Geography N5 Flashcards
Name the factors which effect the standard of living
Availability of clean water
Availablility of food
Quality Healthcare
Housing standards
Education
Developed countries have a high….?
Standard of living and successful economies
Developing countries have a low…?
Standard of living and poorer economies
What is population distribution
Where people live
Name some physical factors of population density
Climate
Soils vegetation
Ewlwif
Natural resources
Location for trade / communications
Explain the physical factor of climate and why it can can and can not be suitable for living
Temperatures
Good for farming?
Comfortable living conditions
Very dry = water shortages = farming difficulties s= no food
Explain why soils/vegetation can make or not male it. Suitable living place
Fertile soils are good for farming
Bad farming = no food
Explain why relief can make a place good or bad to live in
Flat land is better for building and farming = economic growth
Explain why natural resources is important for a suitable living place
Coal oil and gas = power , trade
Jobs and money is available
Why is location for trade important for a living space
Being near coastal spots can be gd for jobs and wealth for trade and fishing
Name some human factors that affect population density
Job opportunities
Transport links
Technology
Explain how job opportunity effects population density
People normally live where there is business and jobs to provide money and have a better standard of living
Explain why transport links have an effect on population density
Good roads and railways generally have a lot of people living there
Usually provides jobs and money or ways to get to jobs attracting more people to that area
Explain why technology effects population density
Places with advanced universities and technology generally have more people living there
More jobs and money
Enables good housing heating lighting and high quality healthcare
Name the 5 point plan
Birth rates
Babies born each year
People dying in a country each year per 1000 people
Population increase
Life expectancy
Infant mortality
What does a wide base in a population pyramid tell us
Many children due to a high birth rate
What does a narrow middle on a population pyramid tell us
Few older people due to a high death rate
Why is birth rate high in developing countries
No access to contraception
No education on family planning
Children can work
Parents rely on their kids to look after them when they get old
High infant mortality rates
Women are not educated about safe sex
Women get married young
Religious and cultures
Why is death rate high in developing countries
Medical - not enough doctors hospitals
Lack of knowledge about health
Lack of drugs
Many are not vaccinates
They live in isolated rural areas far from healthcare
Social- poor quality of life
Bad housing
Poo sanitation
Poor working conditions
Diet- food shortages
Unbalanced diet
Poor food hygiene
What does a narrow base on a population pyramid tell us
Few children / young adults due to low birth rate
What does a wider middle and top tell us abt a population pyramid
There are more older people,e due to low death rate
Birth rate is low because
Contraception is widely avalible
Family education
Children are expensive
Women are educated to high school level and most have careers
Women get married later in life
Large families are un common by culture
Religon is less important
Infant mortality is low
Children are not needed to look after elderly
Why is death rate low
Medical- many doctors / nurses and hospitals
Good health education
High technology
Drugs readily available
Children are vaccinated
Social- good housing
Good sanitation
Good working conditions
Diet- plenty of food
Good food hygiene
What are the problems with a large birth rate
Not enough kids educated due to lack of schools
Shortage of maternity hospitals = high infant mortality
Shortage of vaccines
Too many adults from future - jobs Housing Food Clean water
Government will have no money
What can you do to reduce birth rates
Provide contraception
Provide education on safe sex and family planning
Improve education of women and encourage careers
Improve healthcare and infant mortality rates
Offer tax or benefits for having less children
Limit child benefit
One child policy
Ban child labour
What are the problems of a low death rate
Pensions cost more
Healthcare taken up by elderly
Sheltered housing - adapted housing for elderly
Nursing homes
What are the problems with a low birth rate
Shortage of workers in the future
Shortage of skilled workers
Less people paying taxes
Less young people
Government needed to increase taxes
Government need to raise retirement age
More migrants to do jobs
Solutions to an aging population
Reduce taxes for families
Increase child benefit
Better maternity pay for women
Raise age of retirement
Encourage retired people to work part time
Allow more migrant into the country
Encourage mums to work part time
Increase taxes for working people
How to measure development of a country
The standard of living -
Housing
clean water
food
healthcare
Education
What are Indicators of development ?
