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Geography101! > Geography-Exam-#1 > Flashcards

Geography-Exam-#1 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens as you go higher into the atmosphere?

A

Density Decreases
Air Pressure Decreases

Temp. Decreases.

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2
Q

Lapse Rate

A

Go higher in the troposphere = temp. decreases.

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3
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR)

A

Energy that travels in wave form at the speed of light.

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4
Q

Insolation

A
  • EMR that arrives at Earth’s atmosphere or surface.

- Drives most Earth processes!

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5
Q

How does wavelength relate to amount of energy?

A
  • Shorter the wavelength = Higher energy

- Longer the wavelength = Lower energy

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6
Q

Ionosphere

A

-Absorbs gamma rays, X-rays, and Shorter UV rays

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7
Q

Ozonosphere (Ozone Layer)

A

-Blocks ultra violet-c and UV-B

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8
Q

Energy Budget

A
  • Daily energy patterns are like a budget.
    • Depend on day length and sun angle.
  • Summer = more energy in-less energy out; spring/fall = equal energy in & out; winter = less energy in-more energy out.
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9
Q

What are the three reasons for the season?

A
  1. ) Revolution (around the sun).
    • length of season
  2. ) Rotation (Earth’s spin)
    • Day/Night length
  3. ) Tilt of Earth (23.5 degrees)
    • changes over time
    • MOST IMPORTANT - Wouldn’t have seasons at all without the tilt.
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10
Q

Reflection

A

Bouncing of radiation off of a surface

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11
Q

Albedo

A
  • Percentage of insolation that is reflected
  • Earth’s albedo = 31%

-IMPORTANT: If it changes, climate will change!

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12
Q

Absorption

A

Assimilation of radiation by matter

-69% not reflected by Earth is absorbed.

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13
Q

Emission

A

Loss of assimilated radiation back into space

-If this didn’t occur, it would get too hot!

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14
Q

Conduction

A

Molecule to molecule heat transfer

-Sit on a cold metal chair, the heat from your body will heat up the chair.

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15
Q

Convection

A

Energy transfer through liquids and gasses by mixing.

  • Air condition blows out cool air (more dense) that sinks and the warm air rises and is drawn in by the AC.
  • Convection current is set up, room cools.
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16
Q

Latent Heat

A

Energy used in a phase change of matter with no change in temp.
-When we sweat. Our body’s get hot and then we start sweating so our bodies cool down.

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17
Q

Sensible Heat

A

Energy used to change the temp. of matter.
-Can be felt & measured

-The warmth you can feel from the sun or a campfire

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18
Q

Weather

A

Short-term day to day condition of the atmosphere.

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19
Q

Meteorology

A

scientific study of the processes of the atmosphere

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20
Q

Climate

A

The long-term average (decades) of weather conditions

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21
Q

Measuring Temp.

A

1.) Fahrenheit —- F -> Celsius (F-32)*(5/9)

  1. ) Celsius Freezing = 0 degrees Boiling = 100 degrees
    • C -> F = (C*1.8) + 32
  2. ) Kelvin Scale - Absolute zero
    - (-273) degrees Celsius - (-459) degrees F
    - C -> K = C + 273.15
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22
Q

5 Factors that control temperature

A
  1. ) Albedo
  2. )Latitude
  3. )Altitude/elevation
  4. )Maritime or continental location
  5. ) Cloud cover
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23
Q

1.) Albedo

A
  • Dark surfaces = absorb more electromagnetic radiation

- Light surfaces = reflect more EMR

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24
Q

2.) Latitude

A
  • Insolation = different at different latitudes
    • Strongest at equator - weakens as you go N or S
      • Curve of the earth & Day length
      • Insolation intensity drops when u move away from sub-polar point.
      • From equator to poles = Earth goes from continually warm, to seasonally variable, to continually cold.
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25
Q

3.) Altitude/Elevation

A

Lapse rate- go higher in troposphere = temp. decreases.

