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Geography Flashcards

Revision

1
Q

What are the 4 world views?

A

Egocentric, anthropocentric, biocentric and ecocentric.

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2
Q

What are the two human centred world views?

A

Egocentric and anthroprocentric.

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3
Q

What is a human centred world view?

A

Views that are centred around the need to fulfil human/one’s needs.

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4
Q

What is a egocentric world view?

A

I am the most important creature and the importance of everything is dependent on how they support me and my lifestyle.

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5
Q

What is an anthropocentric world view?

A

Humans are the most important species on Earth, we are in charge of the Earth, we can use nature to support us and our lifestyle. e.g Capitalism, deforestation

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6
Q

What are the two earth centred world views?

A

Ecocentric and biocentric.

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7
Q

What is an earth centred world view?

A

Views that are centred around the need to support Earth and the natural world

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8
Q

What is an ecocentric world view?

A

We should do whatever we can to minimize our impact and preserve the Earth’s biodiversity, We are no more important than any other organism. e.g
Green houses, national parks

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9
Q

What is a biocentric world view?

A

We have a responsibility to use the Earth’s resources in a sustainable way,
Other species may be useful to us but they also have as much right to exist as we do. e.g Eco-friendly tourism

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10
Q

What does the Lorax film show?

A

The Lorax shows an understanding of environmental processes and interconnections essential for sustainable management of environments.

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11
Q

As shown in the Lorax what does having an egocentric and anthropocentric view lead to?

A

we can see that having a egocentric or anthropocentric view can lead to the creation of unsustainable business or processes that negatively impact both the environment and oneself

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12
Q

What does the onc-ler himself show?

A

The Once-ler is focused on profit, driven by an egocentric and anthropocentric view. He ignores the intrinsic value of the environment, leading to deforestation that harms both flora and fauna. His actions disrupt the ecosystem, ultimately harming his own business.

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13
Q

Thus, what does the film end up conveying?

A

Therefore, by switching to a biocentric view, one can still value out of the environment whilst still managing it sustainably E.g. The solar panel business has only become a more marketable product as the switch to a more earth centered view becomes more common.

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14
Q

Who are all the stakeholders in the Colorado case study?

A

Farmers, the Navajo people, State of Nevada and Arizona (Las Vegas), Management of the Hoover Dam + Southern Nevada Water Agency, State of Utah amnd Environmental Groups:

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15
Q

What is the problems for farmers?

A

The growing demand for food couple with the reduction in water volume causes severe water scarcity.

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16
Q

What is the issue for the Navajo people?

A

The Navajo people utilize the Virgin river for spiritual means, recreational enjoyment, and most importantly employment and the water scarcity impacts the tourism business and they want more say regarding water scarcity.

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17
Q

What is the issue for the management of the Hoover Dam + Southern Nevada Water Agency?

A

They need to provide water for basic human being, Production is down 13%
and Over 7% of the water has vanished

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18
Q

What is the issue for the State of Nevada and Arizona (Las Vegas)?

A

Driest place in America, Water conservation (recycles 93% of water) in Las Vegas, Water police in Vegas,
Removes unnecessary grass (to conserve water).

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19
Q

What is a possible solution for the State of Nevada and Arizona (Las Vegas)?

A

Desalination as a possible solution

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20
Q

What is the issue with Utah?

A

Water is being used to clean roads and water scarcity has become an issue as they have been overly reliant on the virgin river.

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21
Q

What are they planning?

A

They are planning on building huge pipeline from Colorado river to Utah.

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22
Q

What are the four S’s

A

Sources, sinks , spirituality and services

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23
Q

What are sources?

A

natural products human use for their use.

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24
Q

What are sinks?

A

The proccess in the environemnt which absorbs our waste

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25
Q

What are services?

A

The things done for us by the natural environment that doesn’t produce consumable resources (e.g. forests do photosynthesis)

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26
Q

What is spirituality?

