Geography

Question 1

Positive correlation

Answer 1

When both variables increase or decrease at the same time

Question 2

Negative correlation

Answer 2

Occurs when one variable increases as the other decreases

Question 3

Ecosystem services

Answer 3

The processes and outputs that nature provide us with

Question 4

Provisioning services

Answer 4

The ability of humans to obtain natural products and raw materials from ecosystems that can be used by humans.
For example, oceans, fresh water, animals, plants and fuel

Question 5

Regulating services

Answer 5

Any benefit obtained from natural processes and functioning of ecosystems. Processes that absorb our waste adn regulate our environment to ensure their quality.
For example, climate, pollination, wetlands purifying water, fungi and bacteria decomposing waste.

Question 6

Support services

Answer 6

Services that relate to the functioning of a habitat which therefore can influence our survival.
For example, photosynthesis, the water cycle and nutrient cycles are the basis of ecosystems which allow us to support ourselves.

Question 7

Cultural services

Answer 7

Non - material benefits that people obtain from ecosystems.
For example, spirituality, cultural connection, knowledge and inspiration

Question 8

Natural causes of environmental change

Answer 8

A naturally occuring sequence of events that cause change in the environment

Question 9

Tectonic processes

Answer 9

Processes that occur within the earth. They create and destroy land through the movement of tectonic plates for example, volcanic processes

Question 10

Erosion processes

Answer 10

Processes that occur on the earth and modify the land.
They include fluvial (river), glacial, aeolian (wind) and mass movement.

Question 11

Atmospheric processes

Answer 11

Processes that occur above the Earth in the atmosphere. They create and control the weather, for example, the greenhouse effect

Question 12

Human caused environmental change

Answer 12

Human actions that cause changes in the environment
For example, vegetation clearance, damming and changing the course of rivers, applying fertilisers to soil, introducing exotic plants and animals, etc.

Question 13

Human centred world view

Answer 13

This means you believe that the environment is to be used to meet our wants and needs, humans are managers of the environment, economic growth is the most important thing, natural resources are only important if they have economic value and natural resources are only important if they have economic value.

Question 14

Earth centred world view

Answer 14

This means you believe that the environment doesn’t exist for human exploitation, the environment must be considered first and foremost before economic development and that the human race will not survive unless we intergrate our knowledge on how the environment sustains itslef into the way we think and act.

Question 15

Important factors for a human centred world view

Answer 15

Social factors, which include how the management of the environment will impact people, for example, will it cost jobs or affect their enjoyment of a place.
And economic factors, which include how management of the environment will impact on the economy, for example, will it cost or make money?

Question 16

Important factors for a earth centred world view

Answer 16

Environmental factors, for example, how will this impact flora and fauna, natural processes, ecosystems and the earth over short and long periods of time.

Question 17

What are coasts?

Answer 17

Coasts are natural systems consisting of landforms (beaches, dunes and cliffs) as well as biotic elements (aquatic and terrestrial plants and animals).

Question 18

Erosional landforms

Answer 18

Different ocean processes can create coastal landforms through erosion and weathering.
Two key ocean processes that create erosional landforms are destructive waves and ocean tides.

Question 19

Destructive waves

Answer 19

Waves are generated by winds out at sea which creates a swell. The larger the distance to the coast the greater potential height of the wave, especially in storm conditions.
Waves generated in storm conditions are called destructive waves.
Landform examples are leadlands and bays, cliffs, caves, arches, blowholes and stacks.

Question 20

Constructive waves

Answer 20

Waves that are generated in calm conditions are known as constructive waves, and these may build up sediments.
Sediments and sands from which beaches are formed come from materials eroded from cliffs and, more particularly, sediments brought down to the coast by rivers
Waves wash these sediments onto shallow sloping coastal platforms. As beaches are composed of soft materials, they are easily eroded in storms, but generally sands that are taken offshore will return when calmer conditions return and constructive waves can move the sediments back.

Question 21

Social impacts of erosion

Answer 21

Loss of beach for recreational purposes. There may be reduced dry sand areas for picnics, fishing and sunbathing, less space for safe swimming and disrupted wave patterns for surfing.
Compromised safe beach access. Erosion can cause unstable cliffs or sudden drop-offs which causes safety issues. Damage to car parks adn access roads can also limit ease of beach access and erosion may expose buried infrastructure or debris.
Loss of beach infrastructure. Staircases, ramps and paths may be undermined or damaged and this could particularly impact accessibility for eldery or differently abled people.

Question 22

Economic impacts of erosion

Answer 22

Significant costs for issues. Protection measures and their maintenance and monitoring, such as seawalls or offshore structure could involve substantial cost.
Risk to property values, as if erosion is thought to be a threat, property values could decrease.
Damage to assets and infrastructure. Sections of roads, carparks, public toilets and other buildings can be damaged. There can also be damage to utilities like water, gas and electricity.

Question 23

Environmental impacts of erosion

Answer 23

Changes to coastal habitats and ecosystems as erosion can lead to loss of dune systems, which are important habitats for native flora and fauna. Changes in beach profile may also affect nesting areas for birds.
Erosion can also create decreased beach cleanliness and reduction in coastal scenery.

Question 24

Groynes

Answer 24

Fence - like structures made of wood or rock. They’re built at a right angle to the coast to preventing the process of longshore drift, intead trapping sediment on the beach.

Question 25

Beach nourishment

Answer 25

A soft engineering approach that involves replacing sand on the beach that has been removed by erosion.