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Geography 1120 Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Provide a brief history of Africville from its founding to destruction. Mention two specific historical processes by which people of African origin came to live in that region. Use the concepts of environmental racism and negative amenities, and explain how Africville illustrates the ways in which spatial boundaries reinforce social boundaries.

A

Africville was a black community located outside of Halifax. It was founded in the 1800s and destroyed in the 1960s. Many people of African origin came as black loyalists or by slavery through the underground rail round. As they arrived, they were given this land in Halifax and Nova Scotia. The community of Africville experienced environmental racism because he land that they were offered were near negative amenities like garbage dumps, a bone mill, a slaughterhouse, etc.. The ideas of white and black people were reinforced by spatial and social boundaries. Since the individuals of Africville were pushed to live on the outside, they were not offered services and were denied regular amenities which resulted in everyone living around them to think of them as scavengers. It created a perception that undesirable individuals should be living in undesirable areas.

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2
Q

Explain “the tragedy of the commons” thesis. What assumptions does this theory entail?

A

The destruction of renewable resources that are not privately owned, such as fisheries and forests. This theory assumes that all people are greedy, when the truth is that it was not always how people were.

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3
Q

Use the concepts of frontier mentality, capitalism, and rational choice theory to explain the
decimation of fish stocks in Atlantic Canada.

A

The land outside of European settlement was deemed as “free”. Everyone had access to the land and it was an unlimited opportunity for resource extraction. This idea resulted in the decline of Atlantic Cod because individuals had the mindset that they wanted to maximize their profits for self gain. Capitalism played a key role in this because it resulted in endless growth, individuals always wanted to have more in order to make a profit and once they ran out of fish, they assumed that they can go somewhere else to exploit.

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4
Q

What is “bycatch”?

A

the unwanted fish or marine creatures that are caught during commercial fishing, it is usually about 40%-90% of the catch. They are often just killed for no reason.

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5
Q

Do you think fish should be viewed as a resource, or as sentient beings deserving of rights and
protections? Can they be both? Explain your reasons for your answer.

A

I think fish should be viewed as both, in order to be a resource, they should be humanely caught without the destruction of the marine ecosystem. It should not be done with a frontier mentality as well as fish farms. It can be viewed as a resource for animals needing it to survive.

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6
Q

Explain the concept of “all my relations.”

A

it means that all living things are connected, to each other and to the Creator, the Higher Power. I cannot exist without you and you cannot exist without me. What I do affect you and others and what you do affects me. Everything we do has an effect on others and on our world.

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7
Q

List benefits and challenges associated with fish farms.

A 
Benefits:
- jobs are created
- affordable source of  meats
- short term economic benefits
Concerns:
- PCBs levels are 16x greater
- tonnes of waste dumped onto the ocean floor
- sea lice, parasites, feed lot diseases enter wild food chains
- lots of chemicals
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8
Q

List some similarities between fish and other animals such as dogs or humans.

A
  • feel pain
  • excellent long term memories
  • solve logistical problems
  • build structures
  • pass knowledge on to younger generations
  • develop lasting friendships
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9
Q

List 2 ways in which Atlantic Canada participated in the triangle (slave) trade.

A

Exports from Atlantic Canada were cod and timber, while imports were manufactured goods from England such as sugar and rum. The ships that transported the slaves were made out of timber and the sugar and rum were made by slaves. Most of the goods were made by slaves, but no one mentions them at all.

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10
Q

According to Dr. Joseph Mensah, what is the main source of racism faced by Black Canadians
today?

A

The history of blacks were never exposed in our school system. We were taught histories that dwell on the glorification of whites and other visible minorities.

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11
Q

Define environmental racism.

A

the disproportionate location of potentially hazardous sites or industries near low income, racialized populations and the working poor

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12
Q

Is Atlantic Canada experiencing a population boom or a population decline? What are 2 factors
behind this demographic shift?

A

Atlantic Canada is experiencing a population decline because there is a high unemployment rate and a strong-out migration, they hope for a better future in massive resource developments is stalled by low global prices.

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13
Q

In which year did Newfoundland join Canada?