A

The spiritual function for many people, whether it is related to inspiration, recreation, education, aesthetics, etc (e.g. Aboriginals have spiritual connections to the land)

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27
Q

What is the environment defined as?

A

The interrelationship between biotic and abiotic components

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28
Q

What is the hierachy of biotic components in the evnironment?

A

Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem

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29
Q

What does individual refer to?

A

Individual organisms

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30
Q

What does population refer to?

A

Group of same species that are living in the same area

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31
Q

What does communtiy refer to?

A

Interaction of varying populations of different species with one another

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32
Q

What does ecosystem refer to?

A

Biophysical interactions of both biotic and abiotic elements in the environment

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33
Q

What is the food chain?

A

the link between a single consumer and a single producer

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34
Q

What is a food web?

A

The links between all fauna/flora within an ecosystem

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35
Q

What does biodiveristy in an ecosystem mean?

A

variety of living organisms in a given area.

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36
Q

What happens if there is a loss of biodiversity?

A

The loss of biodiversity causes ecosystems to collapse and has serious consequences for humans and other living creatures.

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37
Q

What causes extinction of species?

A

Extinction of species is caused by a number of factors, however the ones we can control are caused by our exploitative actions of the environment.

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38
Q

What percentage of species are under threat?

A

36%

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39
Q

All water is in a constant cycle, transitining from?

A

One place to another

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40
Q

What percentage of ocean makes up all the water

A

97.45%

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41
Q

What percentage of ice-caps and glaciers?

A

2.15%

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42
Q

What percentage of water in the ground?

A

0.36

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43
Q

What percentage of rivers and lakes?

A

0.36

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44
Q

What does the geological cycle involve?

A

Geological cycle involves the storage and release of carbon in sinks, such as water and rock.

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45
Q

What does the biological cycle involve?

A

Biological cycle involves the carbon from photosynthesis and metabolism (respiration).

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46
Q

What are the two main cycles of carbon in the environment?

A

The biological cycle and the geological cycle.

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47
Q

How does human activity impact the carbon cycle?

A

Human activity speeds up the carbon cycle by releasing carbon from fossil fuels faster than it can be replenished, causing an imbalance.

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48
Q

What is the primary role of the nutrient cycle in ecosystems?

A

The nutrient cycle involves the movement and recycling of nutrients through the ecosystem, essential for sustaining life.

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49
Q

What is the significance of the oxygen cycle?

A

The oxygen cycle involves the processes of photosynthesis and respiration, crucial for maintaining breathable oxygen levels in the atmosphere.

50
Q

What does sustainability mean in the context of environmental health?

A

Sustainability ensures the ongoing capacity of the environment to support all living beings without compromising future generations.

51
Q

What is “ghost fishing”?

A

Ghost fishing refers to the unintended capture of marine species by abandoned fishing gear that continues to trap animals for years.

52
Q

How do ghost nets affect marine ecosystems?

A

Ghost nets can capture various marine species, leading to starvation or drowning, and disrupt local biodiversity.

53
Q

What is biomagnification?

A

Biomagnification is the process by which toxic substances accumulate in higher concentrations as they move up the food chain.

54
Q

Where is a common location for microplastics to be ingested by marine life?

A

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

55
Q

What are the UN’s sustainability goals related to oceans?

A

Goal 14 aims to preserve marine biodiversity and develop technologies to reduce ocean plastics by 90% by 2040.

56
Q

What is Bracenets and what do they do?

A

Bracenets is a company that collects abandoned fishing gear from oceans and transforms it into bracelets, using the proceeds to fund further collection efforts.

57
Q

What are examples of physical geography on the coast?

A

Fauna
Flora
Processes (erosion, weathering)
Landforms (Caves, headlands)

58
Q

What are examples of Human Geography on the Coast

A

Economic Activity/Industries at the coast
Coastal Management
Transport
Resources (food, minerals, energy)

59
Q

What are coasts mainly used for?

