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calss 01 > geography > Flashcards

geography Flashcards

1
Q

A stock or supply of something that has value or purpose

A

resources

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2
Q

the three most important resources

A

food, water and energy

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3
Q

what area of Africa has the highest number of people with not enough food

A

subsaharan

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4
Q

what are the two categories of water scarcity

A

physical and economic

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5
Q

what do LIC/NEEs mainly use water for

A

agriculture

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6
Q

what percent of food does the UK import

A

40%

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7
Q

What type of farming doesn’t use chemicals?

A

organic farming

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8
Q

give an example of agribusiness

A

Lynford house farm

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9
Q

give an example of organic farming

A

Travascus farm

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10
Q

where is the Thar Desert located

A

border of North West India and Pakistan

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11
Q

what is the soil like in the Thar Desert

A

infertile, dry and sandy

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12
Q

how many people visit the Thar Desert every year

A

tens of thousands, mainly from Pakistan

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13
Q

what are the four opportunities in the Thar Desert

A

mineral extraction
tourism
energy
farming

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14
Q

what is our hot desert case study

A

Thar Desert

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15
Q

give 4 types of energy the Thar Desert has high potential for

A

coal
oil
wind
solar

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16
Q

Thar Desert population

A

50 million

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17
Q

canal in Thar Desert

A

Indira Ghandi Canal

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18
Q

what is the purpose for the Indira Ghandi Canal

A

to help irrigation

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19
Q

what was established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers

A

Pacifying Police Units

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20
Q

how many power lines have been installed in Rio

A

60 km

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21
Q

how many people living in favelas has mains water supply

A

95%

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22
Q

how have authorities improved access to education in favelas

A

built universities

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23
Q

in the favelas, how many diseases could medical staff detect from going into people’s homes

A

20

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24
Q

life expectancy in west of Rio

A

45 years

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25
Q

life expectancy in south of Rio

A

80

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26
Q

how many children in Rio continue education past 14

A

less than half

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27
Q

what percent of Rio’s water loss is due to leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access

A

37%

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28
Q

what are the main ways water gets lost in Rio

A

leaky pipes, fraud and illegal access

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29
Q

what is a big problem in relation to crime in Rio

A

drug gangs

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30
Q

what is the name of the economy most people work in (in Rio/favelas)

A

informal

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31
Q

what has been done in Rio to coast roads to improve congestion

A

made them one way

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32
Q

how many sewage works have been built in Rio recently

A

7

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33
Q

Give an environmental problem for Rio

A

water pollution

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34
Q

What is the key term for increase in proportion of population that live in towns/cities