A

1949

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14
Q

What happened to the Beothuk after Europeans arrived?

A

Their land was exploited, some were captured and sent to Europe as slaves, or were put on exhibit. They kept on getting pushed further away from their native groups due to colonialism and they had no immunity to illnesses that were brought in by the Europeans. They became extinct.

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15
Q

What is the source of the disagreement between Quebec and Newfoundland over the Lower
Churchill hydro project?

A

The 1969 Churchill Falls Agreement: Quebec didn’t accept the boundary that was offered to Newfoundland and it resulted in Quebec to benefit. Now for the new project, Newfoundland has to go through Quebec in order to reach the US and in order to do that, they trying to build an underwater and risky transmission system.

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16
Q

List 3 features of neoliberalism.

A
  • the human well being is best advanced through strong private property rights and free trade
  • the role of the state is to promote privatization
  • states should regulate economies as little as possible
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17
Q

Which region has Canada’s longest growing season?

A

Southern Ontario

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18
Q

Using examples from 2 different regions, explain the core-periphery theory.

A

Canada’s North is exploited by the Ottawa and has them make economic decisions about Arctic Drilling.
Large corporations are exploiting Alberta’s tar sands and the Indigenous populations get their land exploited as well as experience negative externalities.

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19
Q

In which Canadian province do residents feel a stronger attachment to their region than to Canada as a whole?

A

Quebec

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20
Q

What were the key features of the Quiet Revolution?

A

It wasn’t an armed uprising, it was the reaction to the English Canadian domination and Federalism. Quebec wanted economic independence and the government invested in francophone businesses. It led to Quebec becoming independent, the creation of the Parti Quebecois as well as Bill 101.

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21
Q

Explain the symbolic and material significance of HydroQuebec in the Quiet Revolution and
afterwards.

A

Material significance was that it led to economic development, employment and export strategy to the US while the symbolic significance was that it led to independence, ownership and that it was a big part of masters of our own house.

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22
Q

Which is the largest province in Canada?

A

Quebec

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23
Q

Which is the largest province in Canada?

A

Quebec or Nunavut?

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24
Q

Which is the largest province in Canada?

