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Geography > Geography N5 > Flashcards

Geography N5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the factors which effect the standard of living

A

Availability of clean water
Availablility of food
Quality Healthcare
Housing standards
Education

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2
Q

Developed countries have a high….?

A

Standard of living and successful economies

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3
Q

Developing countries have a low…?

A

Standard of living and poorer economies

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4
Q

What is population distribution

A

Where people live

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5
Q

Name some physical factors of population density

A

Climate
Soils vegetation
Ewlwif
Natural resources
Location for trade / communications

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6
Q

Explain the physical factor of climate and why it can can and can not be suitable for living

A

Temperatures
Good for farming?
Comfortable living conditions
Very dry = water shortages = farming difficulties s= no food

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7
Q

Explain why soils/vegetation can make or not male it. Suitable living place

A

Fertile soils are good for farming
Bad farming = no food

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8
Q

Explain why relief can make a place good or bad to live in

A

Flat land is better for building and farming = economic growth

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9
Q

Explain why natural resources is important for a suitable living place

A

Coal oil and gas = power , trade
Jobs and money is available

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10
Q

Why is location for trade important for a living space

A

Being near coastal spots can be gd for jobs and wealth for trade and fishing

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11
Q

Name some human factors that affect population density

A

Job opportunities
Transport links
Technology

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12
Q

Explain how job opportunity effects population density

A

People normally live where there is business and jobs to provide money and have a better standard of living

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13
Q

Explain why transport links have an effect on population density

A

Good roads and railways generally have a lot of people living there
Usually provides jobs and money or ways to get to jobs attracting more people to that area

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14
Q

Explain why technology effects population density

A

Places with advanced universities and technology generally have more people living there
More jobs and money
Enables good housing heating lighting and high quality healthcare

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15
Q

Name the 5 point plan

A

Birth rates
Babies born each year
People dying in a country each year per 1000 people
Population increase
Life expectancy
Infant mortality

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16
Q

What does a wide base in a population pyramid tell us

A

Many children due to a high birth rate

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17
Q

What does a narrow middle on a population pyramid tell us

A

Few older people due to a high death rate

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18
Q

Why is birth rate high in developing countries

A

No access to contraception
No education on family planning
Children can work
Parents rely on their kids to look after them when they get old
High infant mortality rates
Women are not educated about safe sex
Women get married young
Religious and cultures

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19
Q

Why is death rate high in developing countries

A

Medical - not enough doctors hospitals
Lack of knowledge about health
Lack of drugs
Many are not vaccinates
They live in isolated rural areas far from healthcare
Social- poor quality of life
Bad housing
Poo sanitation
Poor working conditions
Diet- food shortages
Unbalanced diet
Poor food hygiene

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20
Q

What does a narrow base on a population pyramid tell us

A

Few children / young adults due to low birth rate

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21
Q

What does a wider middle and top tell us abt a population pyramid

A

There are more older people,e due to low death rate

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22
Q

Birth rate is low because

A

Contraception is widely avalible
Family education
Children are expensive
Women are educated to high school level and most have careers
Women get married later in life
Large families are un common by culture
Religon is less important
Infant mortality is low
Children are not needed to look after elderly

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23
Q

Why is death rate low

A

Medical- many doctors / nurses and hospitals
Good health education
High technology
Drugs readily available
Children are vaccinated
Social- good housing
Good sanitation
Good working conditions
Diet- plenty of food
Good food hygiene

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24
Q

What are the problems with a large birth rate

A

Not enough kids educated due to lack of schools
Shortage of maternity hospitals = high infant mortality
Shortage of vaccines
Too many adults from future - jobs Housing Food Clean water
Government will have no money

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25
Q

What can you do to reduce birth rates

A

Provide contraception
Provide education on safe sex and family planning
Improve education of women and encourage careers
Improve healthcare and infant mortality rates
Offer tax or benefits for having less children
Limit child benefit
One child policy
Ban child labour

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26
Q

What are the problems of a low death rate

A

Pensions cost more
Healthcare taken up by elderly
Sheltered housing - adapted housing for elderly
Nursing homes

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27
Q

What are the problems with a low birth rate

A

Shortage of workers in the future
Shortage of skilled workers
Less people paying taxes
Less young people
Government needed to increase taxes
Government need to raise retirement age
More migrants to do jobs

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28
Q

Solutions to an aging population

A

Reduce taxes for families
Increase child benefit
Better maternity pay for women
Raise age of retirement
Encourage retired people to work part time
Allow more migrant into the country
Encourage mums to work part time
Increase taxes for working people

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29
Q

How to measure development of a country

A

The standard of living -
Housing
clean water
food
healthcare
Education

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30
Q

What are Indicators of development ?

