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Semestertest 2 > Geography > Flashcards

Geography Flashcards

1
Q

NIC

A

1960s, South Korea, Portugal

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2
Q

RIC

A

1980s-90s, Thailand, Chile

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3
Q

OPEC

A

Saudi Arabia, Venezuela

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4
Q

GNI

A

with FDI, output by resident producers, product taxes, income from abroad

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5
Q

GNP

A

Wealth produced by nationals of a country
In or outside of the country, excludes profit that’s sent away

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6
Q

GDP

A

without FDI,value of national output, income and expenditure

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7
Q

FDI

A

Investment by a company/ individual in business in another country

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8
Q

PPP

A

Purchasing power parity: difference of purchasing power at different locations - currency strength

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9
Q

HDI

A

0-1, 0.8<high, 0.5>low
(Gender) equality, political freedom, environmental sustainability, global perspective

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10
Q

Difference North, South and East, West

A

Sweden: north extreme climate
Italy: less developed in the South
Germany: East West difference

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11
Q

BRIC

A

Brasil, Russia, India, China

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12
Q

NATO

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation- 32 members

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13
Q

Fourth world

A

Population inside a country that experiences oppression and very different development to that of the country as a whole
Australia - Aborigine
New Zealand - Maori
Canada - First Nation

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14
Q

Forth World Problems

A

Feel excluded from society, culture may not be represented, lack of healthcare, lack of education, substance Apu abuse, challenge of diet, possible social protests

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15
Q

GDP measuring problems

A

Pollution, environmental degradation
Nuclear warheads
Weapons
Imprisonment
Quality of education, food and life
Happiness of the population
No measure of personal qualities
Measures demerit goods

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16
Q

Development characteristics of a country

A

Literacy rates
Percentage of people with access to free primary healthcare
Average income per person
Percentage of people with access to clean water
Percentage of malnourished people
Average life expectancy
Percent of people with access to primary education
The unemployment rates
The quality is not measured

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17
Q

Causes for LDC’s

A

GNI per Capita<1025$ per year
Human factors:
Exploitation through colonialism
Corruption due to an unstable government
Landlocked no coastline
Civil War

Physical factors:
Latitude
Climate
Lack of water

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18
Q

Exploitation

A

Cheap labour
FDI
Wealth versus health
Raw materials and resources
Unequal relationship
Balance of traits
The rich get richer, the poor get poorer

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19
Q

Causes for underdevelopment

A

Modernisation, Dependency

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20
Q

Modernisation

A

Lack of industrialisation
Imposition of western and capitalist values

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21
Q

Dependency

A

Exploitation of the periphery
Neo marxism
Holders of resources and processors of wealth
Imperialism
Inability to develop capital systems that manufacture

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22
Q

The circle

A

Periphery
Semi-periphery
Core - resources come in, goods come out

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23
Q

Rostow Model

A

Stages of Economic Growth
Please revise!!

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24
Q

Connection health & development

A

Health improves development, cause of poor health is often poverty - it’s the root

