Geography Mock Flashcards
Human Factors Affecting Uneven Devevolpment: History
. Colonialism has helped Europe develop, but slowed sown development in many other countries
. Countries that went through industrialisation a while ago, have now develop further
The demographic transition model
Stage 1: . High DR . High BR . Steady E.g. Tribes Stage 2: BR Low Declining DR Very High E.g. Kenya Stage 3: Rapidly falling DR Low BR High E.g. India Stage 4: Low DR Low BR Zero E.g. UK Stage 5: Slowly falling DR Low BR Negative e.g. Japan
Reducing the Global Development Gap: Fair trade
This is a movement where farmers get a fair price for the goods produced
+ Paid fairly so they can develop schools & health centres
- Only a tiny proportion of the extra money reaches producers
Nigeria location and importance:
Nigeria is an NEE in West Africa. Nigeria is just north of the equator and experiences a range of environments.
Nigeria is the most populous and economically powerful country in Africa. Economic growth has been based on oil exports.
Nigeria Political influence on development
. Suffered instability with a civil war between 1967-1979.
. From 1999, the country became stable with free and fair elections. Stability has encouraged global investment from China and USA.
Nigeria social influence on development
. Nigeria is a multi-cultural, multi-faith society
. Although mostly a strength, diversity has caused regional conflicts from groups such as the Boko Haram terrorists
Nigeria cultural influence on development
. Nigeria’s diversity has created rich and varied artistic culture
. Country has a rich music, literacy and film industry (i.e. Nollywood)
. A successful national football side
Nigeria industrial structure
. Once mainly based on agriculture, 50% of its economy is now manufacturing and services
. A thriving manufacturing industry is increasing foreign investment and employment opportunities
Nigeria: role of TNCs
TNCs such as Shell have played an important role in its economy
+ investment has increased employment and income
- Profits move to HICs
- Many oil spills have damaged fragile environments
Nigeria: Changing relationships
. Nigeria plays a leading role with the African Union and UN
. Growing links with China with huge investment in infrastructure
. Main import includes petrol from the EU, cars from Brazil and phones from China
Nigeria: environmental impacts
. The 2009/09 oil spills devastated swamps and its ecosystems
. Industry has caused toxic chemicals to be discharged in open sewers - risking human health
. 80% of forest has been cut down - increasing CO2 emissions
Nigeria: Aid & debt relief
+ receives $5 billion per year in aid
+ Aid groups (AnctionAid) have improved health centres, provided anti-mosquito nets and helped to protect people against AIDS/HIV
- Some aid fails to reach the people who need it due to corruption
Nigeria effects of economic development
. Life expectancy has increased from 46 to 53 years
. 64% have access to safe water
. Typical schooling years has increased 7 to 9
Causes of economic change: UK
. De-industrialisation and the decline of UK’s industrial base
. Globalisation has meant many industries have moved overseas, where labour costs are lower
. Government investing in supporting vital businesses
Towards Post Industrial: UK
. The quaternary industry has increased whilst secondary has decreased
. Numbers in primary and tertiary industry have stayed steady
. Big increase in professional and technical jobs
Empire: what is the point?
. To make money through trading and getting access to new markets
. To build global influence so they could compete with each other
. To gain power - these countries were in competition with each other
. To access raw materials and labour - resource grabbing
Information technology
. IT has developed hugely and significantly altered the type and location of jobs and businesses in the UK
. Many businesses today can be described as FOOTLOOSE because of this
Footloose
Industries that don’t need raw materials and make use of information technologies to locate anywhere
Boom in services
The tertiary (service sector) has recently evolved further into a quaternary sector, focussed in information and new ideas.
This quaternary sector accounts for around 15% of UK jobs and is often referred to as the “knowledge economy”.
The boom in the tertiary and quaternary sector is accounted for largely by a rise in:
Information technology
Service industries
Finance
Research