A

Indicators used do development are statistics which can be used to measure how developed a country is

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31
Q

Explain life expectancy

A

Average age a person will live to
Indicates that a country has good health care

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32
Q

Explain infant mortality

A

Number of babies ages 1-0 who die each year per 1000
Low infant mortality indicates good healthcare and quality of life

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33
Q

Explain birth rate

A

Number of babies born each yer per 100 people
Can tell us about healthcare and standard of education in a county

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34
Q

Explain literacy rates

A

% of people who can read and write in a country
Tells us about the education

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35
Q

Explain number of people per doctor

A

Tells us about healthcare and education

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36
Q

Name human factors which effect development

A

Industriliasation
Population growth
War
Unfair trade

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37
Q

Explain how industrialisation affects development

A

They have well paid jobs and good conditions
More jobs avalible
Lots of money made
————————
Poorly paid difficult jobs
More poverty and unemployment
Government dosent make much money

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38
Q

Explain how population growth effect development

A

Housing shortages
Lack of avalible healthcare and education
Job shortage
Food shortage
Traffic

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39
Q

Explain how war effects development

A

Houses and services destroyed
Few people working
Governments money used

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40
Q

Explain how unfair trade effects development

A

Trade barriers make it difficult for poorer countries
Exports from poor countries are low value
Prices of cheap goods is kept low for rich nations
Developing countries need to import expensive manufactured products
Countries end up in debt

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41
Q

Name some land uses of the CBD of Glasgow

A

Shops
Offices
Transport
Tourism
Money maker

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42
Q

Name recent changes to Glasgow CBD

A

Shops close down
Large shopping malls expanded and renovated
Streets pedestrianised
Improvements to environment
Renovation of old buildings
Schemes to reduce traffic
New hotels
New clubs , cafes , cinemas
More designer shops

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43
Q

How to identify CBD on map

A

Many roads meat
Town hall
Tourist info
Main train / bus stations
Many churches
Many bridges crossing a river

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44
Q

Key land uses of inner city

A

Housing - tenements , flats , old houses
Old industries
Derelict land
Tourist and leisure

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45
Q

What is urban decay

A

After world war 2 things were poorly built and not taken care of them causing urban decay

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46
Q

Name the problems that come with urban decay

A

Overcrowded Victorian tenements
High rise flats
Old I dustries closing down
High unemployment poverty and crime
Derelict land
Population declines

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47
Q

Name some changes to the inner city

A

Goulding / old buildings being knocked down for new ones
Industry / old industries close down , new offices built
Tourism / new hotels , new leisure developments
Transport / building bridges , new transport (Patrick) landscaping the Clyde side walkway

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48
Q

Key land uses of the suburbs

A

Modern housing
Lesisure facilities
Out of town shopping

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49
Q

Key factors to identify a CBD on a map

A

A town hall
Information entry
Ring road
All roads lead to it
High concentration of places of worship
Grid iron street pattern

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50
Q

Key factors to identify an inner city on a map

A

Big industrial building s
Close to the cbd
Urban decay
Main roads running through it
Lots or train stations

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51
Q

What is urban sprawl

A

The city growing out into the countryside around it

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52
Q

Why do businesses want to build on the green belt

A

Cheap land
Open space
Less traffic congestion
Please t environment

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53
Q

Name some developments in glasgows greenbelt

A

New industrial estates
New housing estates
Out of town shopping centres
Leisure facilities
New motorways
Landfill sites

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54
Q

What are some of f the impacts of developing into the green belt

A

Scenic landscape destroyed
Wildlife habitats destroyed
Farmland destroyed
Recreational areas lost
More traffic
Rubbish dumps cause river pollution
Economic damage

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55
Q

Name some solutions to urban sprawl

A

Strict green belt policy ( planning permission)
Encourage development in the inner city / CBD
Encourage development in smaller towns

