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A 1. GIS1010 > Geographic Coordinates & UTM Coordinates > Flashcards

Geographic Coordinates & UTM Coordinates Flashcards

1
Q

Coordinate Systems

  • GCS
  • Pro…

Datums

A

projected

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2
Q

A Coordinate System is a ? used to identify locations on a map (paper or digital) that are equivalent to grid locations on the earth.

A

grid

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3
Q

What is a Coordinate System?

A

A grid used to identify locations on a map (paper or digital) that are equivalent to grid locations on the earth.

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4
Q

Each 2D location is described by a pair of coordinates (x,?).

3D locations are described by a set of 3 coordinates?.

A

y

(x,y,z)

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5
Q

There are two types of coordinate systems:

  1. ??- commonly referred to as Latitude/Longitude (LL)
  2. P… C…
      • most common is a form of ??? (UTM)
A
  1. Geographic Coordinates
  2. Projected Coordinates
    • Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
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6
Q
  1. What are Geographic Coordinates commonly referred to as?
  2. What is the most common form of Projected Coordinates
A
  1. commonly referred to as Latitude/Longitude (LL)
  2. most common is a form of Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
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7
Q

Datums

  • Every Coordinate System references a ?,
  • which is typically named by the ? and the ?? it represents (eg. NAD83).
A
  • Datum
  • year; geographic region
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8
Q
  1. What is a datum? A Datum is a
  2. Consists of a:
      1. and its position and orientation with respect to the ?
A
  1. mathematical model of the earth’s shape
  2. spheroid
  3. earth
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9
Q

The Shape of the Earth

Most of us picture the earth, as a ball or sphere.

  1. Why can’t GPS use a sphere?
  2. What do we use instead?
A
  1. Because t would be off by several hundred meters
  2. a more refined shape
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10
Q

What is the Mean Equatorial Radius?
6,378 km

What is the Equatorial circumference?

A

40,000 km

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11
Q

Shape of the Earth

  • Does the earth have a bigger diameter at the equator than through the poles?.
  • The shape is called a ?.
  • Position on earth is commonly calculated using the geometry of a ?.
A
  • Yes
  • Spheroid
  • spheriod
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12
Q

A spheroid is a smooth, ? shape, used to approximate the shape of the ?.

Many spheroids have been defined for the Earth.

Examples:

Clarke 1866 spheroid

GRS 1980 spheroid

A

mathematical

earth

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13
Q
  • Remember that a Datum is a mathematical model of the earth’s ? which consists of a
  • spheroid AND its position and ? with respect to the earth
A

shape

orientation

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14
Q

We’ve defined the spheroid.

What about the position and orientation?

A

with respect to the earth

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15
Q

Some Common Datums

  • WGS84 (The World Geodetic System 1984)is the datum that is…
  • NAD83 (North American Datum 1983)is a datum frequently used for …(Uses the GRS80 spheroid)
  • NAD27 (North American Datum 1927) is a datum that has been used on ? North American projects and maps. (Uses the Clarke 1866 spheroid)
A
  • fundamentally used with GPS.
  • North American datum and maps
  • older
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16
Q

two Considerations for GPS Work

  1. Select and use a suitable datum.
  2. Select and use the right coordinate system.
    • Set up…
    • Understand…
    • Need to know the…
A
  1. Select and use a suitable datum.
  2. Select and use the right coordinate system.
  • Set up the appropriate coordinate system in the GIS software you are using.
  • Understand the coordinate system being used by the map.
  • Need to know the datum that the coordinates are referencing.
17
Q

Choose a Suitable Datum

  • You need to configure your GPS to use a Datum that is consistent with any other ?? you are working with.
  • For instance, if you have a well survey plan that shows GCS NAD27 coordinates, then set your GPS unit to NAD27 ? if you want to navigate to the well centre.
A
  • any other position information you are working with.
  • Datum
18
Q

datum

  • You also will need to configure the GPS to display coordinates suitable for the ? you are doing.
  • What are the two types of coordinate systems are used?
A
  • project
    1. Geographic Coordinates (Lat/Long)
    2. Projected or Grid coordinates
19
Q
  • Geographic Coordinates refer to ? and ? (angular positions on the globe).
  • Measured in ?,?,?
  • ? uses Geographic Coordinates.
  • You can set up a ? to display a coordinate system that is better suited to your work.
  • Geographic Coordinates are not well suited for measuring ? or ? (eg. in metres or km).
A
  • Latitude and Longitude
  • Degrees, Minutes, Seconds.
  • GPS
  • GPS
  • areas or distances
20
Q

Geographic Reference Lines

The Primary Axes

  • Equator: ? degrees Latitude.
  • Prime Meridian: 0 degrees ?

