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Summer Assessment 2022 > Geography Assessment 2022 > Flashcards

Geography Assessment 2022 Flashcards

1
Q

Coastal Erosion

A

4 types

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2
Q

Hydraulic Action - Coastal Erosion

A

The force of the waves against the cliffs. The water traps air in the cracks and caves. The air is compressed, forcing the rock to weaken and eventually break.

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3
Q

Corrosion - Coastal Erosion

A

Caused by the acid in seawater spray dissolving the rock

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4
Q

Attrition - Coastal Erosion

A

Caused by pebbles hitting each other in the waves. This makes the pebbles smaller and rounder and eventually they become sand.

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5
Q

Abrasion - Coastal Erosion

A

The effect of the waves throwing pebbles at the cliffs. This erodes the cliffs at their base.

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6
Q

Features - Coastal Erosion

A

Headlands, bays, caves, arches, stacks and stumps

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7
Q

1 - Erosion of Headland

A

Waves attack a discordant coastline of alternating hard and soft rock. The soft rock erodes at a faster rate than the hard rock.

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8
Q

2 - Erosion of Headland

A

Headlands are created from the hard rock and bays are eroded from the soft reck between them. Deposition also occurs in sheltered bays.

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9
Q

Caves, arches, stacks and stumps - 1

A

Waves attack a fault in the rock by hydraulic action and abrasion

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10
Q

Caves, arches, stacks and stumps - 2

A

The fault is enlarged to form a cave. A blowhole may appears on the headland due to the upward erosion by the waves on the roof of the cave.

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11
Q

Caves, arches, stacks and stumps - 3

A

Hydraulic action and abrasion widen and deepen the cave and eventually cut through the headland to for an arch

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12
Q

Caves, arches, stacks and stumps - 4

A

Undercutting, weathering and gravity lead to collapse, leaving a stack.

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13
Q

Caves, arches, stacks and stumps - 6

A

As the cliff retreats through erosion by the waves, a platform of rock extending into the sea may be left. This is called a wave cut platform.

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14
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

The movement of sediment along the beach by waves

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15
Q

1 - Longshore drift

A

Swash moves up the beach at the angle determined by the direction of the prevailing wind.

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16
Q

2 - Longshore drift

A

After the wave has broken, the backwash returns to the sea at a 90 degree angle.

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17
Q

3 - Longshore drift

A

In this way, sand and pebbles are moved along the beach.

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18
Q

4 - Longshore drift

A

The sand and the pebbles will build up against a groyne

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19
Q

1 - Spit

A

A spit is created when longshore drift transports pebbles ad sand towards a corner in a coastline. At the point where there is a change in the direction of the coastline and shallow water with weak currents, the pebbles and sand are deposited.

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20
Q

2 - Spit

A

Over time the demotion will extend into the sea in the direction of the longshore drift

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21
Q

3 - Spit

A

A salt marsh will then develop on the sheltered side of the spit. The spit may develop a hooked end if there is a secondary wind direction or wave refraction.

22
Q

Climatic Affects of flooding - River and Coastal - 1

H

A

Heavy rainfall over a short or long period of time

23
Q

Climatic Affects of flooding - River and Coastal - 2

G

A

Ground that is saturated as a result of previous rainfall

24
Q

Climatic Affects of flooding - River and Coastal - 3

M

A

melting snow and glaciers

25
Q

Climatic Affects of flooding - River and Coastal - 4

S

A

Soil baked hard by the Sun therefore acting as if impermeable

26
Q

Climatic Affects of flooding - River and Coastal - 5

H

A

Hurricanes causing wave surges

27
Q

Physical Affects of flooding - River and Coastal - 1

N

A

Narrow steep-sided valleys causing surface run-off to reach rivers rapidly after a storm

28
Q

Physical Affects of flooding - River and Coastal - 2

I

A

Impermeable rock causing rapid surface run-off

29
Q

Physical Affects of flooding - River and Coastal - 3

I

A

Low-lying coastal areas

30
Q

Physical Affects of flooding - River and Coastal - 4

T

A

Tsunamis

31
Q

Human Affects of flooding - River and Coastal - 1

U

A

Urbanisation can lead to an increase in tarmac and drains, which causes rapid surface run-off

32
Q

Human Affects of flooding - River and Coastal - 2

T

A

The diversion of a river or the narrowing of a channel can lead to flooding

33
Q

Human Affects of flooding - River and Coastal - 3

D

A

Deforestation in a river or narrowing of a channel can lead to flooding

34
Q

Human Affects of flooding - River and Coastal - 4

D

A

Deforestation and the loss of tree roots mean that the soul is loosened and when rain falls and travels as surface run-off, it takes with it soil that washes into the river and silts up the river, displacing water.

35
Q

Effect of floods - 1

A

Buildings being washed away or damaged

36
Q

Effect of floods - 2

A

People and animals being drowned

37
Q

Effect of floods - 3

A

Communications being damaged due to closed roads and impassable railways

38
Q

Effect of floods - 4

A

Crops being ruined (and the agricultural economy suffering)

39
Q

Effect of floods - 5

A

Insurance claims

40
Q

Effect of floods - 6

A

Drinking water being contaminated by sewage, leading to disease.

41
Q

Effect of floods - 7 - Beneficial Bonus

A

A beneficial effect is that silt deposited by flooding river provides fertile soil for farming

42
Q

Flood Control and prevention - 1

A

The construction of dams to control the amount of water being discharged

43
Q

Flood Control and prevention - 2

A

The construction of levels and dykes to contain water

44
Q

Flood Control and prevention - 3

A

The straightening of meanders to enable flood water to escape more quickly

45
Q

Flood Control and prevention - 4

A

Afforestation to increase transpiration and infiltration (water will be removed from the river basin as it taken up by the roots)

46
Q

Flood Control and prevention - 5

A

Sandbagging to prevent flooding of buildings

47
Q

Flood Control and prevention - 6

A

Avoiding building on flood plains - flood plain zoning

48
Q

Flood Control and prevention - 7

A

Ecological flooding - allowing meadows to flood to prevent flooding elsewhere

49
Q

Flood Control and prevention - 8

A

Various types of sea defence, such as sea walls, groins, rip rap or offshore breakers, to reduce the risk of coastal flooding

50
Q

How many ideas for Human Affects of flooding

A

4!!!!!!!

51
Q

How many ideas for Physical effects of flooding

A

4!!!!!!

52
Q

How many ideas for Climatic effects of flooding

A

5!!!!

Summer Assessment 2022 (1 decks)

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