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GEOG210 > GEOG210 > Flashcards

GEOG210 Flashcards

1
Q

what happen if a country in terms of productivity is better to produce everything?

+ who sais that ?

A

nO GOOD IF ONE COUNTRY PRODUCES EVERYTHING.

BETTER TO DO THE PRODUCT YOU CAN PRODUCE MOST EFFICIENTLY AND SACRIFICE THE OTHER ONE (AND LET WORLD DO THE SAME)

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2
Q

Interaction

A

The relationship or linkage between locations

Refers to the act of movement, trading or any other form of communication between location

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3
Q

vertical growth in agriculture means…

A

intensifying production

e.g. acquire slaughterhouse

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4
Q

TRANSFERABILITY + 3 characteristics

ullman spatial interraction

A

acceptable cost of exchange

3 characteristics :

  • $ values of good

distance

cost of transportation

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5
Q

RELATIVE DISTANCE

A

What it takes to travel from A to B

  • TIME
  • COST
  • EFFORT

(or friction of distance)

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6
Q

Sacred space

A

Landscapes that are particularly esteemed by an individual or a group, usually for a religious reason but possibly also for some political or other comparable reason

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7
Q

Relative distance

A

is a measure of the social, cultural and economic relatedness or connectivity between two places - how connected or disconnected they are - despite their absolute distance from each other.

(according to https://study.com/academy/lesson/relative-distance-definition-lesson-quiz.html)

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8
Q

Functional region

A

A region that comprises a series of liked locations

Areas with locations related to each other or to a specific location

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9
Q

Time-space convergence :

A

the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication terms

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10
Q

activity leakage

A

capital that was going to be used in the protected area is directed to other areas

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11
Q

Spatial interraction

A

gravity model

potential model

retail model

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12
Q

Agglomeration

A

The spatial grouping of humans or human activities to minimize the distance between them

Describe a situation in which locations (usually of activities related to production or consumption) are in close proximity to one another

Clustered

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13
Q

Kevin lynch’s idea

A

sketch of boston and LA

5 elements of cognitive maps :

  • edges
  • nodes
  • paths
  • landmark
  • district
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14
Q

TRANSHUMANCE / SEASONAL PASTURE

A

seasonal migration of livestock between higher and lower, wetter and dryer pasture

lot of movement human and sheeps

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15
Q

gLOBALIZATION

A

The widening, deepening, speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life

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16
Q

Commodity frontiers

A

areas, where large scale commodity agriculture (e.g. wheat corn soy) expands over the other lands, use:

  • no intervention of the state
  • low taxes to attract companies
  • capacity to influence state (companies creates own infrastructures)
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17
Q

when Argentinian expended their land in the neighboring countries, it would be called _____ by Ullman spatial interaction model

A

complementarity :

argentina have money and no land

bolovia have land

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18
Q

market leakage

A

the intervention creates a scarcity in a good that raises the prices encouraging greater production of that good elsewhere

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19
Q

GIS

A

Geographic Information System

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20
Q

cognitive map

A

a representation of spatial knowledge in the human brain

the world as one beliebe it to be

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21
Q

4 uses of cognitive maps

A
  • reveal invisible aspects of landscape
  • highlight inequalities
  • supporting claims on land
  • how does people engage with the city
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22
Q

small scale

A

the world map

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23
Q

SPACE

A
  • A continuous area or expanse which is free, available or unoccupied
  • areal extent ; a term used in both absolute (objective) and relative (perceptual) form
  • in the context of the surface of the earth
  • not subject to continuous change
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24
Q

latitude

A

Angular distance on the surface of the earth, measured in dregrees, minutes and second. North and South of equador

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25
Q

Boserup’s theory of agricultural intensification

A

she was saying that as the population increases, more technologies will be able to produce more in a smaller land or are.

scarcity leads people to innovate

Keyword ; population growth

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26
Q

Geographic Information System

A

system for capture analyse, store, manipulate, manage data

It overlays different layers of informations

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27
Q

Complementarity (Ullmann SIM)

A

one place has a thing that the other doesnt have

One place has a supply of an item for which there is effective demand in the other place(desire, purchasing power, means for transportation)