Indicators used do development are statistics which can be used to measure how developed a country is
Explain life expectancy
Average age a person will live to
Indicates that a country has good health care
Explain infant mortality
Number of babies ages 1-0 who die each year per 1000
Low infant mortality indicates good healthcare and quality of life
Explain birth rate
Number of babies born each yer per 100 people
Can tell us about healthcare and standard of education in a county
Explain literacy rates
% of people who can read and write in a country
Tells us about the education
Explain number of people per doctor
Tells us about healthcare and education
Name human factors which effect development
Industriliasation
Population growth
War
Unfair trade
Explain how industrialisation affects development
They have well paid jobs and good conditions
More jobs avalible
Lots of money made
————————
Poorly paid difficult jobs
More poverty and unemployment
Government dosent make much money
Explain how population growth effect development
Housing shortages
Lack of avalible healthcare and education
Job shortage
Food shortage
Traffic
Explain how war effects development
Houses and services destroyed
Few people working
Governments money used
Explain how unfair trade effects development
Trade barriers make it difficult for poorer countries
Exports from poor countries are low value
Prices of cheap goods is kept low for rich nations
Developing countries need to import expensive manufactured products
Countries end up in debt
Name some land uses of the CBD of Glasgow
Shops
Offices
Transport
Tourism
Money maker
Name recent changes to Glasgow CBD
Shops close down
Large shopping malls expanded and renovated
Streets pedestrianised
Improvements to environment
Renovation of old buildings
Schemes to reduce traffic
New hotels
New clubs , cafes , cinemas
More designer shops
How to identify CBD on map
Many roads meat
Town hall
Tourist info
Main train / bus stations
Many churches
Many bridges crossing a river
Key land uses of inner city
Housing - tenements , flats , old houses
Old industries
Derelict land
Tourist and leisure
What is urban decay
After world war 2 things were poorly built and not taken care of them causing urban decay
Name the problems that come with urban decay
Overcrowded Victorian tenements
High rise flats
Old I dustries closing down
High unemployment poverty and crime
Derelict land
Population declines
Name some changes to the inner city
Goulding / old buildings being knocked down for new ones
Industry / old industries close down , new offices built
Tourism / new hotels , new leisure developments
Transport / building bridges , new transport (Patrick) landscaping the Clyde side walkway
Key land uses of the suburbs
Modern housing
Lesisure facilities
Out of town shopping
Key factors to identify a CBD on a map
A town hall
Information entry
Ring road
All roads lead to it
High concentration of places of worship
Grid iron street pattern
Key factors to identify an inner city on a map
Big industrial building s
Close to the cbd
Urban decay
Main roads running through it
Lots or train stations
What is urban sprawl
The city growing out into the countryside around it
Why do businesses want to build on the green belt
Cheap land
Open space
Less traffic congestion
Please t environment
Name some developments in glasgows greenbelt
New industrial estates
New housing estates
Out of town shopping centres
Leisure facilities
New motorways
Landfill sites
What are some of f the impacts of developing into the green belt
Scenic landscape destroyed
Wildlife habitats destroyed
Farmland destroyed
Recreational areas lost
More traffic
Rubbish dumps cause river pollution
Economic damage
Name some solutions to urban sprawl
Strict green belt policy ( planning permission)
Encourage development in the inner city / CBD
Encourage development in smaller towns
Name some advantages of out of town shopping centres
Easier access for shoppers
Plenty of free parking
Indoor sheltered malls
Larger shops
Lower rent cost
Many jobs created
Name some disadvantages of out of town shopping centres
Countryside destroyed
Pollution
Poorer people with no cars cant get there easily
Shops in CBD close due to competition
Name some causes of traffic congestion
Bottle neck effect
Many people travel to CBD at the same time
Ok narrow road
Roadworks
Poor public transport
Solutions to road congestion
Improve existing roads
Improve public transport
Build new roads
Discourage car use
What are the problems with shanty towns
Poor quality makeshift homes
No electricity or gas
Open sewers
Lack of clean water
Diseases such as cholera are widespread
Few rubbish collections
Rats disease
High unemployment
Social problems such as drugs and crime
Few schools / bad education
Name some solutions for shanty town problems
Provide clean water pipes and sewage systems
Provide public toilets
Provide electricity and gas
Start rubbish collections
Provide basic healthcare and vaccines
What is commercial farming
