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A-level General study > Geography > Flashcards

Geography Flashcards

1
Q

What is a coast?

A

Where the land meets the sea/ocean

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2
Q

What is geology?

A

The study of rocks including both lithology and geological structure

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3
Q

What is geological structure?

A

The arrangement of strata along a coastline layers

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4
Q

What 3 Main elements does geological structure contain?

A

Strata, Deformation, Faulting

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5
Q

What is Dip?

A

The angle of rock strata in relation to the horizontal in a cliff face

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6
Q

What is faulting?

A

Presence of major fractures that have moved rocks from their original positions

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7
Q

What are Joints?

A

Occur in most rocks often regular patterns dividing rock strata into blocks

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8
Q

What are fissures?

A

Much smaller cracks in rocks often centimetres that represent weaknesses erosion can exploit

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9
Q

What is lithology?

A

Different types of rocks and characteristics

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10
Q

What is coastal recession?

A

When the coast retreats due to erosion

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11
Q

What is a Psammosere?

A

A sand dune ecosystem found at low lying coastline at beaches

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12
Q

What is a Halosere?

A

A salt marsh ecosystem found at sheltered areas on a coastline

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13
Q

What is transportation?

A

The movement of sediment within the littoral zone

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14
Q

What is traction?

A

A large piece of sediment pushed along the seabed

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15
Q

What is saltation?

A

Small sediment is carried and bounces along the river/seabed

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16
Q

What is suspension?

A

Small sediment suspended and transported by the sea

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17
Q

What is solution?

A

Chemicals in the water dissolve sediment

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18
Q

What is current?

A

Current is the movement of any body of water in the coastal zone in a certain direction

19
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

The movement of sediment by backwash and prevailing wind causing backwash to be at an angle

20
Q

What is deposition?

A

The dropping of sediment that was carried by wind, waves, ice or flowing water

21
Q

What is marine erosion?

A

The breakdown and carrying of material by the sea

22
Q

What is Rock Strata?

A

The different layers of rock within an area

23
Q

How do plants stop coastal recession?

A

. Plant sediment binds sediment particles together making them harder to erode
. Submerged plants growing in sediment provide a protective layer
. Plants protect sediment from wind erosion reducing wind speed

24
Q

What kind of plants grow at the coast?

A

. Pioneer species
. Halophytes
. Xerophytes

25
Q

What are Halophytes?

A

Plants that can tolerate salt water roots that are well adapted

26
Q

What are Xerophytes?

A

Plants that can tolerate extremely dry conditions

27
Q

Factors affecting transportation?

A

Sediment size, Wave energy, Current Strength, Length of fetch

28
Q

What is weathering?

A

The breakdown of rocks in situ exploiting weaknesses over a long timespan

29
Q

Different types of weathering?

A

Biological, Mechanical , Chemical

30
Q

Types of Mass movement?

A

Rock Fall, Rotational Slumping, Mudflow, Landslide

31
Q

What is sea level change?

A

Rise of fall in the level of the sea in comparison to the land

32
Q

What is Isostatic change?

A

A local change in sea level due to land movement

33
Q

What is Eustatic change?

A

The global change of sea level due to the change of volume in the water

34
Q

What is a ria?

A

A flooded river valley

35
Q

What is a fjord?

A

A flooded glacial valley

36
Q

What is depression?

A

Large amounts of sediment weighing down the seabed

37
Q

What is thermal expansion?

A

As sea water is heated the volume of water expands

38
Q

When will coastal recession be slowest?

A

When there are resistant rocks with little mass movement

39
Q

What is a storm surge?

A

When the surface water level rises due to significant low pressure

40
Q

Ways a coastline can be protected?

A

Beach Nourishment, Sea wall, Cliff regeneration, Groynes, Offshore break waves, Rip rap, Sand dune regeneration

41
Q

What is sustainable management?

A

A management strategy that will meet the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future

42
Q

What are the four main elements of sustainable management?

A

Environmental, Economic, Social, Political

43
Q

What does SMP stand for?

A

Shoreline Management plan

44
Q

What are examples of Submergent landforms?

A

Raised Beach , Stumps

A-level General study (4 decks)

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