For two places to interact, one place must have what another place wants, a supply of an item which there is an effective demand in the other.

e.g. movement of crude oil/canadians that goes to mexico to tan

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28
Q

Transferability (Ullman SIM) : 3 conditions

A
  • value of good
  • distance (measured in time and cost/money penalties)
  • cost of transportation
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29
Q

Farmer herder conflict

A

politics

climate change

agricultural intensification

land scarcity

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30
Q

symbolic landscapes

A

evocate different things for everyone

different perspective / point of view

can objectify power relationship (social order)

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31
Q

Cultural Geography

A

about the production of shared meanings in the spatial context of that production

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32
Q

Regionalization

A
  • A special kind of classification in which locations on the earth surface are assigned to various regions, which must be contiguous spatial units
  • The process of classification in which each specific location is assigne to a region
  • Variable simplifying device, comparable to periodization for historians; the exercice of classifying in itself may be a valuable aid to the understanding of landscapes

Regionalization is the tendency to form decentralized regions.

Regionalization or land classification can be observed in various disciplines:

In agriculture,

In biogeography,

In ecology,

In geography,

In politics,

In sport,

In linguistics,

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33
Q

examples of available crops lands

A
  • recently abandoned agricole lands
  • secondary forest with no ecological value
  • grazing land
  • savannas
  • degraded land (not well managed)
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34
Q

Glocalization

A

Globalisation is variously embraced, resisted, subverted and exploited as it makes contact with specific cultures and settings : E.g. McDonald in Taipei with corn soup, an item that we don’t find here in Canada’s Mcd.

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35
Q

Pixel is related to which mode of remote sensing ?

A

spatial resolution

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36
Q

Environmental determninism

A

human activities are controlled by physical envrionment

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37
Q
A
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38
Q

intervening opportunity

(ullmann)

A

no better alternative

(e.g. cuba vs mexico)

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39
Q

intermediate scale

A

the maps of regions

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40
Q

Carl Sauer’s cultural landscape

FORMS

A
  • Weather
  • Land (surface, soil, etc)
  • Plants…
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41
Q

Competitive scale

A

eg. nafta and soja beans (???)

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42
Q

Development

A

A term that should be handled with caution because it has often been used in an ethnocentric fashion- typically understood to refer a process of becoming larger, more mature, and better organized; often measured by economic criteria

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43
Q

geographic knowledge

A

why the facts are the way they are

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44
Q

Geographic coordinates

A

enable any location to be known.

based on number, letters, sumbols

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45
Q

top-down approach :

A

estimate suitable available area minus intact forest protected area (largest reserve removing more)

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46
Q

retail model

A

how far for specific things

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47
Q

activity space

A

determined by

  • mobility
  • stage in life
  • opportunities
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48
Q

spectral analysis

A
  • to differenciate different objects, element, emission
  • to classify, analysing image
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49
Q

Topophobia

A

aversion for a place e.g. hunting house

Feeling of anxiety, fear, suffering

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50
Q

gravity model

A

attraction: if cities are bigger, there is more interaction and if they are smaller, the interaction is smaller.

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51
Q

Carl Sauer’s cultural landscape :

CULTURE

A

The forms and factors influence our

  • production
  • population
  • housing
  • plan
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52
Q

The man who created the first world map that shows the eaerth on a flat rectangle

A

Gerardus Mercator (german)

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53
Q

functional regions

A

defined by their connections

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54
Q

Why do we regulate lands &?

A
  • climate regulation
  • flood regulation
  • production in nonagricultural goods
  • land zoning
  • cultural and spiritual
  • biodiversity

Countries put themselves those regulations about land use (between provinces as well

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55
Q

temporal signature

A
  • differenciate crops through seasons
  • understand variation in land use (which land use)
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56
Q

Operational scale

A

refers to the appropriate scale

  • small scale = world map

large scale = city

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57
Q

Criticism of areal differentiation

A
  • naive and imprecise
  • too many facts
  • false
  • unscientific (no science methods)
  • no all place can be describe as unique
  • some lack distinct characteristics
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58
Q

remote sensing

A

a variety of techniques used for exquiring and recording data from points that are not in contact with the phenomena of interest

the process of obtaining data using both photographic and non-photographic sensor systems. In fact, we all possess remote sensors in the form of our eyes, and it has been one of humanity’s ongoing aims to improve their ability to acquire information