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56
Q

Name some advantages of out of town shopping centres

A

Easier access for shoppers
Plenty of free parking
Indoor sheltered malls
Larger shops
Lower rent cost
Many jobs created

57
Q

Name some disadvantages of out of town shopping centres

A

Countryside destroyed
Pollution
Poorer people with no cars cant get there easily
Shops in CBD close due to competition

58
Q

Name some causes of traffic congestion

A

Bottle neck effect
Many people travel to CBD at the same time
Ok narrow road
Roadworks
Poor public transport

59
Q

Solutions to road congestion

A

Improve existing roads
Improve public transport
Build new roads
Discourage car use

60
Q

What are the problems with shanty towns

A

Poor quality makeshift homes
No electricity or gas
Open sewers
Lack of clean water
Diseases such as cholera are widespread
Few rubbish collections
Rats disease
High unemployment
Social problems such as drugs and crime
Few schools / bad education

61
Q

Name some solutions for shanty town problems

A

Provide clean water pipes and sewage systems
Provide public toilets
Provide electricity and gas
Start rubbish collections
Provide basic healthcare and vaccines

62
Q

What is commercial farming

A

Farming of the pure purpose to make money

63
Q

What are arable farms

A

Farms which grow crops

64
Q

Name some factors for where a good place to build a farm would be

A

Flat land
Fertile soils
Near a large market
Mild sunny weather
Adequate rainfall

65
Q

What is the guaranteed price policy

A

When the eu in outraged farmers to grow more of one crop y guaranteeing them a good price for produce

66
Q

What changes came after the guaranteed price was introduced

A

Farmers specialised in certain crops
GM are used
More machines instead of workers
More chemicals used
Fields are much bigger now
Small farm have amalgamated (joined up) into bigger ones for mass production

67
Q

What are the solutions to surplus food

A

Set aside land policy - farmers being paid not to use some fields to grow crops
Milk quotas - farmers could be fined if they produce too much milk

68
Q

What is diversification

A

When a farmer look for other ways to make money

69
Q

Examples of diversification in farms

A

Cottages from holiday homes
Campsites
Horse riding
Fishing
LAN d sold / rented for forestry
ORGANIC farming

70
Q

How does increased technology have impact on the land?

A

Machines require bigger fields
Less trees / bushes - less habitats for wildlife
Pollution of rivers by fertilizers
Increase in air and noise pollution

71
Q

What impact does new technology have on people in farming

A

Machines save labour cost
Make work easier
More efficient
Fertilizers enable faster growth
Protect crops from disease
More food id produced
Standard life improves for farmer
People lose their job
People move away from countryside

72
Q

Diversification impact on landscape?

A

Empty fields allow wildlife to thrive
Less use of chemicals
Less production of food
Some farmers are paid
Increase in tourism has lead to litter
traffic congestion
Pollution
Vandalism

73
Q

What is organic farming

A

When they only:
Natural fertilisers
No chemical pesticides
Trees and hedges preserved
Efforts made to conserve and promote wildlife
Limited use of machines

74
Q

What are the characteristics of intensive peasant farming

A

Very primitive
Hand held tools
Many workers
Subsistence farming
Rice grown in small flooded feild
2 or 3 harvests per year

75
Q

What is the green revolution

A

Modernisation of primitive farming
Introduction of HYV (miracle seeds) which produce more crops
More chemicals and fertilisers
New machines
Farmers were educated
New irrigation

76
Q

What are biofuels

A

Plants like sugar cane used to make ethanol a type of fuel

77
Q

Benefits of using bio fuels

A

Makes more money from a farmer
Improves farmers standard of life
Provides more jobs
Lower price fuel for Indians
Less oil needs to be imported
Ethel produces less pollution that’s oil

78
Q

Problems with biofuels §

A

Less food is grown
Food prices increase
Sugar cane uses a lot of water
Bigger fields are needed

79
Q

What are the key upland areas that were effected by ice erosion

A

North west highlands
Grampian mountains
Loch Lomond and the trossachs
Snowdonia
Lake District

80
Q

What is plucking

A

The bottom of a glacier freezing against a hillside and tore rocks and soil away from the land as the glaciers moved