A

Quebec

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25
What are 'allophones’?
a term to identify those whose mother tongue is not English, French or one of the Aboriginal languages
26
List three major industries in Quebec.
manufacturing, agriculture and forestry, generation of electric power, mining, pulp and paper
27
What does Bombardier produce?
commercial jet aircrafts
28
Describe a major environmental issue in Quebec.
discharge of agricultural, industrial and mining wastes into the atmosphere
29
What is the dominant form of Christianity in Quebec? Which is the dominant form in the rest of Canada?
Quebec is Roman Catholic while the rest of Canada is just Christian.
30
Translate “maîtres chez nous” into English and explain its significance.
Masters of our own house, to bring Quebecers together behind nationalization and consolidation to create Hydro Quebec
31
Do governments have a responsibility to ensure the provision of clean drinking water on reserves? Why/not?
I think the government does have a responsibility to ensure clean drinking water to reserves because it is the governments duty to protect us as well as provide necessities to them. First Nation's have been through so much and the least the government can do is provide clean drinking water.
32
Is Quebec a “have” or a “have not” province?
"have"
33
According to Bone, “Northern Quebec’s geography is best suited as a resource frontier.” Do you agree? Why/why not? Be sure to explain “resource frontier” in your answer.
Resource Frontier refers to an area on the periphery which is being opened up for resource extraction. This term definitely suites the area, but the main population within the area is Indigenous and this would be better defined as colonialism. The core is dominating this area by exploiting their natural resources.
34
Define economic globalization.
Deepening and widening of trade and investment flows so that more places are becoming increasingly integrated into economic processes that operate beyond the scale of the locality, the region or the nation.
35
What was one key feature of Fordism?
a system of mass production that led to economic growth
36
List three drivers of economic globalization.
- cheap, fast transportation and communications - neoliberal economic policies - development of global capital markets
37
What are three key elements of free trade
- elimination of tariffs - creation of free trade zones - reduction or elimination of subsidies for local businesses so that overseas firms are more competitive
38
What does the acronym, NAFTA, stand for? What year was it signed? Who signed it (which countries)?
- North American Free Trade Agreement - 1994 - Mexico, USA and Mexico
39
Outline three effects that NAFTA had on Mexico.
- unemployment increased - productivity increased but labour costs decreased - gap between Mexico's poor and wealthy areas widened
40
Name the 5 Great Lakes.
HOMES | - Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie and Superior
41
Outline three effects that NAFTA had on Canada.
- productivity increased, wages decreased - unionized jobs disproportionately affected - increased consumer debt
42
List two ways in which the power of Canadian workers has declined since the 1970s.
- de-unionization | - offshoring of manufacturing jobs
43
How do the migrant workers in the film El Contrato illustrate the concept of the reserve army of labour?
The workers couldn't find work in Mexico, so they came to Canada. Since they are desperate for a job to support their families, they used to work under awful conditions for a low wage. If they speak up for their rights, they are often reminded that their jobs are easily replaceable.
44
What do the Mexican labourers in the film El Contrato contribute to Ontario? What are some of the challenges they face?
- workers often get homesick and miss their family - housing if awful, they are packed into small living spaces - awful working conditions, often overworked and they are not protected
45
Using examples from the film El Contrato, reflect on the uneven results of free trade & neoliberalism for Canada and Mexico.
- since neoliberalism encourages the state to create a good climate for businesses by lowering taxes as well as deregulation, the free trade agreement caused unemployment to increase in Mexico resulting in many to migrate to Canada or the states to look for work. Since they are already so vulnerable, they would often work under conditions that are great. Work 7 days a week, for 10 hours at only $7 an hour which results in increased productivity and lower wages.
46
List 3 crops grown in Ontario.
Soybeans, Corn and Wheat
47
n which two provinces does most manufacturing take place?
Ontario and Quebec
48
Which province has the largest population?
Ontario
49
Briefly describe one environmental challenge in Ontario
air pollution from vehicle exhaust. The number of vehicles are on the rise, but the numbers of efficient engines and electric cars are on the rise as well which has limited the increase of exhaust fumes
50
Outline the key elements of the Ipperwash and Caledonia disputes.
Ipperwash: land from Stoney Point was taken to serve as a military training camp. After the war, the land was supposed to be returned,, but the Department of National Defence kept it and trained cadets. After many protests and disputes, the land was given back in 2007. Caledonia: Six Nations reactivated the 1995 litigation, protesters began a demonstration to raise awareness about FN and they highlighted their claim in Caledonia. Henco wanted to develop a residential subdivision, but it was part of the Haldimand Tract.
51
Which country serves as Ontario’s main export market?