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59
Q

ABSOLUTE LOCATION

A
  • Latitute
  • Longitude
  • Both in degrees, minutes, seconds
  • Meridians and parallels
  • unchanging
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60
Q

Distribution

A

The pattern of geographic facts (for ex, people) within an area

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61
Q

Region

A

an area, especially a aprt of a country of the world having a definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries

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62
Q

Place

A
  • Geographical locales of any size or configuration
  • places are dynamic, in a state of constant tranformation
  • places have culture/subjective meanings
  • places are connected, they form part of a larger web or network
  • Not only a location but also more specifically to the values that we associate with that location

Location; in humanistic geography, ‘place’ has acquired a particular meaning as a context for human action that is rich in human significance and meaning

A location that has a particular identity

About how and where we live, not only where we live

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63
Q

ULLMANN SPATIAL INTERRACTION MODELS

A
  • Complementarity
  • transferability
  • Intervening opportunity
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64
Q

anthropocene

A

an informal term referring to the “age of humans in which the geological conditions of the planet have been altered by humans activity

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65
Q

vernacular regions

A

defined by perception

e.g. the world according to DonalD T

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66
Q

Problems in region delimitation :

A

Huge range of possibilities to define a regionE.g. fa wheat growing area in the Canadian praries could be defined by

% of farm income derived from wheat

% of wheat farmers per township

% of acreage under wheat

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67
Q

transformationalist

A

no ideal type (different everywhere)

is real but more messy to theorize

Globalization = on-going and tranformative

Uneven pattern of development (e.g. wealth)

Local/Global connection

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68
Q

When you increase the regulation about land use in an area,

A

the effect is that there is a movement to another area

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69
Q

3 types of regions

A
  1. formal region
  2. functional region
  3. vernacular region
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70
Q

3 types of food production

A

susbsitance agriculture

hinting and gathering

agriculture

pastoralism (for tclothes)

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71
Q

Placelessness

A
  • To identify landscapes that are relatively homogeneous and standardized
  • Lack of local variety and character
  • Tourists landscapes, urban commercial strips, suburbs
  • Post-industrial world
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72
Q

Things are usually more related if they are closer, but not every relation matters in the same way. which one ? (4)

A
  • Immigration
  • Telecommunication (much less S-N than NN)
  • Trade relationships (history of trade based on colonialism)
  • Uneven distribution of things (resources are not found everywhere) e.g. oil
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73
Q

Sense of place

A
  • The deep attachments that humans have to specific locations such as home and laso particularly distinctive location
  • Personal significance

Mecca, Jerusalem, Koh Phangang, Annapurna

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74
Q

Distance

A

The spatial dimension of separation ; a fundamental concept in spatial analysis

Between location between places, between or within region

Quantifiably measurable

Km and miles, but also time and cost and social variables

Absolute distances

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75
Q

By specializing, both countries are

A

better off

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76
Q

Agricultural frontiers

A

when agriculture expands over other land use (relatively unoccupied land in nonagricultural areas (gorest wetlands others

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77
Q

Longitude

A

Angular distance on the surface of the earth, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. East and west from the prime meridian (greenwich)

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78
Q

territoriality

A

the making of territory

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79
Q

environmental determinism

A

human activities are controlled by the physical envrionment

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80
Q

Areal differentiation

A

It is the study of distribution of phenomena (both human and physical), how they are casually related to other phenomena in proximity, in a geographical region or area expressed space

inter-relations of human and physical phenomena in a given space

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81
Q

map scale

A

the ratio between linear distance on a map and on the Earth’s surface

The choice of scale depends on the problem at hand

Large scale = large fraction (district)

Small scale = small fraction (canada)

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82
Q

Amartya Sen ARGUMENT

A

Freedom should be the object of development

  • political freedom and transparency

freedom of opportunity

economic protection

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83
Q

Relative location

A

Site ; relative to physical attributes

Situation : relative to other places

The relative location of Turkey is Mediterranean and the Black Seas and East of Greece.

