geography Flashcards
A stock or supply of something that has value or purpose
resources
the three most important resources
food, water and energy
what area of Africa has the highest number of people with not enough food
subsaharan
what are the two categories of water scarcity
physical and economic
what do LIC/NEEs mainly use water for
agriculture
what percent of food does the UK import
40%
What type of farming doesn’t use chemicals?
organic farming
give an example of agribusiness
Lynford house farm
give an example of organic farming
Travascus farm
where is the Thar Desert located
border of North West India and Pakistan
what is the soil like in the Thar Desert
infertile, dry and sandy
how many people visit the Thar Desert every year
tens of thousands, mainly from Pakistan
what are the four opportunities in the Thar Desert
mineral extraction
tourism
energy
farming
what is our hot desert case study
Thar Desert
give 4 types of energy the Thar Desert has high potential for
coal
oil
wind
solar
Thar Desert population
50 million
canal in Thar Desert
Indira Ghandi Canal
what is the purpose for the Indira Ghandi Canal
to help irrigation
what was established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers
Pacifying Police Units
how many power lines have been installed in Rio
60 km
how many people living in favelas has mains water supply
95%
how have authorities improved access to education in favelas
built universities
in the favelas, how many diseases could medical staff detect from going into people’s homes
20
life expectancy in west of Rio
45 years
life expectancy in south of Rio
80
how many children in Rio continue education past 14
less than half
what percent of Rio’s water loss is due to leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access
37%
what are the main ways water gets lost in Rio
leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access
what is a big problem in relation to crime in Rio
drug gangs
what is the name of the economy most people work in (in Rio/favelas)
informal
what has been done in Rio to coast roads to improve congestion
made them one way
how many sewage works have been built in Rio recently
7
Give an environmental problem for Rio
water pollution
What is the key term for increase in proportion of population that live in towns/cities
rural to urban migration
when people move from the countryside to towns/cities
urbanisation
how many people need to live in a city to be called a megacity
10 million
give one reason why Rio is regionally important
cultural capital of Brazil
what percent of Brazil’s GDP does Rio produce in industry
5%
give one reason why Rio is globally important
christ redeemer wonder of the world
what is the biggest category of migrant that moves to Rio
economic
what percent of Brazil’s employment is in Rio
6%
what is the name of the project aimed to improve favelas in Rio
Bairro
what is our example of a favela the local authority worked with
Roccina
what type of mortgage was made available in Roccina
100%
what was done to the hillsides in Roccina
stabilised them
what were Roccina residents given access to
clean drinking water
give a negative to the Bairro project
lack of skills to upkeep
what’s the name of the movement of air around earth
global atmospheric circulation
the pressure when air rises
low
the pressure when air sinks
high
the name of the cell between the tropics and the equator
hadley
where are the Hadley cells
between the tropics and the equator
the name of the winds in the Hadley cell
trade
what type of rainfall is at the equator
convectional
the name of the effect of the movement of earth on winds
Coriolis effect
what’s found at the centre of a hurricane
eye
climate change’s effect on tropical storms
more powerful
what category was typhoon haiyan
5
how many people died typhoon Haiyan kill
6300
how many people were affected by typhoon haiyan
14 million
how many evacuation centres were set up in typhoon haiyan
1200
one cause of the Somerset floods
storm surge
how many houses were flooded due to Somerset floods
600
what was the estimated cost of damage due to Somerset flood
10 million
how much of the river was dredged after the Somerset flood
8 km
what is the evidence of the UK’s weather becoming more extreme
increased flooding
what is the UK weather system driven by
the jet stream
the time in history when a large proportion of the world was frozen
glacial
the time between each glacial
interglacial
give one piece of evidence for climate change
rising sea level
give one piece of historic evidence for climate change
ice caps melting
what’s the name for orbital changes influencing climate
milankovitch cycles
when every 100,000 years the orbit changes from a circle to an oval and back again
eccentricity
when every 41,000 years the tilt of the earth’s axis moves back and forth
axial tilt
when over 26,000 years the earth’s axis wobbles
precession
dark patches on the sun
sun spots
what tectonic landform impacts climate change
volcanoes
name a greenhouse gas
pretty easy
key term for climate change
enhanced greenhouse effect
which wave radiation gets trapped in the atmosphere
long
a method of capturing CO2
carbon capture
when was the Paris agreement
2015
give one way we can adapt to climate change in agriculture
drought resistant crops
when bands of hard rock interlock bands of soft rock at right angles to the coast
disconcordant coastline
what type of beach is formed on a high energy coast
pebble
what are the first dunes called formed around obstacles
embryo
