Geography/ P & L Flashcards
Human geography
How human activity affects the earths surface
Physical geography
Geography dealing with natural features
Sustainability
Ability to maintain the capacity of the environment to support the lives of living things.
Anthropogenic change
Change caused by humans producing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Ecological footprint
Impact of a person on the environment
Biocapacity
Capacity of a biome to generate a renewable and ongoing supply of resources and to process and absorb its wastes
Environmental world view
Varying view points, such as environment centred as apposed to human centred, in managing ecological services.
Ecological services
Benefits to humanity from the resources and processors that are supplied by natural ecosystems.
Stewardship
Caring and ethical approach to sustainable management of habitats for the benefit of all life on earth
Biodiversity
Variety if plants and animal life in the world or in a particular habitat.
Climate change
Any change in climate over time due to natural processes or human activities
Greenhouse effect
Rising world atmospheric temperature over the last century.
Global warming
Increased ability of the earths atmosphere to trap heats.
Fossil fuels
Natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living things
Deforestation
Action of clearing a wide are of trees
Wellbeing
Good or satisfying condition or existance, characterised by healthy, happiness, prosperity and welfare.
What is GDP
Measurement of the annual value of all goods and services bought and sold within a country.
Quantative indicator
Easily measured such as annual income.
Qualitative indicator
Measure a particular aspect of quality of life or describe living conditions.
HDI
Human development index: measure of standard of living and well being by measuring life expectancy.
What is sovereignty
Defined as the power to govern, in a democracy, sovereignty resides in the citizens of s country who determine how they will be governed.
What is a democracy
A system of government in which the citizens of a country are directly involved in the political and legal structures of that country.
When did federation occur
January 1 1901
Three levels of government
Local, state, Federal
Role of the three arms of government
Legislative: responsible for developing law.
Executive: responsible for implementing the law
Judicial: responsible for enforcing and applying the law.
Who’s eligible to vote in Australian elections
All citizens over the age of 18, those serving jail sentences longer than 18 months are excluded and people deemed mentally incapable of voting.
Separation vs division of powers
Separation of powers- refers to different branches of federal government.
How does Australia contribute to foreign aid?
- Official gov aids program
- participating in orgs such as the UN
- through work of non government organisations
Role of the United Nations (UN)
- conflict resolution
- development of impoverished nations
- management of refugees
How UN please keepers manage conflict
Policing and military assistance
Two categories of foreign aid
Development aid- provided for long term programs which support general development of a country.
Emergency aid- is provided in times of natural disasters
Why does Australia have a larger responsibility to provide foreign aid than other country’s around us?
We have one if the strongest and most stable economies in our region.
The UN was founded when ?
After WW 2
Responsibility of the UN Security Council
Peacekeeping missions, imposition of international sanctions and the authorisation of military action
Three challenges as a UN peacekeeper
- protection of civilians
- children in conflict of human rights
- civil affairs
Role of Australian high court
- resolving disputes between governments- state and federal
- concurrent powers
- resolving conflicts between state and federal laws
- influencing state government
Why does the high court exist
High court sits at the top of the court hierarchy. It’s functions include the interpretation and application of the Australian law and the facilitation of disputes between state governments and the federal government.
How many justices sit on the high court bench?
Seven
What cases does the high court deal with
Most serious legal matters, matters of constitutional law
What is a treaty
A designated formalised agreement between two or more counties
Two reasons why a treaty could be signed
Trade agreements and international conventions such as climate change.
What is meant by international law
Consists of the rules and principles governing the relations and dealings of nations with each other, relations between states and individuals as well as relations between international organisations
Why countries sign treaties
Do develop positive civil military and trade partnerships with other countries. Also to share resources and help other countries strengthen their economy
Three benefits of free trade
- removing traffis, products become cheaper
- increased exports which simulates economic growth
How does signing s treaty affect the laws of Australia
Australian law may need to be altered in order to adhere to the treaty’s conditions.
What is meant by terra nullius
An old naval law that allowed a country to claim control,over another If there weren’t any clear owners of the land.
On what grounds did captain cook claim Australia ?
Terra nullius
What is a native title
The legal recognition of indigenous land rights