81
Q

What is abrasion

A

The rocks carried by the glacier wore away the land like sand paper as the glacier moved

82
Q

Explain the formation of a corrie

A

Snow gathers in shallow north facing hollows high up in the mountains where its cold and sheltered from the wind and sun
After many years the snow becomes compacted and turns to ice as the air is squeezed out
Gravity causes the ice t slide downhill out of the hollow
The ice erodes and the bottom and back of he hollow as it moves by plucking and erosion

83
Q

What is freeze thaw

A

When there is a crack in a rock and water gets in and expands as it freezes eventually cracking the rock

84
Q

What is an arête

A

A steep knife edged ridge which forms between 2 corries

85
Q

What is a pyramidal peak

A

A rugged top hill usually where there are a number of arêtes meet

86
Q

Explain the formation a u shaped valley

A

Before ice age it starts as a v shaped valley which was eroded by a river
A glacier flows through the valley from surrounding corries
It bulldozes through the valley eroding the sides and bottem
After the ice age a much wider steeper and deeper u shaped valley is formed

87
Q

What is a misfit river

A

When a river looks out of place in a big valley because it is too small from the space it has

88
Q

What is a hanging valley

A

Small tributary glaciers join the main glacier from the side often found with a waterfall

89
Q

How does a ribbon lake form

A

Sometimes a deep valley is flooded with rain and melted snow and ice forming a ribbon lake

90
Q

What is a truncated spur

A

The straightened Sid elf a valley steepend by ice

91
Q

What 5 factors affect uk weather

A

Latitudes
Aspect
Altitude
Distance from sea
Ocean currents

92
Q

How does latitude affect uk weather

A

Areas further north are colder as They are further from the equator and get less intense heat from the sun due to the curve of the earth

93
Q

How does altitude affect uk weather

A

High land in mountainous areas are colder than low land
High land is also wetter as air rises and condenses

94
Q

How does distance from the sea affect uk weather

A

Coastal ares are cooler in the summer and milder in the winter than inland areas far from sea
Coastal areas are also wetter de to moist air

95
Q

How does aspect affect uk weather

A

South facing slopes face the sun and are hotter and sunnier than north facing slopes which are shaded from the sun

96
Q

How do ocean currents affect the uk weather

A

The west coast of Britain is milder than the east in winter due to a warm ocean current called the Gulf Stream which bring warm water from the gulf of meiosis in the tropics

97
Q

What is an air mass

A

A large body of air which brings certain types of weather depending on the direction its coming from

98
Q

What re the 5 different air masses which affect the uk

A

Polar marmintime
Polar continental
Artic marmintime
Tropical marmintine
Tropical continental

99
Q

What are the advantages ad/disvantages of a tropical continental in summer

A

Ad- good for tourism
Good for outdoor sports
Dis- water shortages
Bad for farmers
Bad for oversea travel agents

100
Q

What are the advantages/disadvantages of a polar marmintine during summer

A

Ad- good for water sports
Good for hill sheep farming
God fro over sea travel agents
Dis- bad fro tourism
Bad for outdoor activities
Bad for crop farming
Flooding of roads and housing

101
Q

What are the advantages / disadvantages of a tropical marmintine during wintry

A

Ad - good to farmers
Good for old people
Dis- bad for winter sports

102
Q

What is air pressure

A

The weight of air
Measured in millibars

103
Q

What is a high pressure system called and what rather conditions does it bring

A

Anti cyclone
Clear , clam , dry , sunny weather
Hot in summer but cold and frosty n winter

104
Q

What i a low pressure system called and what weather does it bring

A

A depression
Brings wet cold cloudy ad windy weather in winter
Cool in summer but mild in winter

105
Q

Describe a synoptic chart

A

Scientific maps which a re used to forecast the weather
They have lines called isobars which tel us about air pressure

106
Q

What way does a low pressure system spin

A

Anti clockwise

107
Q

What way does a high pressure system spin

A

Clockwise

108
Q

What weather does a cold sector bring

A

Dry and cold

109
Q

What weather does a warm front bring

A

Steady rain becoming warner more cloud pressure falls

110
Q

Why weather does a cold front bring

A

Heavy rain more cloud cold and dry

111
Q

What weather comes as a cold front passes over

A

Cold and dry

112
Q

What type of waves in the sea affect the coast

A

Destructive
Constructive

113
Q

What are destructive waves

A

Talk powerful waves which are usually found in windy/stormy conditions

114
Q

What are constructive waves

A

Smaller waves that dump sand and shingle to create new land such as beaches and sand dunes usually more calm and sheltered condition