-Mimics latitude effect - higher latitude = colder

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26
Q

4.) Maritime or Continental Location

A 
Maritime = Near water
Continental = away from water
  • water and land heat differently
    • Land (more extreme temp. occurs) = warms and cools rapidly = less evaporation (lower latent heat)
    • Water (produce moderate temp. patterens) = warms and cools slowly = more evaporation (more latent heat)

-Gulf stream (65 N) = mean temp above freezing - milder temps due to warm water

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27
Q

5.) Cloud Cover

A
  • Block insolation (Cooling effect) = Day

- Trap emitted radiation (warming effect) = Night

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28
Q

Which pole is colder? North or South?

A

South Pole (Antarctica) - landmass surrounded by ocean + higher elevation

Greenland = cool in summer due to altitude

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29
Q

Earth’s Energy Balance is equal or unequal?

A
  • Unequal
    • Drives atmosphere and ocean circulation
  • Lots of energy at equator, low energy at N & S pole
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30
Q

Uneven energy balance causes wind - derived by what?

A
  1. ) Gravity
  2. ) Pressure gradient force
  3. ) friction force
  4. ) Coriolis force
31
Q

1.) Gravity

A

-Facilitates air pressure - pulls everything down

Air pressure = weight of the air column

32
Q

If it pulls downs equally everywhere, how can it cause wind?

A

Some places are located in low pressure areas, others are located in high pressure areas.
-Temp. affects density of air
-Air sinks at higher pressures, rises at lower pressures
Dense: cold, dry
Less Dense: warm, humid

33
Q

2.) Pressure Gradient Force

A
  • Winds flow from high to low pressure

- Gradient determines strength of wind

34
Q

Isobar

A

line of constant atmospheric pressure
H -> L pressure = isobars get closer and closer
Far apart isobars = wind is weak, gradient is not steep
Close isobars = wind is strong, steep gradient

35
Q

3.) Friction Force

A

Rougher = more friction & slower winds

Less rough = less friction & faster winds

36
Q

4.) Coriolis Force

A
  • Apparent deflection of moving objects from a straight path.
  • Works on anything not attached - airplanes, winds

Northern hemisphere deflection = to the right
South hemi deflection = to the left

37
Q

Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

A
  • Air converges = air coming from N & S and clashing all along the ITZC
  • Rises = constant air clashing at ITZC - air = extremely moist and full of latent heat
  • Cools = rises, air expands and cools
  • Condenses = expanded air turns into condensation
  • Precipitates = rainfall is heavy

-Low pressure system and very unstable

38
Q

Trade Winds

A

Winds converging on the equatorial low-pressure trough

39
Q

Subtropical Highs

A
  • 20 & 35 latitude on either side of equator
  • hot and dry - air above is mechanically pushed downward and heated by compression as it heads to the surface.
  • Warmer air = less moist
  • Dry = heavy rain at equator removes moisture.
40
Q

Ocean Circulation

A

Wind drives surface currents
-transport energy

-Water in equatorial Pacific moves east to west

41
Q

El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

A

El Nino - Trade winds weaken = push warm water back east
-Extra heat at west coast/central east pacific
-Warm ocean current
-Brings warmer weather, convection, rain
La Nina - Trade winds stronger = push lots of water towards Asia
-Cold ocean current

42
Q

Thermohaline Circulation

A

Ocean conveyer belt - moves energy around

43
Q

Differences in temp. and salinity (density)

A

Air:

  • more dense = cold, dry
  • less dense = warm, wet

Water:

  • more dense = cold, salty
  • less dense = warm, fresh
44
Q

Climate Change affects thermohaline

A
  • Melting ice caps = more fresh water (less dense)
  • Could slow down circulation (or stop it)
  • Climate change could cause an ice age.
45
Q

What are the root words of geography?

A
  • Geo = Earth

- Graphien = to write/describe

46
Q

Geography

A

the science that studies the relationships among natural systems, geographic areas, society, cultural activities, and the interdependence of all of these over space.

47
Q

Is geography highly interdisciplinary? Why?

A

Yes, spatial trends exists everywhere.

48
Q

Pattison’s 4 Traditions of Geography. List them

A
  1. ) Spatial Tradition
  2. ) Area Studies Tradition
  3. ) Earth Science Tradition
  4. ) Man-land tradition
49
Q

1.) Spatial Tradition

A

-Distribution and movement of a phenomena on Earth.
Ex.) A map of Earthquakes in the Southern hemisphere for 1 year.
-Example because the map will show which areas experienced the most earthquakes and how frequent and how severe.

