Spatial discipline - Where? - Why There? - Consequences of being there? Science of Space and Place

- Humans & culture - population geography - economic geography - political geography - activities relate to environment politically, culturally, historically and socially

Geography Flashcards by Erynn Hennighan

Absolute Location

Exact whereabouts of a place, person or thing.

-latitude & longitude

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Relative Location

Relationship of a place between and among other places.

Most Common

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Geography

Spatial discipline

Where?
Why There?
Consequences of being there?
Science of Space and Place*

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Spatial Perspective

Identifying, explaining and predicting the human and physical patterns in space and the interconnectedness of various spaces.

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4 branches of geography

human
physical
regional
topical/systematic

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Human geography

Humans & culture
- population geography
- economic geography
- political geography
- activities relate to environment politically, culturally, historically and socially

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Physical Geography

Physical environment

 - water (hydrosphere)
 - air (atmosphere)
 - animals (biosphere)
 - land (lithosphere)

Land formation, water, weather & climate, geomorphology, biogeography, environmental

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Regional geography

Areas that have some degree of similarity.

Broken up into REALMS

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Topical/Systemic Geography

Climate, landforms, economics and culture

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Population Geography

Deals with relationships between geography and population patterns.

 - birth rates
 - death rates

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Political Geography

Effect of geography on politics especially on national boundaries and relations between states

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Economic Geography

Interaction between Earth’s landscape and economic activity of human population

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5 themes of geography

1) Location
2) Places
3) Human/Environment Interaction
4) Movement
5) Regions

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Place

Unique combination of physical and cultural attributes that give each location on the Earth its individual “stamp”

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Physical Characteristics

Geological, hydrological, atmospheric & biological processes.

 - mountains          -flora
 - rivers                  -fauna
 - beaches             -resources 
 - topography.       -landforms
 - bodies of water  -climate 
 - soils                  -Natural vegetation

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Human Characteristics

Change to environment caused by human ideas and actions

 - man made designs 
      - religion
      - architecture 
      - food
      - transportation &amp; communication      networks

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Human-Environmental Interaction

How humans rely on it, alter it and adapt to it.
How environment may limit what people can do.
changes quickly and sometime temporarily.

Cultural Diffusion

How ideas, innovation and ideology spreads from one area to another.

Spatial interaction

How places interact through movement

-Depends on distance

Friction of Distance

The degree to which distance interferes with some interaction

Space-Time Compression

Increasing sense of accessibility and connectivity.

 - Reducing perceived distance
 - Distance thought by humans not actual land.

Distance Decay

Interaction between 2 places declines as distance increases.

*Reduced by technology

Regions

3 types

More manageable units
unifying characteristics
- physical (landforms, climate, soil, vegetation)
- cultural
- human based (language, economic, social, political)
Types*
Formal
Functional
Vernacular

Formal Regions

“Uniform Regions”

Areas with common/uniform cultural and physical features.
Defined by government or administrative boundaries.

includes climate region

Functional Regions

"Nodal Regions" - Linked by functions influence - If function ceases to exist so does region. - disease - pizza delivery routes - Defined by places affected by movement

Vernacular Regions

- People's Perception - South - Middle East - Determined by people's beliefs, not by scientific measurement.

4 physical processes

- Air (atmospheric): climate & meteorology - Land (lithospheric): plate tectonics, erosion, soil formation - Water (hydrospheric): Circulation of oceans, hydrologic cycle - Animals (biosphere): plant & animal communities, ecosystems

7 main processes that shaped Earth's landforms & physical systems & features

1) plate tectonics 2) weathering 3) transportation 4) erosion 5) freezing & thawing 6) gravity 7) deposition

Weathering

Physical & chemical breakdown of rocks at or near the Earth's surface

Erosion

Rocks crack, fragment & crumble due to physical, chemical & biological interactions and become soil. - Soil is loosened and carried away - waves - streams - wind - mass movement - glaciers (glacier moraines, drumlins, finger lakes, I.e. Ice Age)

Plate Tetonics

-Movement in the Earth and forces that produce movement. -volcanoes -earthquakes

Cultural ecology

Interaction of people's culture and earth

Environmental Determinism

-Environment can overpower people and determine their culture and amount and direction of development * CONSIDERED "NOT POLITICALLY CORRECT"* - "Higher the civilization, higher the latitude"

Human-Cultural Determinism

Culture overpowers and shapes the environment. | -Environmentalist viewpoint.

Human-environment Interaction

Cycle of interaction between humans and the environment that is complex and tautological. *ENVIRONMENT SHAPES PEOPLE/PEOPLE SHAPE ENVIRONMENT*

Political Ecology

Multi-disciplinary How social & environmental change occurs in the context of power relations, social structures, economic issues, and human-environment interactions.

Maps

2D model of earth or a portion of the surface

Cartography

Process of mapmaking

Types of Maps

Political- political boundaries, states, cities, capitals, countries. Physical- landforms & bodies of water Thematic- climate, vegetation, population, density, historical trends, etc

Map properties | 4 of them

Shape- geometric shapes of objects on map. Size (area)- amount of space taken up by landforms or objects on map. Distance- represented distance between objects. Direction- degree of accuracy representing cardinal directions.

6 parts of a map

1) Title- Map's subject 2) Compass- Orient the map 3) Scale- Size chart 4) Labels- Explain map features 5) Key/Legend- What symbols mean 6) Contour lines- Elevation (closer together = steeper)

Latitude & Longitude

Latitude- (Parallel to equator) Longitude- Up down (perpendicular to equator)