An example of the relative location of the U.S. Capitol is that it is located about 38 miles southwest of Baltimore.

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84
Q

agrarian shifts chaco

A
  1. indigenous
  2. settler (follow rivers
  3. cattle, wood, cotton tannin
  4. soy and cattle (late 20th) leads to deforestation as intense as amazon in 2000
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85
Q

4 types of spatial diffusion

A
  • Contagious (spreading)
  • Hierarchical (from nodes)
  • Stimulus (glocalization)
  • Relocation (movement of culture, politics, religion etc)
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86
Q

Bottom up approach

A

specific areas, look what available based of few criteria

87
Q

Complementarity (Ullmann SIM)
3 kind of differences

A
  • natural differences (e.g. good weather in the South)
  • Manufactured differences :
    • the international division of labor
    • resources (like sugar in the caribbean)
  • Economies of scale : cost per unit output decreases with total quantity produced
88
Q

Friction of distance

A

The friction of distance relates to the length of a journey and the effort it takes to overcome it.

A measure of the restraining effect of distance on human movement

Involve time and cost in overcoming distance

89
Q
A
90
Q

Skeptical

A

globalization is a myth

not new

91
Q

leakage

A

the displacement of an environmental impact due to a policy intervention, reducing the overall effectiveness of that intervention

92
Q

isopleth map

A

a map using lines to connect locations of equal data value

93
Q

Von Thunen’s theory name

A

Location rent theory

94
Q

environmental possibilism

A

(no determinism)

the environment sets cultural limitation to human development but doesn’t completely influence people culture

95
Q

how much should countries give ?

A

0,7 of their GNI

96
Q

criticism of areal differentiation

A
  • naive and imprecise
  • boring ; to many facts
  • unscientific : description without scientific method
  • false ; not all places can be defined as unique regions, some lack distinct characteristics

leads to QUANTITATIVE TURN in North American geography in 1950s

97
Q

temporal resolution

A

inverse of the time between two successive images

weather = once an hour

deforestation = once a week

98
Q

projection

A

any procedure employed to represent positoins of all or a part of the earth’s spherical (3 dimensional) surface

99
Q

Father of Geography

A

Eratostenes (-273 -192)

100
Q

when people are better off working in construction than in agriculture (because tranportation cheaper)

ex : mustafa

A

deagrarianization

101
Q

spatial resolution

A
  • distance distinguishable pattern can be separated from each other (in meters or kilometers) or size of pixel
102
Q

large scale

A

local areas

103
Q

HDI

A

Human development index

  • the standard of living (gni)
  • education ( in years of schooling)
  • health (life expectancy)
104
Q

The deep attachments that humans have to specific locations such as home and laso particularly distinctive location

Personal significance

Mecca, Jerusalem, Koh Phangang, Annapurna

A

sense of place

105
Q

a map using lines to connect locations of equal data value

A

isopleth map

106
Q

Distance Decay

A

Describe the decline of an activity or function with the increasing distance from its point of origin

  • it varies with the type of activity
  • more expensive (trucks) is typically used for shorter distances
  • as distance increase, interaction decrease

e.g.

house is situated 40km from the city center : 500$

house in the city center : 1000$

107
Q

farming vs herding complementarity

A

farmer let herders graze animal after harvest

dung fertilize the fields

herders give milk to farmers

108
Q

cut and burn the forest : how is this method called ?