50
Q

2.) Area Studies tradition

A

-Studying all aspects of a region or area
Ex.) Studying the human & environmental impact of the 2010 Haiti earthquake.
-Example because the study is focus on Haiti and how the 2010 earthquake affected humans and the entire surrounding environment.

51
Q

3.) Earth Science tradition

A

-Physical geography of the Earth
Ex.) Volcanoes
-Example because it is pure physical geography and not caused by humans

52
Q

4.) Man-Land tradition

A

-Interaction of humans and environment
Ex.) Transformation of a dessert into a city
-Example because it will look at how this transformation affects the environment and how the environment impacts human decisions

53
Q

Physical Geography

A

Spatial analysis of all the physical elements and process systems that make up the environment; energy, air water, weather, climate, landforms, soils, animals, plants, microorganism, and Earth

54
Q

Human Geography

A

how human activity affects or is influenced by the earth’s surface.

55
Q

How does one influence the other?

A

-Geography doesn’t just determine whether we can live in a certain area or not, but also determines our lifestyles, how we adapt to the available food and climate.

56
Q

List the steps of the scientific method

A
  1. ) Ask a question
  2. ) Research your question
  3. ) form a hypothesis
  4. ) test w/ an experiment
  5. ) analyze the data and draw a conclusion
  6. ) Communicate results
57
Q

Are all questions suitable for the scientific method? Why?

A

-No, can only answer objective questions based on quantitative facts from observable, measurable, and repeatable experiments. Not subjective questions based on beliefs, opinions, morals, ect

58
Q

What must we know in order to study spatial distributions?

A

Location

59
Q

Relative Location

A

Location based on the location of something else

-My house is across from the library

60
Q

Absolute Location

A

Location according to a fixed reference system

-SVSU is located at 7400 Bay Rd Saginaw Mi, 48710

61
Q

Latitude

A

-Angular distance North and South of equator (parallel horizontal lines wrapping around earth go N & S), measured from the center of the Earth.

62
Q

Measured in degrees of angle

A
  • Max - 90 degrees
  • 69 miles per degree
  • 60 mins per degree
  • 60 secs per min
63
Q

What are lines called that run east to west?

A

Parallels - 49 degree = 49th parallel

Latitude = name of angle - (49 degrees N)

64
Q

SVSU = 43.5 degrees North of equator, how many miles?

A

43.5 * 69 = 3001.5 mi

65
Q

Longitude

A

-Angular distance east or west of prime meridian

66
Q

Measured in degrees of angle

A
  • Max = 180 degrees = INTERNATIONAL DATE line
  • 69 miles per degree (equator only)
  • 60 mins per degree
  • 60 sec per min
67
Q

What are the lines called that run north to south?

A

-Meridians

68
Q

What was easier to measure back in the day? Lat or longitude

A
  • Latitude, altitude of North Star or the Sun

- Long. = tricky to calc. - John Harrison invented the chronometer

69
Q

Chronometer

A

John Harrison

-Based on time at the prime meridian (UTC)

70
Q

Where does 15 degrees come from?

A

-Earth rotates about 15 degrees every 60 mins

71
Q

How is lat and long usually written?

A
  1. ) Degrees, mins, secs -> xx degree xx’ xx”

2. ) Decimal degrees xx.xxxx

72
Q

Convert 48 degrees, 15 mins, and 45 sec N to decimal degrees

Turn 38.4256 to DMS

A
  1. ) 45 sec/60 secs = .75 -> add to 15
  2. ) 15.75 mins/ 60 mins = .2625 –> add to 48
  3. ) 48.2626
  4. ) multiply .4256 by 60 = 25.536
  5. ) multiply .536 by 60 = 32.16 –> only take 32
  6. ) 38 degrees 25’ 32”
73
Q

Systems

A

describe flows of energy and matter

74
Q

What are the 4 primary systems?

A
  1. ) Atmosphere (gasses) - thin, gaseous veil surround Earth. Held by gravity - formed by gases arises from w/in Earth.
  2. ) Hydrosphere (Water) - Any form of water
  3. ) Lithosphere (Solid Earth) - Earth’s crust
  4. ) Biosphere (Life) - web that connects all organisms w/ their physical environment.

Geography101! (4 decks)

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