Farming of the pure purpose to make money
What are arable farms
Farms which grow crops
Name some factors for where a good place to build a farm would be
Flat land
Fertile soils
Near a large market
Mild sunny weather
Adequate rainfall
What is the guaranteed price policy
When the eu in outraged farmers to grow more of one crop y guaranteeing them a good price for produce
What changes came after the guaranteed price was introduced
Farmers specialised in certain crops
GM are used
More machines instead of workers
More chemicals used
Fields are much bigger now
Small farm have amalgamated (joined up) into bigger ones for mass production
What are the solutions to surplus food
Set aside land policy - farmers being paid not to use some fields to grow crops
Milk quotas - farmers could be fined if they produce too much milk
What is diversification
When a farmer look for other ways to make money
Examples of diversification in farms
Cottages from holiday homes
Campsites
Horse riding
Fishing
LAN d sold / rented for forestry
ORGANIC farming
How does increased technology have impact on the land?
Machines require bigger fields
Less trees / bushes - less habitats for wildlife
Pollution of rivers by fertilizers
Increase in air and noise pollution
What impact does new technology have on people in farming
Machines save labour cost
Make work easier
More efficient
Fertilizers enable faster growth
Protect crops from disease
More food id produced
Standard life improves for farmer
People lose their job
People move away from countryside
Diversification impact on landscape?
Empty fields allow wildlife to thrive
Less use of chemicals
Less production of food
Some farmers are paid
Increase in tourism has lead to litter
traffic congestion
Pollution
Vandalism
What is organic farming
When they only:
Natural fertilisers
No chemical pesticides
Trees and hedges preserved
Efforts made to conserve and promote wildlife
Limited use of machines
What are the characteristics of intensive peasant farming
Very primitive
Hand held tools
Many workers
Subsistence farming
Rice grown in small flooded feild
2 or 3 harvests per year
What is the green revolution
Modernisation of primitive farming
Introduction of HYV (miracle seeds) which produce more crops
More chemicals and fertilisers
New machines
Farmers were educated
New irrigation
What are biofuels
Plants like sugar cane used to make ethanol a type of fuel
Benefits of using bio fuels
Makes more money from a farmer
Improves farmers standard of life
Provides more jobs
Lower price fuel for Indians
Less oil needs to be imported
Ethel produces less pollution that’s oil
Problems with biofuels §
Less food is grown
Food prices increase
Sugar cane uses a lot of water
Bigger fields are needed
What are the key upland areas that were effected by ice erosion
North west highlands
Grampian mountains
Loch Lomond and the trossachs
Snowdonia
Lake District
What is plucking
The bottom of a glacier freezing against a hillside and tore rocks and soil away from the land as the glaciers moved
What is abrasion
The rocks carried by the glacier wore away the land like sand paper as the glacier moved
Explain the formation of a corrie
Snow gathers in shallow north facing hollows high up in the mountains where its cold and sheltered from the wind and sun
After many years the snow becomes compacted and turns to ice as the air is squeezed out
Gravity causes the ice t slide downhill out of the hollow
The ice erodes and the bottom and back of he hollow as it moves by plucking and erosion
What is freeze thaw
When there is a crack in a rock and water gets in and expands as it freezes eventually cracking the rock
What is an arête
A steep knife edged ridge which forms between 2 corries
What is a pyramidal peak
A rugged top hill usually where there are a number of arêtes meet
Explain the formation a u shaped valley
Before ice age it starts as a v shaped valley which was eroded by a river
A glacier flows through the valley from surrounding corries
It bulldozes through the valley eroding the sides and bottem
After the ice age a much wider steeper and deeper u shaped valley is formed
What is a misfit river
When a river looks out of place in a big valley because it is too small from the space it has
What is a hanging valley
Small tributary glaciers join the main glacier from the side often found with a waterfall
How does a ribbon lake form
Sometimes a deep valley is flooded with rain and melted snow and ice forming a ribbon lake
What is a truncated spur
The straightened Sid elf a valley steepend by ice
What 5 factors affect uk weather
Latitudes
Aspect
Altitude
Distance from sea
Ocean currents
How does latitude affect uk weather
Areas further north are colder as They are further from the equator and get less intense heat from the sun due to the curve of the earth
How does altitude affect uk weather
High land in mountainous areas are colder than low land
High land is also wetter as air rises and condenses
How does distance from the sea affect uk weather