Units

  • ? Eg. 51° 30’ 00”
  • or ?? Eg. 51.50 °
A
  • 0
  • Longitude
  • Degrees, Minutes, Seconds
  • Decimal degrees
21
Q

Geographic Coordinates

  1. What is “Latitude”?
  2. Lines of Latitude are referred to as ‘’ (eg. Our border with the USA is the 49th parallel).
A
  1. the angular position from 0 at the Equator to 90 degrees North (+) or South (-) at the Poles.
  2. Parallels
22
Q

Geographic coordinates

Longitude is the angular position from 0 to …………………………….. or West (-) of the ??.

Lines of Longitude are referred to as ‘?’.

A

180 degrees East (+) or West (-) of the Prime Meridian

Meridians

23
Q

Prime and Other Meridians

  1. A meridian is an ? on the earth’s surface passing from the N Pole to the South Pole.
  2. The Prime Meridian is ? degrees longitude.
  3. It passes through ? , England from pole to pole.
  4. All other Meridians of Longitude are specified from 0 to ? degrees west (-) and east (+) of the Prime Meridian.
  5. The Meridian at 180 degrees is called the “???”
A
  1. arc
  2. zero
  3. Greenwich
  4. 180
  5. International Date Line.
24
Q

Locations in Geographic Coordinates

If we use Olds College as an example, our location in Geographic Coordinates, using the WGS84 datum, are:

Lat: 51º 47’ 35” N Long:114º 05’ 40” W (in ?,?,?)

or 51.793055º, -114.094444º (in ? ?)

A

Degrees, Minutes, Seconds

decimal degrees

25
Q

Converting DMS to Decimal Degrees

  • There are 60 minutes in one?
  • There are 60 seconds in one ?
  • Therefore - there are 3600 secs in 1 degree

Example: 114º33’ 50” W can be converted to decimal degrees as follows:

  • = 114 degrees +. 33/? + 50/?
  • = 114 + 0.55 + 0.01388888
  • = 114.56389 (Rounded to 5 decimal places)
A
  • degree
  • minute
  • 33”= 33/60; 50’ =50/3600

​_114º_33’ 50” W = 114 + 0.55 + 0.01388888 = 114.56389

26
Q

Projected or Grid Coordinates

  • A map projection is a representation of the ??, on a flat surface.
  • Coordinate systems for map projections are some variation of ?-? c referenced to a pair of axes.
  • ? units, commonly metres, are used.
  • Grid coordinants are NOT well suited for measuring ? and ? on a map.
A
  • curved earth
  • X-Y coordinates
  • Linear
  • distances and areas
27
Q

Projected Coordinates

There are numerous projected coordinate systems.

You can see a list when you configure your GPS receiver.

  • One commonly used coordinate system is the UTM Coordinates (Universal Transverse ? ).
A

Mercator

28
Q

UTM Zones

  • In the UTM Coordinate system, the earth is divided into longitudinal zones, each ? degrees wide.
  • Zones begin at the ???,
  • and count up every ? degrees to the East.
A
  • 6
  • International Date Line
  • 6
29
Q

UTM Coordinate Maps

UTM coordinates may be used when the map fits within a ?.

So, UTM is used for a ?? like a county or a project, not for a large area like a ? or a continent.

For example, the Town of Olds is entirely inside UTM Zone 11, so UTM coordinates can be used for a town map.

A

zone

local map

country

30
Q

UTM Reference Lines

  • Locations are specified within a ?.
  • Each zone has primary reference
  • Equator: like the X-axis.
  • Central Meridian: like the Y-axis.
A
  • zone
  • axis
31
Q
A

A 1. GIS1010 (15 decks)

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