United States
52
Who was Jean Talon?
the first intendant of New France, and he wanted to convert a small area into a well-populated royal province. He had resources evaluated and encouraged farming to help the economy. He brought in many immigrants and soldiers and thought that the population would increase due to intermarriage with First Nation individuals and he offered rewards and penalties.
53
What is the Ring of Fire (in Ontario)?
mineralized belt in Northern Ontario and contains an estimated $60 billion worth of minerals. Contains North America's largest deposit of chromite
54
What is the Golden Horseshoe?
the most densely populated and industrialized region in Canada, it accounts for over 21% of the population of Canada and more than 55% of Ontario's population.
55
In which region are the Torngat Mountains?
Atlantic Canada; Newfound and Labrador
56
List the differences between a traditional family farm and contemporary agribusiness
``` Family Farm: - small scale - smaller numbers/area and many species - humans in close relationship with species Agribusiness: - large scale - GMOS - humans alienated from other species - animals live in very small cages ```
57
What was Descartes’ explanation for why OTH animals supposedly cannot feel pain?
Everything is made of matter, except the Mind, Body and Power. Humans have all three, but animals lack the mind part so they cannot feel pain.
58
Provide two reasons for believing that nonhuman animals can feel pain.
- behaviour in humans and animals when they are in pain is almost identical (guard the limb, vocalize, tremble) - anesthesia work the same in animals as in humans
59
What are two reasons for believing that nonhuman animals can feel think and feel emotion?
- every part of an animal functions like in a human, eyes to see, noses to smell, skin to feel - humans and many other animals have the same neurochemicals and antidepressants work the same way
60
What lies behind the weakening of Quebec’s textile manufacturing sector?
offshore of production to countries with lower labour costs
61
Use the concept of humanism to explain the treatment of animals on factory farms.
-
62
Use the concept of humanism to explain the treatment of animals on factory farms.
- Humanism is when humans think that they are more superior to other than life forms, this explains the treatment of animals on factory. The workers tend to forget that the animals have feelings and are aware of what is happening and they continue to beat them or put them in tiny cages as if they are nothing.
63
Define “speciesism.”
the exclusion of certain beings from the realm of moral concern merely on the basis of species, regardless of how similar they are to those who are included in the moral community
64
Who is Percy Schmeiser and why is his story important?
Canadian canola farmer who Monsanto successfully sued for patent violation after unlicensed canola was found growing on his farm. Massive corporation fighting for its intellectual property against a farmer fighting for traditional ways of farming. Seeds landed on his farm by accident.
65
What does “peak oil” mean?
Globally, the production of oil reached it's maximum rate after which production will gradually decline
66
What is the Makivik Corporation and what is its significance?
Means to rise up, an organization mandated to protect the rights, interests, and financial comprehensive Inuit land claim in Canada, and the more recent offshore Nunavik Inuit Land Claim Agreement from owning and operating large profitable business enterprises and generating jobs, etc
67
Drought is a serious environmental challenge in which region?
Western Canada
68
What is open pit mining? Drawing on examples from two Canadian regions, describe advantages and drawbacks of this method.
- a technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open area or pit. - Western Canada (Oil Sands) - The North (Colomac Mine) - more cost effective because more can be extracted more quickly, working conditions are safer because there is no risk of cave in - loss of ecosystem because open pit mining eliminates any biologic life at the surface as well as pollution and drainage issues
69
Why are farmers in Western Canada increasingly switching from wheat to canola?
- the plant is used to make canola oil which is in high demand, it is also easier to grow with a good turnover, it is now Canada's king crop
70
Approximately what proportion of land in BC is arable land?
Between 2%-5%
71
Describe one way in which globalization has affected mining industries in Atlantic Canada.
The high cost and technological challenges delayed full-scale exploitation. The price of oil also fluctuates and can be unpredictable. There also has been a reduction of jobs because communities tend to reply on a single resourced-based economy.
72
Explain what “political ecology” means. Choose one of the following contexts and explain how it illustrates the concept: tar sands, factory farms, hydroelectric dams, forestry, mining.
All political projects are environmental and all environmental projects are political. Factory Farming has to be the way that it is in order to supply the demand of meat for our population, but if workers deliberately kill animals in order to keep prices high. We end up paying the cost in other ways by eating hormone/chemical injected meat, the workers getting sick and the animals being treated horribly for no reason.
73
How do factory farms illustrate the concept of externality?
The concept of externality is the effects of a transaction between two parties on a third party who is not involved in the transaction. The environment has to pay the cost by livestock waste entering waterways, interrupting ecosystems as well as releasing methane and CO2 into our atmosphere which increases global warming.
