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Geography > Geography EOY 9 > Flashcards

Geography EOY 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the layers of the Earth in order

A

The Crust, The Mantle, Outer Core and Inner Core

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2
Q

Whats the hottest layer of the earth?

A

Inner core

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3
Q

Describe the outer core

A

Liquid layer. Made up of iron and nickel. Similar heat to the Inner core

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4
Q

Describe the mantle

A

Widest section of the earth. Thickness of around 3000km.

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5
Q

Describe the crust

A

Outer layer of the earth. Solid rock layer. around 60km thick

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6
Q

What are tectonic plates

A

The earth’s crust is divided up into tectonic plates. These are constantly moving, sliding past one another and some moving apart.

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7
Q

Describe how convection currents move

A

Radioactive decay in the core heats the mantle. The mantle rises. The mantle cools as it is far away from the heat source. The mantle sinks. This circular motion causes floating plates to move.

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8
Q

What happens when convection currents diverge?

A

Plates move apart and create new sea floor

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9
Q

What happens when convection currents converge?

A

Plates move together and destroy sea floor

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10
Q

Whats continental drift?

A

The theory that over time the continents have changed position

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11
Q

Whats evidence for continental drift?

A

Similar fossils found on different continents, South America and Africa looks like it fits together.

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12
Q

Exam question (6 marks): Explain why tectonic plates move.

A

Tectonic plates move because the Earth is made up of four layers - the crust, the mantle, the outer core and the inner core. The crust is the outer layer of the Earth, and it is made up of tectonic plates which are constantly moving and sliding past one another. The plates move in different directions, some move towards each other and destroy sea floor while others go away from each other and create new sea floor. The plates move due to Radioactive decay in the core that heats the mantle, causing it to rise. The mantle then sinks as it is far away from the heat source of the core. This circular motion is what causes floating plates to move. This is called convection currents.

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13
Q

Whats a destructive plate boundary?

A

Two plates moving towards each other. (usually involves a continental plate and oceanic plate). The oceanic plate is denser than the continental plate. As they move together, the oceanic plate is forced underneath the continental plate.

(The heavier plate sinks below the lighter plate.)

This causes Earthquakes and volcanoes.

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14
Q

Whats a constructive plate boundary?

A

Tectonic plates are moving away from one another. Lava rises in the gaps and creates new sea floor.

This causes volcanoes.

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15
Q

Whats a conservative plate boundary?

A

Two plates are slipping past each other in opposite directions or at different rates in the same direction.

This causes earthquakes.

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16
Q

Whats a collision plate boundary?

A

Two plates collide, neither can sink so the land buckles upwards to form fold mountains.

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17
Q

Whats a focus?

A

Point where the earthquake happens underground.

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18
Q

Whats the Epicenter?

A

point on the Earths surface directly above the focus.
Where the worst effects are felt.

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19
Q

Whats a seismic wave?

A

Waves of energy released from the focus.

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20
Q

Describe the formation of an Earthquake.

A

Two plates are sliding past one another at a conservative plate boundary. As they slide past one another, friction causes the plates to get suck. Over time, pressure builds up because the convection currents in the mantle are trying to move but cannot because they are stuck. Eventually, the pressure becomes too much and the plates jolt and slip past one another. Seismic waves are released from the focus. The biggest effects of the Earthquake will be felt closest to the epicentre.

21
Q

Whats a Seismometer?

A

Measures the strength of the earthquake.

22
Q

Whats a Seismograph?

A

Records vibrations.

23
Q

Whats a Richter scale?

A

Measures the Earthquake based on scientific recordings

24
Q

Whats a Mercalli scale?

A

Measures the damage caused.

25
Q

Whats an economy?

A

The amount of money made by a country.

26
Q

Whats the GDP?

A

Gross domestic product. The wealth/income of a country.

27
Q

Whats the Population structure?

A

The population of an area broken down by age or sex.

28
Q

Whats the Age-sex population pyramid?

A

The population of an area broken down by age and sex.

29
Q

Whats the Dependency ratio?

A

The number of people dependant on the working age population.

30
Q

Whats Elderly dependants?

A

Dependant people aged over 65

31
Q

Whats Young dependants?

A

Dependant people aged under 15

32
Q

Whats Economically active?

A

People who are economically active (working) and aged between 16 and 64.

33
Q

Whats the development gap?

A

The difference in levels of development between the richest and poorest countries in the world.

34
Q

Whats Biotic?

A

Living

35
Q

Whats Abiotic?

A

Non-living

36
Q

Whats an ecosystem?

A

Made up of plants, animals and their surrounding physical environment including soil, rainwater and sunlight.

37
Q

Habitat examples.

A

A forest, field, hedge or rock pool

38
Q

Ecosystem examples.

A

Coral reef, Tundra.

39
Q

Whats a decomposer?

A

Are the organisms that over time break break down dead organic matter and animal excretions. Help return nutrients to the soil in the form of an organic substance called humus.

40
Q

What job in the ecosystem does a plant do?

A

Green plants that use photosynthesis to convert energy from the sun and take in nutrients from the soil using their roots.

41
Q

What job in the ecosystem does a Herbivore have?

A

These are plant-eating animals

42
Q

What job in the ecosystem does a Carnivore have?

A

These animals feed on Herbivores?

43
Q

What job in the ecosystem do Top Carnivores have?

A

These animals hunt/eat other carnivores in the ecosystem as well as herbivores.

44
Q

Whats Biomass?

A

Renewable organic material that comes from plants and animals.

45
Q

Whats the first layer of a Tropical rainforest?

A

The shrub layer

46
Q

Whats the second layer of a Tropical rainforest?

A

Under canopy

47
Q

Whats the third layer of a Tropical rainforest?

A

Canopy

48
Q

What’s the Development gap?

A

The difference between HIC and LIC countries

Geography (3 decks)

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