115
Q

What are the 4 types of coastal erosion

A

Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Solution
Attrictian

116
Q

Describe hydraulic action (erosion)

A

The pounding force of the water and compressed air breaking up rocks

117
Q

Describe abrasion (coastal erosion)

A

Sand and rocks in the sea are thrown against the land by the aves and wear it away like sandpaper

118
Q

Describe solution (erosion)

A

Salt and other chemicals in the sea dissolve the rock

119
Q

Describe attrictian (erosion)

A

Rocks in the water hitting off each other becoming smaller

120
Q

How are headland and bays formed

A

Hard and soft rock eroded
Soft rock erodes faster and becomes a bay
Beach’s are formed when constructive waves come into the bays

121
Q

How are cliffs eroded

A

Waves erode the bottom of the cliff to create a wave cut notch
The cliff the collapses forming a rocky beach called a wave cut platform
This then repeats making the cliff smaller

122
Q

How are cracks in cliffs made

A

Eroded by powerful destructive waves weakness in the headland makes a crack by hydraulic action

123
Q

How are caves formed from a crack in a. Cliff

A

The crack eventually developed into a cave by erosion under high pressure
Sometime a a low hole can be made in the top

124
Q

How is an arch formed

A

When a cave erodes completely through

125
Q

How is a stack made

A

When the base of the arch gets eroded by abrasion and solution methods u til the roof collapses

126
Q

How is a stump made

A

The stack is eroded eventually leaving a stump

127
Q

What is the order of erosion of a crack in a headland till its last form

A

Crack
Cave
Arch
Stack
Stump

128
Q

What is coastal deposition

A

Waves which have little energy deposit sand and shingles to form beaches

129
Q

What is longshore drift

A

Due to prevailing winds on a coastline waves approach the beach at a sideways angle dragging the sand along the beach making one side of the beach more narrow

130
Q

What is the formation of a sand pit+bar

A

Longshore drift pushes the sad. Sideways along the beach causing the whole beach. To get pushed sideways making the coastline change direction at a bay
These waves don’t have enough energy to push sand around so they deposit in open water across the bay creating a spit
The spit grows across to the other side forming a bar
Making a lagoon

131
Q

Why are coastal areas more likely to be popular with tourists

A

Climate
Accessibility
Scenery
Beaches/resorts
Villages
Leisure opportunities

132
Q

What are physical factors that affect life expectancy in a country?

A

Climate
Landscape/location
Poor conditions for agriculture
Drainage and vegetation
Natural disasters

133
Q

Human factors which affect life expectancy in a country

A

Quality of healthcare
Poor diet
Sanitation
Quality of housing /working conditions
Hug birth rate/ population growth
Education /literacy
Lack of health education

134
Q

What are physical causes of malaria

A

Warm tropical temperatures
Areas to breed/still water
Wet /humid climate
Areas of shade from the sun

135
Q

Human causes of malaria

A

Villages near rivers and lakes
Dams built to store water in dry climate
Irrigation systems used for farming provide still water
Poverty developing countries are too poor to afford healthcare for victims
Poor sanitation in shanty towns creates open sewers
Lack of health education about how to prevent it

136
Q

What are some effects of malaria

A

Millions of people are ill
Children die from malaria
Many adults end up with a long term sickness
Too sick to work so industry and economy are effected
Food shortages /people can’t work
Families spend money on healthcare end up extremely poor
Government has to pay for healthcare

137
Q

What are some effects of malaria

A

Millions of people are ill
Children die from malaria
Many adults end up with a long term sickness
Too sick to work so industry and economy are effected
Food shortages /people can’t work
Families spend money on healthcare end up extremely poor
Government has to pay for healthcare

138
Q

What are some solutions to malaria ( destroy the mosquitoes )

A

Destroy breeding grounds
Spread oil or egg white over breeding grownups
Introduce fish which eat larvae
Cut down areas of shade
Spray breeding grounds and villages with insecticide

Geography (7 decks)

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