On the inside of the bend, where the river flow is slower, material is **deposited on a slip off slope** 5. Over time, because of erosion and deposition, meanders gradually change shape and move across the floodplain and migrate downstream 6. The horseshoe shape becomes tighter, until the ends become very close together. As the river breaks through, e.g. during a flood when the river has more energy, and the ends join, the loop is cut-off from the main channel. The cut-off loop is called an oxbow lake

Answer 36

1. Levees are long narrow ridges found along a river 2. They are steeper on the channel side, and are made up of sand and gravel that has been deposited 3. They occur in the lower course of a river, where there is deposition 4. When a river floods, the largest sediment (gravel) is deposited first, nearest the channel 5. The finer sediment is deposited further away on the floodplain 6. After many floods, this sediment is built up, acting as a natural flood defence

Answer 37

- Prolonged rainfall - rainfall over a long period of time - Heavy rainfall - short, but heavy burst of rainfall - Relief (steepness) of the land - means water flows quickly into the river - Geology (impermeable rock) - stops water from being absorbed into the land - Vegetation - this can stop water getting into the river through interception and stop flooding

Answer 38

**Impermeable surfaces** e.g. tarmac stop water from infiltrating into the ground **Drains take water to the river faster** so in urban areas with lots of drains, there can easily be flooding **Building on floodplains** - water can't soak into the land in the floodplain, and so flooding occurs **Climate change** - Is causing more rainfall in the UK, so there is a greater chance of flooding **Hard engineering** further upstream means rivers downstream are more likely to flood, like a Jubilee

Answer 39

Gives information on how a river reacts after a storm or rainfall event. Flashy storms are found in urban areas as the water rushes into the river Gentle hydrographs are typically found in rural areas where water can infiltrate into the ground

Answer 40

- Water is collected in the reservoir behind the dam - Water is slowly released back into the river - This means stormy conditions have less of an impact on the river

Answer 41

- Water can move faster in a straight line - The water moves away from an area faster so it has less opportunities to burst it's banks

Answer 42

- Embankments are man-made levees - The height of the river bank is increased making it harder for the river to burst it's banks - Concrete embankments mean the water moves away from an area faster as there is less friction against the river channel sides

Answer 43

- Rules are put in place for land use on the floodplain - Farmers fields and parks are put near to the river as it does not matter if the area floods and encourages levees to form. - High amenity value buildings are built on higher land so they are protected from flooding and allow the floodplain to stay clear of impermeable surfaces

Answer 44

- The Jubilee River is a relief channel for the River Thames. It costs £330 million - The Jubilee River diverts water away from the Thames using a secondary channel - The scheme's parallel channel has helped avert floods 30 times since 2002 - It protects over 3000 homes. However, it has meant that poorer areas downstream in Old Windsor have been flooded

Answer 45

**SOCIAL ISSUES** Poor areas further downstream are flooding far more frequently. Old Windsor, a poor part of London located along the river is worse off, whereas the wealthy area - Windsor and Eton, are protected **ECONOMIC ISSUES** At £330 million, it is one of the UK's most expensive flood defence schemes. It is one of four planned flood relief channels . However, the government ran out of money to complete them all **ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES** The concrete weirs look unattractive and spoil the natural environment

Answer 46

Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities compared to rural areas

Answer 47

Push: Lack of good quality housing No access to healthcare Pull: Better paid jobs Higher quality schools

Answer 48

City with over 10 million people Megacities are located along the coast. More in Asia than anywhere else especially in China and India. None in Australia Very few in Africa

Answer 49

**Rapid-growing:** E.g. Lagos. Over 20% live in squatter settlements, found in Asia **Growing:** E.g. Rio under 20% live in squatter settlements, found in south America **Slow-growing:** E.g. Tokyo. No squatter settlements

Answer 50

Rapid urbanisation, people from rural Brazil have moved to Rio for work Better access to jobs and healthcare Events like the Olympics and World Cup

Answer 51

Along the coasts and beaches there is some of the most expensive houses in the world (Copa Cobana) Many of the flavellas (poor housing) are built on the side of mountains

Answer 52

**Healthcare:** Problem: In 2013 only 55% of the city had a family health clinic Solution: Installation of health packs in flavellas across the city **Education:** Problem: Only 50% of children carry on education past 14 Solution: Creation of schools of tomorrow which educates past 14 for free **Water Supply:** Problem: 12% of Rio's population doesn't have access to running water Solution: 7 new treatments plants **Energy:** Problem: Frequent blackouts and a shortage of electricity Solution: New hydro-electric dam

Answer 53

**Crime:** Problem: High levels of drug, knife and gun crime Solution: UPP go into the favelas and arrest people **Unemployment:** Problem: Unemployment 50% Solution: Schools of Tomorrow program set up to educate people for free and provide skills based courses