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25
Investment in health results in…
1. Improved health status 2. Enhanced Labor productivity 3. Improved educational attainment 4. Increased savings and investment 5. Fewer dependency ratio -> Improved economic growth
26
Health indicators
Affordable & quality healthcare Access to clean drinking water Improved levels of sanitation (toilets, sewers) Reduce levels of HIV (education) Reduce infant mortality Reduce poverty (living conditions & malnutrition) Improved conditions at birth
27
Uganda Doctors vs US
1:20000 vs. 1:182 & 1:130
28
Uganda Health Issues 1.
Alcohol (Waragi - War Gin) = moonshine Gin Highest per-capita consumption in the world Makes up 50% of family income
29
Uganda Health issues 2.
Maternal health 2015: 435:100k 2020: 284:100k
30
Uganda Health issues 3.
HIV/AIDS Every hour: 50 young women infected with HIV 60% of countries have laws to regulate HIV 22x more likely to have HIV when using drugs
31
Causes & consequences of HIV
Malnutrition due to poverty weakens immune syst. Orphaned children Discrimination of infected people Lack of education Sex industry workers Once one is sick: poorer and poorer Children have to take care of siblings -> no education, become unemployable
32
What does Malaria need in order to spread?
Mosquitoes (Vector) A host (human) The parasite (Plasmodium) Warm, humid climate for breeding Stagnant water sources Lack of control measure
33
What are symptoms of malaria?
Flu symptoms More extreme: Seizures & coma Difficulty breathing Anemia Organ failure Low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia)
34
How many & where are people at risk of Malaria?
3.3 billion Most in sub-Saharan Africa
35
How is Malaria spread?
Mosquito bites human Parasite attacks liver Gets into blood Next mosquito picks up parasite and spreads again Can also be transmitted in a pregnancy
36
Methods of Malaria control
Biological Physical Chemical
37
Biological Malaria Control
Embryo screening Genetical engineering Fungis to prevent mosquito spread Use of natural predators Remove plants that may provide a habitat
38
Physical Malaria Control
Mosquito nets/appropriate clothing Change environment Cut weed in which they lay eggs, fish can reach Drain stagnant water away Screens over doors & windows Cover cracks and gaps in walls and floor
39
Chemical malaria control
Acid kills mosquito and eggs Better medical treatment Kill parasite before it spreads DEET Use oil on surface of water to starve larvae’s of oxygen Spray Paris green on water or dark areas inside
40
Criticism on malaria control methods
Use of oil on water Burying waste Use of pesticides and insecticides on food,ecology and human health
41
Where can colonial control be?
The legal system Army/military control Ethnic cleansing The media Create a government Economy
42
Neo - Colonialism
A form of indirect control over developing countries, often by former colonies Less direct political control More economic control
43
Dependency theory
economic development of certain countries is conditioned by the external influences of more developed countries
44
Dependency Theory: trade
Raw material export prices in contrast with high prices developing countries have to pay for manufactured goods
45
Dependency Theory: FDI
Ownership & control Misuse of environment, poor wages & conditions Profits leave poor country & go back to host country
46
Dependency Theory: Aid
Charity Short-term: emergencies Long-term: development aid Tied & untied With strings attached How to repay?
47
Intermediate technology/appropriate technology
Transferred from rich to poor countries Labor intensive - creates workplaces Sustainable technology Knowledge of local people In harmony with local government
48
Dependency Theory: Debt relief
LEDCs took out huge loans in 1970s Wanted to use it for development projects Added interest makes debt bigger So large it could never be paid off Opportunity cost due to loan payments and not healthcare & education
49
Loans given to people in LEDSs to start a small business
Microfinance loans e.g. on wold vision Loan & training received Business grows & jobs are created Improved lives, loan is repaid
50
Nigerias Position
West Africa North: Niger East: Chad & Cameroon South: Gulf of Guinea West: Republic of Benin
51
History of Nigeria
Colonised by Britain 1884 for resources Process of self-government started 1953 Independence 1960 Democratic democratic federal republic 1999
52
Inequalities of development
Gender Nationality Religion Sexuality Ethnicity +income +age +health ->HIV/AIDS & Malaria
53
Gini coefficient
Between 0 and 1 Measures degree of inequality A/B from Lorenz curve
54
Globalisation definition
The process of increasing interconnectedness & interdependence among countries, primarily driven by advances in technology, trade & communication.
55
Technological Globalisation
Faster global transactions Instant communication Online businesses home office Tech companies: Google, Apple, Amazon
56
Economic Globalisation
Trade, investment, shared ideas Worlds economy more interdependant & interconnected Balance of trade Global supply chain FDI: BMW factory in China Migration for work & education
57
Cultural
Food culture Religion Sport Cultural homogenisation in Europe Consumption, culture, media
58
Political Globalisation
Beyond centrality of the nation state International organisations: EU,UN,NATO Transnational political movements for environment & human rights Global financial institutions Global inequalities
59
Environmental Globalisation
Any way in which a country could have an influence on the environment of another country with or without it being its own fault Pollution, cloud seeding, resource depletion Destruction of living space (Non) governmental organisations: WWF/carbon tax Natural disasters
60
Interdependence
Mutual reliance between two or more groups MNCs/TNCs depend on countries for resources & workforce
61
Globalisation and distance
Trade of goods Shipping & communication Distance shrinks as a barrier
62
Globalisation and space
Homogenisation of music, cuisine, culture etc. diffusion of products through FDI
63
Globalisation and time
Looses significance Communication & travel very fast Technology plays a key role Island communities isolated Longer for shorter distances - fast trains
64
Elements of trade
Volume: value Direction: primary trading partners Composition: balance of trade = development
65
Growth of TNCs
Horizontal & vertical integration, economies of scale Controlling costs to maximise profits Financial support from banks Improved transport & communication

Semestertest 2 (2 decks)

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