A

rural to urban migration

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35
Q

when people move from the countryside to towns/cities

A

urbanisation

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36
Q

how many people need to live in a city to be called a megacity

A

10 million

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37
Q

give one reason why Rio is regionally important

A

cultural capital of Brazil

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38
Q

what percent of Brazil’s GDP does Rio produce in industry

A

5%

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39
Q

give one reason why Rio is globally important

A

christ redeemer wonder of the world

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40
Q

what is the biggest category of migrant that moves to Rio

A

economic

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41
Q

what percent of Brazil’s employment is in Rio

A

6%

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42
Q

what is the name of the project aimed to improve favelas in Rio

A

Bairro

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43
Q

what is our example of a favela the local authority worked with

A

Roccina

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44
Q

what type of mortgage was made available in Roccina

A

100%

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45
Q

what was done to the hillsides in Roccina

A

stabilised them

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46
Q

what were Roccina residents given access to

A

clean drinking water

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47
Q

give a negative to the Bairro project

A

lack of skills to upkeep

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48
Q

what’s the name of the movement of air around earth

A

global atmospheric circulation

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49
Q

the pressure when air rises

A

low

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50
Q

the pressure when air sinks

A

high

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51
Q

the name of the cell between the tropics and the equator

A

hadley

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52
Q

where are the Hadley cells

A

between the tropics and the equator

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53
Q

the name of the winds in the Hadley cell

A

trade

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54
Q

what type of rainfall is at the equator

A

convectional

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55
Q

the name of the effect of the movement of earth on winds

A

Coriolis effect

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56
Q

what’s found at the centre of a hurricane

A

eye

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57
Q

climate change’s effect on tropical storms

A

more powerful

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58
Q

what category was typhoon haiyan

A

5

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59
Q

how many people died typhoon Haiyan kill

A

6300

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60
Q

how many people were affected by typhoon haiyan

A

14 million

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61
Q

how many evacuation centres were set up in typhoon haiyan

A

1200

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62
Q

one cause of the Somerset floods

A

storm surge

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63
Q

how many houses were flooded due to Somerset floods

A

600

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64
Q

what was the estimated cost of damage due to Somerset flood

A

10 million

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65
Q

how much of the river was dredged after the Somerset flood

A

8 km

66
Q

what is the evidence of the UK’s weather becoming more extreme

A

increased flooding

67
Q

what is the UK weather system driven by

A

the jet stream

68
Q

the time in history when a large proportion of the world was frozen

A

glacial

69
Q

the time between each glacial

A

interglacial

70
Q

give one piece of evidence for climate change

A

rising sea level

71
Q

give one piece of historic evidence for climate change

A

ice caps melting

72
Q

what’s the name for orbital changes influencing climate

A

milankovitch cycles

73
Q

when every 100,000 years the orbit changes from a circle to an oval and back again

A

eccentricity

74
Q

when every 41,000 years the tilt of the earth’s axis moves back and forth

A

axial tilt

75
Q

when over 26,000 years the earth’s axis wobbles

A

precession

76
Q

dark patches on the sun

A

sun spots

77
Q

what tectonic landform impacts climate change

A

volcanoes

78
Q

name a greenhouse gas

A

pretty easy

79
Q

key term for climate change

A

enhanced greenhouse effect

80
Q

which wave radiation gets trapped in the atmosphere

A

long

81
Q

a method of capturing CO2

A

carbon capture

82
Q

when was the Paris agreement

A

2015

83
Q

give one way we can adapt to climate change in agriculture

A

drought resistant crops

84
Q

when bands of hard rock interlock bands of soft rock at right angles to the coast

A

disconcordant coastline

85
Q

what type of beach is formed on a high energy coast

A

pebble

86
Q

what are the first dunes called formed around obstacles

A

embryo

87
Q

once dunes are stabilised by vegetation, what are they called

A

grey

88
Q

when rocks break away from a cliff, usually due to freeze-thaw

A

rock fall

89
Q

slump of saturated soil and weak rock fall along a curved surface

A

rotational slip

90
Q

When rocks break down due to chemical change

A

chemical weathering

91
Q

rainwater absorbs CO2 becoming acidic

A

carbonation

92
Q

the movement of sediment in the direction of the prevailing wind

A

longshore drift

93
Q

how much do sea walls cost

A

£5-10,000 per metre

94
Q

rock/timber at right angles to the coast

A

Groyne

95
Q

what do groins do

A

stop longshore drift to build up a beach

96
Q

how much do groynes cost

A

£150,000 every 200 metres

97
Q

piles of large boulders at the foot of the cliff

A

rock armour

98
Q

how much does rock armour cost

A

£200,000 per 100 metres

99
Q

what is the problem at the Lyme Regis coast

A

fast erosion

100
Q

how much did the Lyme Regis management scheme cost

A

£43 million

101
Q

what % of the UK’s water supply is used domestically

A

50%

102
Q

how does the environmental agency manage water

A

filtering the water

103
Q

give one way groundwater sources can become polluted

A

leaching from mines

104
Q

what is it called when we transfer water from place to another

A

transfer

105
Q

why has energy consumption in the UK fallen

A

decline in industry (importing from other countries)

106
Q

how much energy did the UK aim to be from renewables by 2020

A

15%

107
Q

How much of the UK’s oil and gas reserves been used up

A

75%

108
Q

relying on importing energy affects our energy …

A

security

109
Q

give one reason fossil fuels continue to be important

A

easy to get

110
Q

an economic impact of nuclear energy

A

expensive (to build and run)

