Geography: Chapter 11 Flashcards
How do transport systems change the physical environment, and how to avoid its effects?
Natural vegetation cleared to build roads. This divides forests into smaller fragments which reduces the size of animal habitats and restricts their movement. Increases the chances of roadkill when animals walk on roads.
An Eco-Link at Bukit Timah Expressway was built to connect the two nature reserves.
The Singapore River was also diverted for construction of the MRT.
How to transport systems contribute to increased carbon footprint?
All transport activities consume energy which produces greenhouse gases.
How do transport systems affect mobility of elderly and persons with disabilities?
Most elderly need time and support to walk around. Most persons with disabilities (PWD) have long-term impairments that make them often face barriers that hinder them from carrying out daily activities.
What is a strategy to improve mobility of elderly on roads?
Silver Zones. They are located in areas with a high concentration of elderly and have enhanced and customised road safety features for the elderly. e.g. bright yellow strips and signs on the road, reduced speed limit, reduction of lanes, two-stage crossing to allow them to rest in between.
Accidents with elderly within the silver zones reduced by almost 75% in 2019.
What is traffic congestion and how does it affect people?
Traffic congestion is when road usage approaches or exceeds road capacity. This means longer travelling times for all users. This may tire out drivers and passengers and cause frustration, leading to the display of aggressive behaviour of loss of concentration. This increases the risk of traffic accidents.
How does transport increase risk of low health and what could it lead to?
Fuel is burnt to power transport modes and harmful air pollutants are released into the air. This increases health risks such as breathing difficulty, asthma, eye irritation, lung diseases, and high risk of lung cancer.
How does transport risk the safety of people?
Road, transport accidents. Public transport can also be overcrowded during peak periods which increase the risk of crimes such as theft and outrage of modesty. Terrorist attacks may also occur in terminals.
How do cities prevent road accidents?
Cities regulate the use of mobile devices while driving, setting up speed cameras to detect and deter speeding, as well as educating the public on road safety.
How do cities prevent outrage of modesty in public transport?
Cities have designed gender-segregated transportation to ensure the safety of female passengers.
What are some laws and policies on transport?
- Cities reduce transport demand by constraining vehicle ownership and road usage
- Cities encourage the use of walking and bicycles
- Road pricing/congestion pricing implemented by charging drivers when they use certain roads.
What is the downside to congestion pricing?
It does not reduce congestion, merely diverts it to another road. Hence, regulations on vehicle usage have to be tightly enforced to ensure the effectiveness of this strategy.
What is land use planning?
It refers to where and how land should be used. It is key in shaping the demand for travel and distance needed to travel.
What is transport planning?
It refers to the process of managing the operation and management of infrastructure and services for various transport nodes to meet current and future needs.