Answer 54

Evidence of corruption across the UPP Locking away drug dealers is a short term solution, they are quickly replaced In 2019, on average 5 people were killed by the Rio police per day We need long-term solutions (like Schools of Tomorrow) with short-term solutions to be successful in the Favelas

Answer 55

**Air pollution and traffic congestion:** Problem: Number of cars has increased by 40% in the last decade Solution: investment in public transport like the underground Metro **Water pollution:** Problem: 200 tonnes of raw sewage enter the main bay each day Solution: 12 new sewage treatment plants ($68 million cost) **Waste pollution** Problem: Waste is dumped into the street, encourages cholera Solution: Power plant to create energy from rotting waste

Answer 56

**They are poorly built-** buildings collapse and kill people **There is unemployment** as high as 20% **Crime stops development of communities** 2 out of 100 people are murdered **Healthcare is poor** Average life expectancy of 45 years old **There is limited infrastructure** like clean water services

Answer 57

In the Favela Bairro they are: 1. Creating new paved roads 2. Allowing people to buy their own homes 3. Improving sanitation 4. Building new schools and hospitals 5. Small budget of only $1 billion isn't enough

Answer 58

**Negatives:** 1000 people lost their homes Loss of community People were relocated but they are not happy **Positives:** Many people found jobs in construction of the Olympic park

Answer 59

Most people live in the south and south-east Very few people live in Scotland and rural areas

Answer 60

London generates 22% of UK's GDP, this means 1/5 of the UK's wealth is generated in London. Top universities (London school of Economics) which people all over the UK study in.

Answer 61

Huge international migration has led to 300 different languages spoken 5 international airports Has become a culture hub for people for example a large Nigerian community in Peckham is called "Little Lagos"

Answer 62

Has created communities in London where migrants live, for example Little Lagos in Peckham. Has led to huge cultural integration, over 300 languages are now spoken across London

Answer 63

Shoreditch has changed form a working class area of London to an exciting, cultural hub of arts, good and music The cost of this is gentrification - young wealthy people have moved in, prices have increased and the original working class and Bangladeshi community have left

Answer 64

Spitalfields market Redevolped industrial factory Now has food stalls, shops, bars and restaurants Young professionals in London spend money there Has provided jobs and improved the local economy

Answer 65

Green spaces - like parks and planting trees are specifically put into new urban areas They benefit the environment and reduce the temperature of cities by 6 ⁰c provide green areas that are good for people's mental and physical health Olympic park 15 acres of woodland 6000 new trees Lakes and woodland designed into the area

Answer 66

2 million people live in poverty London's poorest students are 1 year behind at school In Newham, only 62% of students get 5 good GCSEs 10% of houses in Newham are overcrowded Average life expectancy is 5 years lower in Newham than the national average In Newham 10% of people are unemployed

Answer 67

Waste is burnt for energy The SELCHP plant burns waste to power 48,000 homes across London. They remove the recycling, and burn the rest for energy. The SELCHP scheme also goes into the community to educate about waste recycling

Answer 68

Economic: East London Regeneration after the 2012 Olympics 3000 new jobs generated £9 billion of investment Social 1100 new affordable houses built 2000 new school places Employment fell during 2012

Answer 69

Economic: The pay that people receive for work doesn't meet the cost of living Cost of houses is now huge at approximately £660000 400000 more than the national average Social: Many people of different languages can make integration challenging Gentrification of poor areas has made them unaffordable to live in and pushed poor people out their local areas

Answer 70

Dereliction - Enfield and Croydon have very high levels of energy houses Pressure to build on Greenfield sites - Natur habitats have been built on for housing Air quality - Every part of London exceeds the European guidelines for CO² and NO² - very poor air quality but it is improving

Answer 71

It is pushing the rural-urban fringe out into the country side As the city grows greenbelt areas are being destroyed This is reducing biodiversity and potentially increasing climate change as green areas become cities

Answer 72

Ebbsfleet Garden City is an example of a development on the rural urban fringe It has been built in the greenbelt. This has negatively impacted biodiversity however provided 15,000 new homes, many of which are affordable

Answer 73

Positives It has been built on a brownfield site 10 k new homes built New secondary academy Economic= 20k new jobs 5 billion to local area Negatives Still high amount of unemployment Rents increased few can afford it Housing estates demolished 1k had to leave

Answer 74

Water conservation Water is collected from the roofs and recycled for watering plants and flushing toilets Taps are low flow meaning little water is wasted Energy conservation Biomass is burnt to create energy This helps to heat and provide electricity East village uses 30% less energy than any other urban areas Waste recycling 99% of all waste is recycled Multiple bins allow a wide range of things to be recycled Urban greening Lakes and forests have been added to the local area 16k new trees have been planted

Answer 75

NCT transport is amazingly green £1.5 million has been invested 100 electric busses are now in use 3 million fewer car journeys Increasing tram network allows people to travel into the city without a car Making of tram network Nottingham highest rated greenest transport services in Europe