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GCSE Geography > Geography, Paper 1 > Flashcards

Geography, Paper 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Natural Hazards

A

Natural Hazard - threat to people or property

Natural Disaster - natural hazard that has actually happened

Geological Hazard - caused by land and tectonic processes

Metrological Hazard - caused by weather and climate

Hazard risk - probability of people being affected by a hazard

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2
Q

Continental and Oceanic Crust

A

Continental Curst - thicker and less dense

Oceanic - thinner and more dense

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3
Q

Destructive
Constructive
Conservative

A

Destructive - two plates moving towards each other

  • Oceanic + Continental, denser oceanic is forced down and destroyed
  • Continental + Continental, folded upwards creates mountains

Constructive - two plates moving away from each other
- magma rises to form new crust

Conservative - two plates moving sideways past each other, curst isn’t created or destroyed

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4
Q

Where and How are Volcanoes Formed

A

Volcanoes
- occur at destructive and constructive margins

Destructive - thinner more denser (oceanic) plate moves down and melts, magma rises through cracks (vents)

Constructive - plates move apart magma rises to form volcanoes.

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5
Q

Earthquakes
Focus
Epicentre

A

Earthquakes

  • tension build up. Can occur at all three margins.
  • eventually jerk past each other, cause shock waves

Focus - where earthquake starts (stronger)
Epicentre - surface above focus

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6
Q

Tropical Storms

  • How are they formed
  • Eye of storm
  • Eye wall
  • Edges of storm
A

Tropical Storms

  • sea temperature 27 or higher
  • between 30 degrees north and south of the equator
  • water evaporates, condenses into clouds. This releases huge amounts of energy producing storms.

Eye of storm

  • centre of storm, caused by descending air
  • light winds, no clouds/rain, high temperature

Eye wall

  • surrounds eye of storm
  • spiralling rising air, strong winds, storm clouds, rain and low temperature

Edges of storm
- wind speed falls, clouds become smaller and more scattered, less intense rain and temperature

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7
Q

Climate Change - Causes (natural)

A 
Orbital Changes
Tilt 
Wobble
Volcanic Activity
Solar Output
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8
Q

Mitigation

A

Mitigation - reduces causes of climate change

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9
Q

Tropical Rainforests

A

Climate

  • same all year (no seasons)
  • 20 - 28 degrees (temperature), located at equator
  • high rainfall 2000mm per year

Plants

  • most trees are evergreen(continual growing season)
  • tall trees and dense vegetation, little light reaches

floor
- lots of epiphytes, plants grow on each other take in nutrients and moisture from air.

People
- hunting and fishing, gathering nuts and berries and growing vegetables in small garden plots.

Soil

  • isn’t very fertile, heavy rain washes away nutrients.
  • surface nutrients due to decayed leaf
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10
Q

Tropical Rainforest - Adaptation

Plants and Animals

A

Plants

  • Trees compete for sun light
  • Thick waxy leaves with drip tips, so weight doesn’t damage leaf, no water for fungi
  • climbing plants for sunlight
  • smooth thin bark, no need for protection from the cold, helps water run off.
  • buttress roots, support tall trees

Animals

  • String limbs
  • camouflaged
  • sharp smell, low light levels
  • nocturnal, cooler (saves energy)
  • many can swim
  • suction cups to climb trees
  • short wings to manoeuvre
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11
Q

Cold Environments - Polar and Tundra

A

Climate

  • low precipitation
  • well defined seasons

Soil

  • Ice sheets, no exposed soil (polar)
  • Thin acidic and not fertile (tundra)
  • permafrost holds green house gases

Plants

  • few plants, lichens, mosses and grass (polar)
  • hardly shrubs, grasses, mosses and lichens are common. Small short trees grow in warmer areas (Tundra)

People

  • polar, mostly uninhabited, few scientist and residents
  • Tundra, home to many people, workers in town

permafrost provides water for animals. plants absorb heat in summer to prevent permafrost from thawing.

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12
Q

Cold Environments - Adaptations

A

Plants

  • become inactive to survive winters
  • low growing and round to protect from wind
  • shallow roots because of permafrost
  • small leaves limit water loss
  • adapted to short growing seasons
  • reproduce using underground runners or bulbs

Animals

  • well insulated, thick fur and blubber, reduces energy loss
  • hibernate to conserve energy
  • adapt to limited food sources
  • white winter coats for camouflage
  • low biodiversity
  • changes to one species affects all
  • global warming, cant move to anywhere colder
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13
Q

Ice and Sediment Cores (climate change proof)

A

Ice and Sediment Cores

  • one layer formed each year
  • analyse gas trapped in Ice tells temperature
  • organisms found in ocean sediments extend temperature record back 5 million years
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14
Q

Pollen Analysis (climate change proof)