74
The reduction in the number of farms and the accompanying increase in the size of farms illustrates the concept of ____________________.
consolidation
75
List two of the major crops grown in Western Canada.
canola, pulse crops (peas and lentils) or speciality crops (buckwheat, herbs)
76
What are some challenges facing the forestry industries in BC & Quebec?
- more individuals are turning towards a paper free society where they using the internet or their electronics to read books or write notes. this is leading the decline in demand as well as jobs.
77
What is the fundamental underlying idea of humanism?
that humans are separate from and superior to other life forms, and only humans have moral value
78
What is one problem with using “rationality” as the defining feature of humans?
assumes that all humans are naturally rational actors as well as selfish, but not everyone is like that and it also neglects how rational action is culturally defined
79
List three products that involve oil in their production.
Tampons, Umbrellas and Clothes
80
Which region has the highest proportion of Indigenous people?
The North
81
Discuss the implications of offshore oil drilling for Atlantic Canada – what are the benefits and drawbacks of this economic activity?
they general employment, boost local businesses, develop/promote education and training it is also very expensive because of the weather associated within the area along with it being in very deep waters, it also may have an impact on the ocean environment if an ocean spill takes places as well as the extraction of oil. The ecosystem can be disrupted by the transportation of this oil.
82
What is fracking (hydraulic fracturing)? What are some negative effects of fracking? Does it make sense to use this process in the prairies – why/why not?
the process of injecting liquid at high pressure into subterranean rocks to force open existing fissures and extract oil or gas. Air and water pollution, increases potential for oil spills, harm the soil and surround vegetation, may cause earthquakes due to the high pressure used.
83
Considering megaprojects in the North, what are two negative externalities?
- wildlife habitats may be destructed, many are changing migratory paths and the can harm the indigenous populations as they have a close relationship with the land and animals. Won't be able to hunt.
84
Define “imagined geographies.” Who coined the term?
the perception of particular spaces/places created through certain images, texts or discourses Edward Said
85
Which province is known for exporting potash?
Saskatchewan
86
Describe one long lasting impact of forced relocation on Inuit communities.
high prices of food and living even though they were forced to relocate. They had to learn to live a new way of life and the government often didn't come back to check on them.
87
Why were treaties signed in the North relatively late compared to other regions?
Colonizers didn't find the North to be valuable land until they discovered the vast amount of oil exploration.
88
In which year was the Territory of Nunavut formed?
1999
89
What are two concerns related to global warming in the North?
the warming of the land and waters, rise of sea level
90
How are the West and the East (the Rest) defined in Orientalist thought?
The west in defined as more modern, progressive, scientific and civilized as the the rest/east are defined as traditional, backwards, superstitious and barbaric
91
Briefly, what does the “imperial gaze” refer to? How did the film Qallunaat! reverse the gaze?
The imperial gaze refers to the colonizers perspective of the colonized, the observed find themselves and their lands defined in terms of the privileged observer's set of values and preferences. Qallunaat reversed the gaze by treating those who colonized them as the ones who were being colonized. They studied them and also gave them identification numbers. They also created myths about them smelling and holes in their skin.
92
List 2 materials that are mined in the North.
Diamond and Oil
93
Why is non-renewable resource development associated with boom-and-bust economic cycles?
Once you find an area that has non-renewable resources, they will go into that area and extract all the possible materials that they can. This results in a huge boom cycle where the price of those resources are expensive as they are deemed non-renewable. Once that area has been fully extracted and there is nothing left, they often move to a different area to do that same thing. In between the lull of finding another area, the bust cycle occurs.
94
What is the aurora borealis more commonly known as?
Northern Lights
95
What is the albedo effect? What is its relevance for global warming?
The proportion of solar radiation reflected from the earth's surface back into the atmosphere. The warming of the land and water leads to the reduction of ice and snow cover. This results in more darker water regions to be exposed and since darker areas absorb more sunlight, it warms up the area resulting in more sea ice to be reduced.
96
What is the albedo effect? What is its relevance for global warming?
The proportion of solar radiation reflected from the earth's surface back into the atmosphere. The warming of the land and water leads to the reduction of ice and snow cover. This results in more darker water regions to be exposed and since darker areas absorb more sunlight, it warms up the area resulting in more sea ice to be reduced.
97
Define “natural resource.”