once dunes are stabilised by vegetation, what are they called
grey
when rocks break away from a cliff, usually due to freeze-thaw
rock fall
slump of saturated soil and weak rock fall along a curved surface
rotational slip
When rocks break down due to chemical change
chemical weathering
rainwater absorbs CO2 becoming acidic
carbonation
the movement of sediment in the direction of the prevailing wind
longshore drift
how much do sea walls cost
£5-10,000 per metre
rock/timber at right angles to the coast
Groyne
what do groins do
stop longshore drift to build up a beach
how much do groynes cost
£150,000 every 200 metres
piles of large boulders at the foot of the cliff
rock armour
how much does rock armour cost
£200,000 per 100 metres
what is the problem at the Lyme Regis coast
fast erosion
how much did the Lyme Regis management scheme cost
£43 million
what % of the UK’s water supply is used domestically
50%
how does the environmental agency manage water
filtering the water
give one way groundwater sources can become polluted
leaching from mines
what is it called when we transfer water from place to another
transfer
why has energy consumption in the UK fallen
decline in industry (importing from other countries)
how much energy did the UK aim to be from renewables by 2020
15%
How much of the UK’s oil and gas reserves been used up
75%
relying on importing energy affects our energy …
security
give one reason fossil fuels continue to be important
easy to get
an economic impact of nuclear energy
expensive (to build and run)
an environmental impact of nuclear energy
radioactive waste
an economic impact of wind farms
construction costs
2 environmental impacts of wind farms
Habitat destruction, uses a lot of land
in 1990 almost 3/4 of the UK’s energy came from …
coal
what are two sources of water in the Thar Desert
natural / manmade ponds
rivers
three challenges for development in the Thar Desert
temperature
water
inaccessibility
impacts of lack of road development in the Thar Desert
hard to get to work and trade
give a form of water management in the Thar Desert
earth dams
how can earth dams stop desertification
the water can be used to irrigate crops
what does irrigation mean
agricultural term for watering crops
what is meant by appropriate technology
the technology that people in an area can realistically use
what temperatures can the Thar Desert reach
over 40°C
three ways afforestation can stop desertification
Roots stabilise soil
Leaves fall onto the ground for decomposers and creates nutrients in soil
Transpiration creates precipitation
two reasons for water shortages in the Thar Desert
high rates of evaporation
population increase
problems with getting water from underground
salty and not good quality
What is the population of Rio
6.5 million people live in the city and 13.5 million live in the outskirts
What are Rio’s main sevice industries
Banking, finance and insurance
What does Rio’s major port export
Coffee, sugar and iron
Why has Rio’s population grown
Migration
What is the bay called that Rio is built around
Guanabara Bay
Where do Rio’s migrants come from
Other south american countries (named) and skilled workers from the UK and US
What’s happened to Rio in the last 50 years
Rapid growth due to industry, commerce and tourism
What impacts have migrants had to Rio
Larger, more skilled wirkforce
When did Rio host the world cup and olympic games
2014; 2016
What is the capital if Brazil since 1960
Brasilia
What are the 5 categories of social challenges in Rio
Water Energy Healthcare Education Crime
Healthcare challenges in Rio
Only 55% of people have a local clinic
3 education challenges in Rio
A shortage of nearby schools
Poor families can’t afford school
Education compulsory until 14 mean many children drop out to work
In 1998, what was a water challenge in Rio?
In 1998, 12% didn’t have access to tap water
Energy challenges in Rio
Many people living in poorer parts access electricity illegally which is unsafe
What crimes are committed in Rio
Powerful gangs control drug trafficking and murder and kidnapping occour regularly
How many ports and airports are in Rio
5 ports and 3 airports
What is it called when more water is pumped out of the ground than is replaced?
Over abstraction
Two factors affecting water availability
Climate and transportation
A disease caused by contaminated water
Cholera
An impact of having to walk to get to water
People can’t to work or school in that time
Where is the river ganges
Starts to west of Nepal in India and goes into Bangladesh
How much raw sewege enters the river Ganges each day
1 billion litres
How much untreated water do factories release in the River Ganges per day
200 million litres
How much water is used for agriculture globally
70%
The River Nile is going to be reduced by how much by 2100
90%
How much of Egypt’s food does it import
60%
How much has water shortages costed China’s industry
$40 billion
What is it called when countries fall out over water
Water conflict
How many countries does the Nile flow through
8
Give 2 Nepal earthquake primary effects
9,000 died and 8 million affected
$5 Billion in damages
Give 2 Nepal earthquake secondary effects
Tourism badly affected
Landslide blocked Kali Gandaki river near capital
Location of Nepal earthquake
80 km North West of capital
Give 3 Chile earthquake primary effects
500 killed, 800 thousand affected
$30 Billion in damages
Santiago airport badly damaged
Give 2 Chile earthquake secondary effects
1500km of road destroyed
Fire at chemical plant in Santiago