A

Resources
Settlement
Wildlife habitat
Industry
Tourism/Recreation
Transport

60
Q

What are the three major processes that affect the coast?

A

Erosion, Transportation, Deposition

Weathering also plays a role in breaking down the coast.

61
Q

What influences the size and energy of a wave?

A

The duration the wind has been blowing, the strength of the wind, how far the wave has traveled (the fetch)

These factors determine the wave’s impact on the coast.

62
Q

What is swash?

A

When a wave breaks on a beach and the water travels towards the beach

Swash generally deposits sand on the beach.

63
Q

What is backwash?

A

When the water from the waves starts to run back down the beach

Backwash erodes and pulls sediment towards the sea.

64
Q

True or False: Constructive waves are more powerful than destructive waves.

A

False

Constructive waves are less powerful and build up beaches.

65
Q

What conditions create destructive waves?

A

Stronger conditions, mostly occurring in winter, with powerful winds and long durations

Destructive waves tend to erode the coast.

66
Q

Name the four types of erosion.

A
  • Hydraulic action
  • Abrasion
  • Attrition
  • Solution

Each type of erosion has a unique mechanism of action.

67
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

When the waves crash into the base of the cliff forcing air and water into the cracks

This can lead to significant erosion of coastal cliffs.

68
Q

What is suspension in the context of transportation?

A

Small particles are carried in water, e.g., silts and clays

This often makes the water appear cloudy.

69
Q

Fill in the blank: The laying down of materials such as sand and pebbles transported by the sea is called _______.

A

Deposition

Deposition occurs when the sea slows down and loses energy.

70
Q

What is weathering?

A

Rocks that are decomposing in situ, or in place

Weathering does not involve the movement of water, ice, or wind around the rock.

71
Q

What are the categories of weathering?

A
  • Physical (mechanical)
  • Biological
  • Chemical

Each category involves different processes that break down rocks.

72
Q

What is freeze-thaw weathering?

A

Water collects in cracks of rocks, freezes, expands, and causes pressure, leading to rock breakdown

This process repeats over time, causing more extensive damage.

73
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

The movement of sediments along a coast by waves that approach at an angle

This process shapes coastal features over time.

74
Q

What landforms are formed by constructive waves?

A
  • Beaches
  • Sand dunes
  • Spits
  • Bars
  • Tombolos

These landforms are built up by sediment deposition.

75
Q

What is a spit?

A

A ridge of sand that extends out from the mainland across a bay

Spits are formed by the process of longshore drift.

76
Q

What are the two main types of rocks in geology?

A
  • Sedimentary Rocks
  • Igneous Rocks
  • Metamorphic Rocks

Each type of rock has distinct formation processes.

77
Q

What is lithification?

A

The process by which sediments compact under pressure and become solid rock

This is a key process in the formation of sedimentary rocks.

78
Q

What characterizes discordant coastlines?

A

Coast with many rock types

This can lead to varied erosion patterns.

79
Q

What is a sea stack?

A

A pillar of rock that has been cut off from a headland by coastal erosion

Sea stacks are a result of the erosional power of waves.

80
Q

What are the stages of a headland’s erosion?

A
  • Crack
  • Cave
  • Arch
  • Stack
  • Stump

Each stage represents a progression in erosion.

81
Q

What are hard engineering strategies in coastal management?

A
  • Sea walls
  • Groins
  • Breakwaters
  • Rock armor
  • Revetment

These strategies disrupt natural coastal processes.

82
Q

What is soft engineering in coastal management?

A

Management approaches that work with natural processes

Examples include beach nourishment and dune stabilization.

83
Q

What is the definition of climate change?

A

Long-term alterations in temperature and weather patterns, primarily due to human activities, especially fossil fuel combustion.

84
Q

What

A
85
Q

What is climate change?

A

Long-term alterations in temperature and weather patterns, primarily due to human activities, especially fossil fuel combustion.

86
Q

Define cultural groups.