Coastal ares are cooler in the summer and milder in the winter than inland areas far from sea
Coastal areas are also wetter de to moist air
How does aspect affect uk weather
South facing slopes face the sun and are hotter and sunnier than north facing slopes which are shaded from the sun
How do ocean currents affect the uk weather
The west coast of Britain is milder than the east in winter due to a warm ocean current called the Gulf Stream which bring warm water from the gulf of meiosis in the tropics
What is an air mass
A large body of air which brings certain types of weather depending on the direction its coming from
What re the 5 different air masses which affect the uk
Polar marmintime
Polar continental
Artic marmintime
Tropical marmintine
Tropical continental
What are the advantages ad/disvantages of a tropical continental in summer
Ad- good for tourism
Good for outdoor sports
Dis- water shortages
Bad for farmers
Bad for oversea travel agents
What are the advantages/disadvantages of a polar marmintine during summer
Ad- good for water sports
Good for hill sheep farming
God fro over sea travel agents
Dis- bad fro tourism
Bad for outdoor activities
Bad for crop farming
Flooding of roads and housing
What are the advantages / disadvantages of a tropical marmintine during wintry
Ad - good to farmers
Good for old people
Dis- bad for winter sports
What is air pressure
The weight of air
Measured in millibars
What is a high pressure system called and what rather conditions does it bring
Anti cyclone
Clear , clam , dry , sunny weather
Hot in summer but cold and frosty n winter
What i a low pressure system called and what weather does it bring
A depression
Brings wet cold cloudy ad windy weather in winter
Cool in summer but mild in winter
Describe a synoptic chart
Scientific maps which a re used to forecast the weather
They have lines called isobars which tel us about air pressure
What way does a low pressure system spin
Anti clockwise
What way does a high pressure system spin
Clockwise
What weather does a cold sector bring
Dry and cold
What weather does a warm front bring
Steady rain becoming warner more cloud pressure falls
Why weather does a cold front bring
Heavy rain more cloud cold and dry
What weather comes as a cold front passes over
Cold and dry
What type of waves in the sea affect the coast
Destructive
Constructive
What are destructive waves
Talk powerful waves which are usually found in windy/stormy conditions
What are constructive waves
Smaller waves that dump sand and shingle to create new land such as beaches and sand dunes usually more calm and sheltered condition
What are the 4 types of coastal erosion
Hydraulic action
Abrasion
Solution
Attrictian
Describe hydraulic action (erosion)
The pounding force of the water and compressed air breaking up rocks
Describe abrasion (coastal erosion)
Sand and rocks in the sea are thrown against the land by the aves and wear it away like sandpaper
Describe solution (erosion)
Salt and other chemicals in the sea dissolve the rock
Describe attrictian (erosion)
Rocks in the water hitting off each other becoming smaller
How are headland and bays formed
Hard and soft rock eroded
Soft rock erodes faster and becomes a bay
Beach’s are formed when constructive waves come into the bays
How are cliffs eroded
Waves erode the bottom of the cliff to create a wave cut notch
The cliff the collapses forming a rocky beach called a wave cut platform
This then repeats making the cliff smaller
How are cracks in cliffs made
Eroded by powerful destructive waves weakness in the headland makes a crack by hydraulic action
How are caves formed from a crack in a. Cliff
The crack eventually developed into a cave by erosion under high pressure
Sometime a a low hole can be made in the top
How is an arch formed
When a cave erodes completely through
How is a stack made
When the base of the arch gets eroded by abrasion and solution methods u til the roof collapses
How is a stump made
The stack is eroded eventually leaving a stump
What is the order of erosion of a crack in a headland till its last form
Crack
Cave
Arch
Stack
Stump
What is coastal deposition
Waves which have little energy deposit sand and shingles to form beaches
What is longshore drift
Due to prevailing winds on a coastline waves approach the beach at a sideways angle dragging the sand along the beach making one side of the beach more narrow
What is the formation of a sand pit+bar
Longshore drift pushes the sad. Sideways along the beach causing the whole beach. To get pushed sideways making the coastline change direction at a bay
These waves don’t have enough energy to push sand around so they deposit in open water across the bay creating a spit
The spit grows across to the other side forming a bar
Making a lagoon
Why are coastal areas more likely to be popular with tourists
Climate
Accessibility
Scenery
Beaches/resorts
Villages
Leisure opportunities
What are physical factors that affect life expectancy in a country?