A

Pollen Analysis

  • pollen gets preserved in sediments
  • can identify and date preserved pollen to show which species were living at that time. Scientists know the conditions that plants live in now, so preserved pollen from similar plants shows the climate was similar
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15
Q

Tree Rings (climate change proof)

A

Tree Rings

  • Tree forms new rings each year
  • Thicker in warm, wet conditions (longer growing seasons)
  • count rings to find age, Thickness shows climate
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16
Q

Temperature Records (climate change proof)

A

Temperature Records

  • since 1850s temperature have been measured using thermometers, reliable and short term
  • Historical records, harvest dates, newspaper weather reports.
17
Q

Tundra

A

Tundra

  • 60 Degrees North (Northern Europe, Canada, Alaska)
  • little rain, cold, brief summers
  • hardly any trees, have mosses, grass and shrubs
  • permafrost
18
Q

Grass Land

A

Grass Land
Savannah - between tropics, wet and dry seasons
little rain, most grass some trees
Temperate - higher latitudes, more variation in temperature, less rain, No trees just grass

19
Q

Boreal Forest

A

Boreal Forest

  • 50 - 60 degrees North
  • cold and dry winters, mild and moist summers
  • Trees are coniferous (evergreen and have needles)
20
Q

Tropical Rainforest

A

Tropical Rainforest

  • at the equator between tropics, hot and wet all year around
  • lush forest, dense canopies (different layers)
21
Q

Hot Desert

A

Hot Desert

  • 15 - 30 Degrees north and south, little rainfall, very hot during day, very cold at night
  • shrubs and cacti
22
Q

Polar

A

Polar

  • north and south poles, cold, Icy and dry
  • few plants, lichens and mosses, remain dark for several months
  • short growing season (two months)
23
Q

Temperate Deciduous Forest

A

Temperate Deciduous Forest
- mid latitudes, warm summers, mild winters, rainfall all year around. Deciduous trees (loose leaves in winter to cope with cold)

24
Q

Mechanical Weathering

Chemical Weathering

A

Mechanical Weathering - break down of rock without changing its chemical composition

Chemical Weathering - breakdown by changing chemical composition

25
Q

Destructive Waves

Constructive Waves

A

Destructive

  • high frequency, short, high and steep
  • backwash is more powerful then swash so material is removed

Constructive

  • low frequency they are low and long
  • swash is more powerful than backwash so material is deposited
26
Q

Abrasion

Attrition

A

Abrasion - eroded particles in water scrape and rub against rock removing small pieces

Attrition - eroded particles in water collide, break into smaller pieces and become smoother and rounder

27
Q

Longshore drift

A

Longshore Drift

  • swash carries material up beach at an oblique angle
  • backwash carries material back in water at right angles
  • overtime material Zig Zags along coast
28
Q

Traction (processes of transportation)

A

Traction - large particles like boulders are pushed along the sea bed by force of water

29
Q

Saltation (process of transportation)

A

Saltation - pebble sized particles are bounced along the sea bed by the force of the water

30
Q

Suspension (process of transportation)

A

Suspension - small particles like silt and clay are carried along in the water

31
Q

Discordant

Concordant

A

Discordant - alternating bands of hard and soft rock at right angles to coast (type that forms headlands and bays)

Concordant - alternating bands of hard and soft rock are parallel to coast (type that forms waterfalls)

32
Q

Caves Arches and Stacks

A

Headlands (hard rock) are eroded to form Caves Arches and Stacks

33
Q

Spits

A

Spits

  • sharp bends in the coast line
  • longshore drift transports sand and shingle past the bend and deposits it in the sea
  • strong winds and waves can curve the end of the spit
  • area behind is sheltered, can form mudflat or salt marsh
34
Q

Bars

A

Bars

  • Joins two headlands together
  • Bay gets cut off from sea
  • lagoon can form behind bar
  • offshore bars form if coast has gentle slope- causes wave to slow down and deposit material offshore, creating bar the is not connected to coast
35
Q

Sand Dunes

A

Sand Dunes
- sand is moved up beach by wind
- obstacles cause wind speed to decrease so sand is deposited forming small embryo dunes
- plants root’s stabilize ground, encouraging more sand to accumulate. This forms fore dunes and eventually mature dunes. New embryo dunes from
Dune slacks - hollows between dunes

36
Q

Gabions

A

Gabions - Wire cages filled with rocks

37
Q

Groynes

A

Groynes - Wooden or stone fences that are built at right angles to coast. Trap material transported by longshore drift
- create wider beaches witch slow down waves (flooding or erosion)

38
Q

Beach Nourishment and Reprofiling

A

Beach Nourishment and Reprofiling - sand and shingle from elsewhere added to upper part of beaches, creates wider beaches and slows down waves

39
Q

Dune Regeneration

A

Dune Regeneration - Creating or restoring dunes, plant vegetation to stabilise sand.
Absorb Wave energy

GCSE Geography (5 decks)

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