A

Communities defined by shared beliefs, practices, languages, and traditions that influence their identity and social interactions.

87
Q

What does development refer to?

A

The process of economic, social, and political progress aimed at improving the quality of life and well-being in societies.

88
Q

What is the environment?

A

The surrounding conditions, including natural and built elements, that affect living organisms and ecosystems.

89
Q

Define food security.

A

The state of having reliable access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to maintain a healthy life.

90
Q

What is geographical data?

A

Information that describes the physical and human features of locations, often used for analysis and decision-making in spatial contexts.

91
Q

What does human well-being encompass?

A

A holistic measure of individuals’ quality of life, encompassing health, education, income, and overall life satisfaction.

92
Q

Define liveability.

A

A measure of how conducive an area is to comfortable and enjoyable living, considering factors like safety, amenities, and environmental quality.

93
Q

What is population?

A

The total number of individuals residing in a specific area, often studied in terms of demographics, density, and trends.

94
Q

What is spatial variation?

A

Differences in phenomena or characteristics across different geographical areas, often analyzed to understand patterns and relationships.

95
Q

Define urbanisation.

A

The increasing population shift from rural to urban areas, leading to the growth and expansion of cities.

96
Q

What is the significance of water?

A

A vital natural resource essential for all forms of life, used for drinking, agriculture, sanitation, and industry.

97
Q

What are physiological needs?

A

Basic survival needs, such as food, water, shelter, sleep, and warmth.

98
Q

What are safety needs?

A

Needs that focus on safety and security, including physical safety, financial stability, health, and well-being.

99
Q

What do love and belongingness needs involve?

A

Social relationships and emotional connections, including friendships, family, and intimate relationships.

100
Q

What are esteem needs?

A

The need for self-esteem and recognition from others, including feelings of accomplishment, respect, and confidence.

101
Q

Define self-actualization.

A

The highest level of needs where individuals seek personal growth, fulfillment, and the realization of their potential.

102
Q

What does GDP stand for?

A

Gross Domestic Product.

103
Q

What does GDP measure?

A

The total economic output of a country within a specific period, usually a year.

104
Q

What is the OECD?

A

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, an international organization promoting economic growth and stability.

105
Q

What does the HDI measure?

A

A composite index measuring a country’s overall development and well-being based on health, education, and standard of living.

106
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

The average number of years a person can expect to live based on current mortality rates.

107
Q

Define agriculture.

A

The practice of cultivating land, raising animals, and producing food, fiber, and other products.

108
Q

What does the local and national economy encompass?

A

Various economic indicators including level of debt, GDP, and GNI.

109
Q

What is democracy?

A

A system of government where citizens participate in decision-making.

110
Q

What is autocracy?

A

A system where one person or a small group holds power, often limiting individual freedoms and rights.

111
Q

How does education affect well-being?

A

It includes average years of schooling and gender disparities, influencing access and achievements.

112
Q

What is the significance of energy access?

A

Crucial for development, affecting quality of life and economic activity.

113
Q

What are gender inequalities?

A

Disparities in rights, opportunities, and treatment based on gender.

114
Q

Define infrastructure.

A

The physical systems and facilities necessary for a country’s economy to function.

115
Q

What are rights and freedoms?

A

Protection and recognition of rights for various groups, impacting societal well-being.

116
Q

What is poverty?

A

The state of having insufficient financial resources to meet basic living needs.

117
Q

What is social development?

A

Improvement of societal conditions, focusing on enhancing quality of life.

118
Q

What does the World Happiness Report do?

A

Ranks countries by their citizens’ reported levels of happiness.

119
Q

What is the Happy Planet Index (HPI)?

A

A measure that considers well-being, life expectancy, and ecological footprint.

120
Q

What is the unemployment rate?

A

The percentage of the labor force that is jobless and actively seeking employment.

121
Q

What are the main industries?

A

Sectors that dominate the economy, reflecting the employment landscape.

Revision (2 decks)

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