GEOGRAPHY Flashcards
How is an ox-bow lake formed?
In a meander, the water erodes the meander neck and soon cuts through. It starts flowing from the shorter route it has formed. The path it used to travel from before is now called an ox-bow lake. The ox-bow lake soon dries up, leaving a meander scar. The land in the middle is called the meander core.
How is the earth imaginarily divided?
Arctic circle at 66 ½° N, Tropic of Cancer at 23 ½°N, Equator at 0°, Tropic of Capricorn at 23 ½° S and Antartic circle at 66 ½° S.
Conflence
The main channel to which the tributaries join.
How is the earth imaginarily divided?
Arctic circle at 66 ½° N, Tropic of Cancer at 23 ½°N, Equator at 0°, Tropic of Capricorn at 23 ½° S and Antartic circle at 66 ½° S.
A drainage basin
The term used to describe the area that is drained by a river and its tributaries.
What is the equator?
The equator is an imaginary line that divides the earth in half.
What are the four capital cities of the countries in the UK?
London, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast.
What are the 4 countries in the UK?
England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
What is the highest mountain in the UK?
Ben nevis
What are the two big rivers in the UK?
Thames and Severn
Birth rates
The number of Births per 1000 of a population.
Death rates
The number of Deaths per 1000 of a population.
Life expectancy
The amount of years a person is expected to live in a country.
Infant mortality rate
Number of infants dying before their first birthday per 1000 live births per year
Fertility rates
The average number of children a woman is expected to have in her childbearing years.
Population distribution
Pattern of where people live.
Population density
The number of people per unit of an area (square kilometres).It is worked out by the number of people divided by the total area.
Overpopulated
When a country has too many people for the resources it has available to maintain a reasonable standard of living.
Migration
The movement of people from one place to another.
Standard of living
Refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material, goods and necessities available to a certain group of people in a certain geographic area.
Sparsely populated
Places that have only a few people living there.
Total population
The amount of people living in a country.
Natural increase
When the birth rate is greater than the death rate.
Natural decrease
When the death rate is greater than the birth rate.
Underpopulated
When a country does not have enough people to make sure of its resources available.
Densely populated
Places that are crowded.
What does the demographic transition model show?
Population change over time.
Youthful population
If a country has a high % of population below 15, then it has a youthful population
Youth
Are defined as those aged 15 or below in the population.
What is an ageing population
Are defined as those aged 65 or above in the population.
Why are many aged people in countries like Japan wanting to go to jail?
This is because they are not getting enough pensions due to the large amount of aged people and they do not have many people to look after them because 1 in 3 people choose NOT to get married or have children.
What is urbanisation?
Urbanisation is when a lot of people move from the countryside to the cityside at the same time either forcefully because of natural disasters or by choice in search for better opportunities.
Anatomy
the parts of a river basin
Tributary
Small streams that join the main channel.
Abrasion
the material being carried by the river hits the sides and beds of the channel, each impact breaking pieces of the bed and banks.
Attrition
Rocks and stones in the river bang against each other, chipping bits off so the rocks become more rounded and smaller.
Hydraulic action
Hydraulic action
Corrosion
Rocks such as chalk and limestone are dissolved in the river water and carried away as dissolved material.
Deposition
When a river slows down and no longer has the energy to carry the material it is transporting, It drops some of it.
Transportation
Movement of a material down a river.
Erosion
the wearing away of the banks and bed of the river by the power of the flowing water in the channel.
How does a waterfall form?
A waterfall is formed when hard rock lies on top of softer rock. The force of the water pushes the soft rock in which makes the hard rock unstable and unsupported. So, the hard rock collapses and the process continues. Soon, a valley is formed.
The upper course of the river
The upper course of the river has less water because it has just started. It often has more energy because of steep grounds and causes vertical erosion.
The middle course of the river
It has more water and runs off less steep land, so it moves slowly.
The lower course of the river
The lower course of the river has a lot of water and is deep. It moves slowly and often causes lateral erosion. Soon, the river joins the sea.
What is a meander?
When the water in a river flows in a curved path.
What is a meander neck?
The land between the upper and lower arm of the meander bend.
What do the contour lines on a map show?
How high or low the land is. The closer the contour lines, the steeper the land is.
What is a flood?
Flooding is an overflowing of water onto land that is usually dry.
What are the physical factors that can affect flooding?
What are the physical factors that can affect flooding?
Rock and soil type.
Amount of precipitation
Temperature
Steep sides
What are the human factors that can affect flooding?
Urbanisation
Deforestation
Evaporation
Water is heated by the Sun and turns into water vapour.
Condensation
Water vapour cools down and turns back to liquid water.
Precipitation
Any form of water falling from the sky.
Interception
When water is caught by plants before it reaches the ground while precipitation.
Transpiration
Water in plants being evaporated.
Surface storage
When water is stored on the grounds for ex. puddles, lakes, ponds etc.
Surface run-off
Water flowing over the surface of the ground.
Throughflow
Water flowing through the soil.
Infiltration
Water soaking from the surface into the soil.
Soil moisture
Water stored in the soil.
Percolation
Water soaking from the soil into the rocks below.
Groundwater
Water moving slowly through the rocks.
Groundwater storage
Water stored in the rocks.
Permeable
A material water can move through.
Impermeable
A material water cannot move through.
Secondary sector
People make or build things, often using raw materials from the primary sector for ex. factory workers, house builders, people constructing roads and railways etc.
Primary sector
Where people take things from land and sea for ex. farmers, fishermen, miners, oil workers, forestry workers etc. They often produce raw materials that other people process.
Tertiary sector
People provide services for other people for ex. Doctors, Nurses, Teachers, Actors etc.
Quaternary sector
People use their high-level expertise to help other sectors. For ex. they develop new types of medical treatment (scientists), or new technologies or help companies make financial decisions.
Arable farms
Where crops are grown e.g. Wheat and Barley
Mixed farms
Where crops are grown and cattle are kept.
Pastoral farms
Where animals are raised.
Market gardens
Where fruits, vegetables and flowers are grown.
Why is tourism important?
The circulation of money rises the economy. It also offers a lot of jobs.
Globalisation
The increase links between countries around the world.
TNC
A company that operates in many countries around the world.
What are the different continents?
Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antartica, Europe and Oceania.
What are the different oceans?
Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic and Southern ocean.
What is a v shaped valley?
The river transports the rocks downstream and the channel becomes wider and deeper creating a V-shaped valley between interlocking spurs.
Suspension
The small transport in the river are light enough to float in the water.
Solution
Material such as chalk and limestone dissolves in the water.
Saltation
Heavier rocks bounce on the bed of the river.
Traction
When the river is flowing over steep land and has a lot of energy, it makes the very heavy rocks roll on the bed of the river.