A socially constructed way of viewing the nonhuman world in terms of human wants, including profit, that varies over time and space, and culture.
98
List 3 plant behaviours.
Communication Cooperation Learning and remembering
99
What is one implication of acknowledging plant intelligence?
They are able to recognize their kin in a forest after they have spread their seedling. They also will provide extra nutrients to them rather than other plants.
100
What does “commodification of nature” mean? Provide an example
the process by which goods and services not produced for sale are converted into an exchange. the cutting down of old growth forest is an example.
101
Can plants learn and remember?
Yes, for example, tomatoes can release certain hormones from past experiences that can help protect them from predators.
102
What is controversial about the Muskrat Falls Dam?
In order to create dams, these hydro projects have involved the flooding of Indigenous lands and the decaying of submerged vegetation that produces methylmercury. First Nations individuals were not taken into consideration when the agreement was made, which resulted in a number of protests.
103
Provide one piece of evidence to demonstrate altruism in plants.
A study that was shown in our class, a number of plants were using the same pots of water to hydrate themselves. When one plant was cut off from the water supply, all of the other plants worked together in order to help the other plants as well as themselves.
104
Do most of the mountain ranges in BC run north-south or east-west? What effect does this physiography have on some BC residents’ feeling of belonging to the rest of Canada?
North-south - The mountain range is separating BC from the rest of Canada which results in the feeling that we are one. They have a strong regional identity rather than a strong national identity.
105
What are BC’s 4 main exports?
Coal/Copper, Lumber, Pulp/Paper/Paper Products/ Oil and Gas Extraction/ Atlantic Salmon
106
What are two environmental challenges in BC?
Logging of old-growth forests and the environmental impacts, as well as mining, which creates hazardous tailing ponds. Pipelines are also a challenge.
107
In which year was the CPR line completed?
1885
108
Why does manufacturing/industrialization play a relatively small role in BC’s economy?
The decline in manufacturing decreased which led to the decline of the province's economy.
109
To which country does BC export the most products?
United States
110
Which crop is PEI most known for?
Potatoes
111
What are some major challenges facing Indigenous people in Northern Canada?
High Mortality Rate because of poverty, overcrowding and high homelessness. High risks of TB due to poverty. Food Insecurity. Not having access to clean water. Permafrost degrading their homes
112
List 3 factors that underlie the decimation of salmon populations in BC.
overexploitation of fish, there is no regulation for salmon fisheries, just advice. Also can't regulate salmon stocks because the salmon migrate to American waters.
113
Name two of the major coniferous species of tree in BC.
Spruce and Doulgas Fir
114
Why don’t people in the North benefit much from megaprojects? Use specific examples to illustrate your answer.
Most megaprojects don't occur in hinterlands which is where most of the people in the north live. They also focus on non-renewable resources which results in a short-tern economic boom. Once the project is done, they often have to deal with the environmental aftermath that takes place.
115
What are two problems associated with clear cut logging?
- destroys the physical habitats of many species of wildlife | - increases soil erosion by water run off
116
What percent of BC residents live in the Lower Mainland?
close to 60%
117
Explain the key features of the ongoing softwood lumber tariff dispute with the US.
- Over the years, US sought to reduce the volume of Canada softwood lumber imports because such importer affect American producers. Canadian softwood is valued by American workers and is often more cheap. - Lumber Agreement negotiations demanded that no more than 22% can make up the US softwood market from 30%. - This would have a drastic impact on the BC forestry industry and many small industries.
118
What are negative amenities?
A facility or a place that is not deemed desirable. A garbage dump, pollution from factories, highways.
119
Explain the purpose of Bill 101 (Quebec).
The law in Quebec defining French as the language of the majority of the population, as the official language of the provincial government.
120
In which economic sector (primary, secondary, tertiary) do most people in Western Canada work?
Tertiary (oil sands)
121
Explain what the Meech Lake Accord was and why it failed.
An agreement between the federal government and provincial governments to amend the Constitution for strengthening provincial powers and declaring Quebec a "distant society". It failed because Elijah Harper withheld his vote.
122
Compare the promises and the realities of the JBNQA
``` Promises: - land claims were supposed settled - 1.3% could still be flooded - 98.7% development - Cree got cash compensation, but not much. - Flora and Fauna would not be affected. Realities: - flooding - mercury contamination - plants and animal killed ```
123
Why are Canada and other countries so keen to claim the Arctic as their own?
The ice is melting which is leading to new shipping lanes, more inaccessible reserves of oil, gas and minerals. Last continent that remains free of pollution and extensive human habitation, interests countries for a variety of scientific and strategic reasons, lots of minerals,

Geography 1120 (1 decks)

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