111
Q

an environmental impact of nuclear energy

A

radioactive waste

112
Q

an economic impact of wind farms

A

construction costs

113
Q

2 environmental impacts of wind farms

A

Habitat destruction, uses a lot of land

114
Q

in 1990 almost 3/4 of the UK’s energy came from …

A

coal

115
Q

what are two sources of water in the Thar Desert

A

natural / manmade ponds

rivers

116
Q

three challenges for development in the Thar Desert

A

temperature
water
inaccessibility

117
Q

impacts of lack of road development in the Thar Desert

A

hard to get to work and trade

118
Q

give a form of water management in the Thar Desert

A

earth dams

119
Q

how can earth dams stop desertification

A

the water can be used to irrigate crops

120
Q

what does irrigation mean

A

agricultural term for watering crops

121
Q

what is meant by appropriate technology

A

the technology that people in an area can realistically use

122
Q

what temperatures can the Thar Desert reach

A

over 40°C

123
Q

three ways afforestation can stop desertification

A

Roots stabilise soil
Leaves fall onto the ground for decomposers and creates nutrients in soil
Transpiration creates precipitation

124
Q

two reasons for water shortages in the Thar Desert

A

high rates of evaporation

population increase

125
Q

problems with getting water from underground

A

salty and not good quality

126
Q

What is the population of Rio

A

6.5 million people live in the city and 13.5 million live in the outskirts

127
Q

What are Rio’s main sevice industries

A

Banking, finance and insurance

128
Q

What does Rio’s major port export

A

Coffee, sugar and iron

129
Q

Why has Rio’s population grown

A

Migration

130
Q

What is the bay called that Rio is built around

A

Guanabara Bay

131
Q

Where do Rio’s migrants come from

A

Other south american countries (named) and skilled workers from the UK and US

132
Q

What’s happened to Rio in the last 50 years

A

Rapid growth due to industry, commerce and tourism

133
Q

What impacts have migrants had to Rio

A

Larger, more skilled wirkforce

134
Q

When did Rio host the world cup and olympic games

A

2014; 2016

135
Q

What is the capital if Brazil since 1960

A

Brasilia

136
Q

What are the 5 categories of social challenges in Rio

A 
Water
Energy
Healthcare
Education
Crime
137
Q

Healthcare challenges in Rio

A

Only 55% of people have a local clinic

138
Q

3 education challenges in Rio

A

A shortage of nearby schools
Poor families can’t afford school
Education compulsory until 14 mean many children drop out to work

139
Q

In 1998, what was a water challenge in Rio?

A

In 1998, 12% didn’t have access to tap water

140
Q

Energy challenges in Rio

A

Many people living in poorer parts access electricity illegally which is unsafe

141
Q

What crimes are committed in Rio

A

Powerful gangs control drug trafficking and murder and kidnapping occour regularly

142
Q

How many ports and airports are in Rio

A

5 ports and 3 airports

143
Q

What is it called when more water is pumped out of the ground than is replaced?

A

Over abstraction

144
Q

Two factors affecting water availability

A

Climate and transportation

145
Q

A disease caused by contaminated water

A

Cholera

146
Q

An impact of having to walk to get to water

A

People can’t to work or school in that time

147
Q

Where is the river ganges

A

Starts to west of Nepal in India and goes into Bangladesh

148
Q

How much raw sewege enters the river Ganges each day

A

1 billion litres

149
Q

How much untreated water do factories release in the River Ganges per day

A

200 million litres

150
Q

How much water is used for agriculture globally

A

70%

151
Q

The River Nile is going to be reduced by how much by 2100

A

90%

152
Q

How much of Egypt’s food does it import

A

60%

153
Q

How much has water shortages costed China’s industry

A

$40 billion

154
Q

What is it called when countries fall out over water

A

Water conflict

155
Q

How many countries does the Nile flow through

A

8

156
Q

Give 2 Nepal earthquake primary effects

A

9,000 died and 8 million affected

$5 Billion in damages

157
Q

Give 2 Nepal earthquake secondary effects

A

Tourism badly affected

Landslide blocked Kali Gandaki river near capital

158
Q

Location of Nepal earthquake

A

80 km North West of capital

159
Q

Give 3 Chile earthquake primary effects

A

500 killed, 800 thousand affected
$30 Billion in damages
Santiago airport badly damaged

160
Q

Give 2 Chile earthquake secondary effects

A

1500km of road destroyed

Fire at chemical plant in Santiago

calss 01 (5 decks)

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