Climate
Landscape/location
Poor conditions for agriculture
Drainage and vegetation
Natural disasters
Human factors which affect life expectancy in a country
Quality of healthcare
Poor diet
Sanitation
Quality of housing /working conditions
Hug birth rate/ population growth
Education /literacy
Lack of health education
What are physical causes of malaria
Warm tropical temperatures
Areas to breed/still water
Wet /humid climate
Areas of shade from the sun
Human causes of malaria
Villages near rivers and lakes
Dams built to store water in dry climate
Irrigation systems used for farming provide still water
Poverty developing countries are too poor to afford healthcare for victims
Poor sanitation in shanty towns creates open sewers
Lack of health education about how to prevent it
What are some effects of malaria
Millions of people are ill
Children die from malaria
Many adults end up with a long term sickness
Too sick to work so industry and economy are effected
Food shortages /people can’t work
Families spend money on healthcare end up extremely poor
Government has to pay for healthcare
What are some effects of malaria
Millions of people are ill
Children die from malaria
Many adults end up with a long term sickness
Too sick to work so industry and economy are effected
Food shortages /people can’t work
Families spend money on healthcare end up extremely poor
Government has to pay for healthcare
What are some solutions to malaria ( destroy the mosquitoes )
Destroy breeding grounds
Spread oil or egg white over breeding grownups
Introduce fish which eat larvae
Cut down areas of shade
Spray breeding grounds and villages with insecticide
what are the causes of heart disease
high cholesterol
high blood pressure
poverty increases the chance
what causes high cholesterol
too much food with high levels of sugar
lack of excercise
obesity
inherited from parents
what causes high blood pressure
lack of excersise
too much salt
smoking
drug abuse
stressful lifestyle
inherited from parents
what are impacts of heart disease
death (sudden and premature)
people who survive are often left unwell
severly disabled
permanent carers
treating the disease is complicated and expensive
what can happen to people who survive heart disease
family poverty
sick benifits
buisness will suffer because they cannot work
family memeber have to take care of them
funded carers
disabled permently
how can we deal with heart disease
prevention - exercise reduce smoking reduce alcohol healthy eating regular doctor checkups
medical care - high tech scans drugs to reduce blood pressure surgery stents
what causes aids
HIV virus
how is aids spread throughout the world
2 thirds of AIDS cases are in the SUB SAHRAN AFRICA
The south and southeast of Africa is the worst affected area
aids is unevenly distributed throughout te rest of the world
how is aids spread
sharing a needle with an infected person
having unprotected sex
babies drinking the breast milk of an infected mother
why is AIDS so widespread in Africa
lack of health education
illiteracy
lack of healthcare
drugs to control HIV are extremly expensive
poor general health/malnutrition
culture
strict religon
war
what are the effects of aids
people die young
children get it from their mum
victims are ill for the rest of their life
economy is badly effected
expensive drugs need to be bought
less money to treat other serious illnesses
children will need to look after their parents
solutions to AIDS are
safe sex
Don’t use breast milk
Avoid blood contact
no sharing needles
promote strategies through tv , posters , leaflets
treatment with medicine
test after contact with an infected person
