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humanities > GEOGRAPHY - Definitions > Flashcards

GEOGRAPHY - Definitions Flashcards

0
Q

What is the definition of extractive industry, and what are the three type of materials it deals with?

A

An industry involved in extracting materials from the ground.

  • construction materials (sand, limestone)
  • metallic minerals (copper)
  • industrial minerals (sulfur, salt)
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1
Q

What is the definition of biodiversity?

A

The rich variety of plants and animals on earth.

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2
Q

What is the definition of monoculture?

A

An agricultural practice in which a crop is grown over a large area at the expense of other species that naturally lives there.

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3
Q

What is the definition of emissions?

A

Something discharged into the environment.

- e.g. exhaust fumes from cars

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4
Q

What is the definition of ozone?

A

A gas created by the action of ultraviolet radiation on oxygen in the stratosphere.
- provides us with a protective screen against ultraviolet radiation

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5
Q

What is the definition of photochemical smog?

A

Smog produced by the reaction between sunlight and chemical pollutants in the atmosphere.

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6
Q

What is the definition of respiratory diseases?

A

Illnesses related to the lungs or bronchial system and characterized by breathing difficulties.
- e.g. asthma

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7
Q

What is the definition of smog?

A

A mixture of particles of pollutants and fog suspended in the air.

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8
Q

What is the definition of temperature inversion?

A

A situation in which a cold layer of air is trapped under a warmer layer and cannot escape.
- occurs under certain weather conditions and in particular places such as valleys.

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9
Q

What is the definition of topography?

A

Physical features of an area of land.

- height and shape

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10
Q

What is the definition of acid rain?

A

Any precipitation that has an acidity higher than the normal range.
- ph below 5.6

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11
Q

What is the definition of greenhouse gas?

A

A gas in the atmosphere that contributes to the greenhouse effect (the normal level of retention of the sun’s heat within the atmosphere) and the enhanced greenhouse effect.

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12
Q

What is the definition of industrialize?

A

To introduce large-scale business and industrial activity to a region whose economy was formerly based on agriculture.

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13
Q

What is the definition of particulates?

A

Small particles of matter suspended in the air.

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14
Q

What is the definition of precipitation?

A

Moisture that returns to the earth from the atmosphere.

- e.g. rain, hail or snow

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15
Q

What is the definition of weathering?

A

The process whereby the hard surfaces of items (such as rock) are broken down over time due to the effects of wind, rain, running water etc.

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16
Q

What is the definition of developing country?

A

A country whose economy is not well developed or diversified, although it may be showing growth in key areas, e.g. agriculture, tourism etc.

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17
Q

What is the definition of headwaters?

A

Also known as the source of the river, the place where it begins.

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18
Q

What is the definition of artesian?

A

Found underground.

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19
Q

What is the definition of gigalitres?

A

One billion litres.

20
Q

What is the definition of invasive species?

A

Introduced plants and animals that take over natural habitats and place native plants and animals at risk.

21
Q

What is the definition of monsoons?

A

Heavy rainfall in summer caused by changing wind directions.

22
Q

What is the definition of an ephemeral wetland system?

A

Wetlands in which their ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ periods are a response to changing weather and local conditions.

23
Q

What is the definition of organic?

A

Derived from living organisms; not man made.

24
Q

What is the definition of altitude?

A

Height above sea level.

25
Q

What is the definition of climate?

A

The predicted weather at a particular place.

- based on average weather conditions over an extended period of time

26
Q

What is the definition of a continental climate?

A

The climate of a place that lies well inland on a landmass.

  • is not affected by cooling influence of the sea in summer or warming influence in winter
  • temperatures more extreme
27
Q

What is the definition of Gulf Stream?

A

A warm current of water that runs up the east coast of America, bringing warm water to the northern Atlantic.
- part of the ocean current cycle known as the Great Ocean Conveyer Belt

28
Q

What is the definition of latitude?

A

Imaginary lines drawn on the Earth’s surface which indicate distance north/south of the equator.

29
Q

What is the definition of leeward?

A

The side sheltered from the wind.

30
Q

What is the definition of maritime climate?

A

The climate of a coastal region warmed by the sea in winter and cooled by it in summer.
- temperatures are less extreme than compared to continental climates

31
Q

What is the definition of thermohaline circulation?

A

Flow patterns in ocean currents (such as the Gulf Stream) which are driven by differences in temperature and salinity.

32
Q

What is the definition of enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

The extra heating of the Earth’s atmosphere caused by increased levels of greenhouse gas.

33
Q

What is the definition of glacier?

A

A slow-moving ‘river of ice’ that moves over a landmass, changing the shape of the land.

34
Q

What is the definition of tectonic plates?

A

Large pieces of the earth’s crust that float on the earth’s mantle (semi-molten layer) and are moved by the convection currents within the mantle.

35
Q

What is the definition of greenhouse gases?

A

Gases emitted into the atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infra-red radiation.
- e.g. carbon dioxide, methane, ozone.

36
Q

What is the definition of global warming?

A

The observable trend of rising world temperatures over the last century, particularly the past decades.

37
Q

What is the definition of Industrial Revolution?

A

The period from the late 1700s to 1800s that saw the widespread introduction of technological innovation and the mechanization of production systems

  • shift from home to factory manufacturing
  • responsible for rapid growth of cities
38
Q

What is the definition of carbon sink?

A

Places or processes that remove and store greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.

39
Q

What is the definition of photosynthesis?

A

The process whereby plants use energy from sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates and oxygen.

40
Q

What is the definition of the Kyoto Protocol?

A

An agreement negotiated in 1999 between 160 countries designed to bring about reductions in greenhouse gas emissions.

41
Q

What is the definition of malnutrition?

A

Insufficient nutrients obtained from food to sustain normal body functions.

42
Q

What is the definition of tsunami?

A

A powerful ocean wave triggered by an earthquake or volcanic activity under the sea.

43
Q

What is the definition of sustainable energy?

A

Energy using resources that are in unlimited supply.

- e.g. solar, wind etc.

44
Q

What is the definition of sustainable resource?

A

A resource that can be used in away that does not ultimately use it up.

45
Q

What is the definition of carbon footprint?

A

The effect your actions and lifestyle have on the environment in terms of CO2 emissions.

46
Q

What is the definition of G8?

A

‘Group of 8’ - the world’s 8 leading industrialized countries.
- UK, USA, Germany, France, Italy, Russia, Canada, Japan

47
Q

What is the definition of ratified?

A

Agreed to or confirmed.

48
Q

What is the definition of an ice age?

A

A period of time in the history of the Earth when the world cooled down and large parts of its surface were covered by ice.

humanities (4 decks)

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