A

shifting cultivation

109
Q

multilateral development aid

A

gov to multilateral

e.g. Canada give $ to the UN

WB, Asian development bank

110
Q

potential model

A

like gravity model, but with more cities

111
Q

Formal region

A

A region identified as such because of the presence of some particular characteristic(s)

Uniform

One or more trait in common

112
Q

Absolute advantage

A

a place is better to produce a good than the others

113
Q

International Aid includes : (4)

A
  • humanitarian aid
  • bilateral development aid
  • multilateral development aid
  • debt forgiveness
114
Q

Landscapes for geographers

A
  • emphasis on the visual
  • scale depends on the point of observation
  • material and symbolic
  • ordinary and symbolic landscapes
115
Q

GPS : how does it work

A
  1. Satellites and receivers know the exact time
  2. satellite use time info to know signal travel time to travel to them
  3. they triangulate distance and satellites position to know exact location
116
Q

Transferability (Ullman SIM)

A

Acceptable cost of an exchange

Transferability expresses the changing relationships between the costs of transportation and the value of the product to be shipped

117
Q

Vector

A

connect points, lines, polygons

useful to represent cities

118
Q

location

A

a term that refers to a specific part of the earth’s surface ; an area where something is situated

119
Q

Scale

A

The resolution levels used in any human geographic research; most characteristically refers to the size of the area studied, but also the time period covered and the number of people investigated

120
Q

4 key factors of globalization

A

service

trade

production (mnc)

labor

121
Q

Complementarity

A

one place need something another doesn’t have

  • natural differences (about resources access)
  • manufactured difference (international diffusion of labour)
  • economies of scale (cost per unit ouput decrease with total quantity produced
122
Q

Relationship of scales can be …. (2)

A
  • competitive
  • complementary
123
Q

diffusion

A

The spread of any phenomenon over space and its growth through time

Migration, movement of ideas (e.g. religion), the expression of land use (wheat cultivation for ex)

124
Q

rebound effect

A

The increase of the efficiency and the decrease of the price leads to an increase in the consummation that then cancels the original savings

e.g. le gaz : l’efficacité du gaz amenent les gens a acheter et utiliser davatange leur véhicules motorisés

Un toit à énergie solaire est acheté par un foyer qui sauve de l’argent en consommation d’électricite, mais parent en voyage

125
Q

Meridian

A

lines of constant longitude

126
Q

deagrarianization

A

when people are better off working in construction than in agriculture (because tranportation cheaper)

ex : mustafa

127
Q

new division of labor

A
  • spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies
128
Q

Topophilia

A

Draws a group of people e.g. mecca

129
Q

Topological space :

A

connectivity between points, relationship of object

(relational)

130
Q

Geographic literacy

A
  • where places are
  • fundamental characteristics
131
Q

REGION

A

An area, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed by boundaries

132
Q

how is shifting cultivation different than crop rotation

A

tropical forest

work better with few people

very long period

low people density envrionment

133
Q

REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY

A

Attempted to describe regions systematically to find patterns

to find homogeneity

134
Q

Absolute space

A
  • mathematical : Three-dimensional “container”
  • objective
  • it exists in the areal relations among phenomena on the earth surface
135
Q

Areal differentiation

A

attempt to find a general patterns trying to find differentiation (what is similar) what is different ?

136
Q

Dot maps

A

useful for data such as town, wheat farming, cemeteries, incidence of diseases and so forth

137
Q

complementary relationship of scale

A

e.g. indigenous people and guji berry

138
Q

Why euro-asia 1st ?

A
  • PLANTS
  • ANIMALS
  • GERMS
  • CITIES
139
Q

Vernacular region :

A

A region identified on the basis of the perception held by people inside and outside the region.

140
Q

raster

A

method used in GIS to represent spatial data divides the area into numerous small cells and pixels and describes the content of each cell

141
Q

chropleth map

A
  • a thematic map using colour (or shading) to indicate density of a particular phenomenon in a given area
  • using tonal shading that are proportional to the density of the phenomena in each of the defined areal units
  • sacrifice detail for improve appearance
142
Q

what did argentinian dod with extra money ?

A

they expend their lands to neighboarding countries like bolivia

143
Q

Accessibility

A

The relative ease with which a given location can be reached from other locations

indicates the relative opportunities for contact and interaction;

it is a key concept in the agricultural, settlement, and industrial location theories

144
Q

Visual interpretation

A

to visualize whats going on on an area

145
Q

gravity model

A

used to estimate the amount of interaction between two cities

The gravity model for cities works in the same way; the amount of interaction between two cities is proportional to the size of the cities and inversely proportional to their distance squared. This explains why cities that are far apart, such as New York and Los Angeles, still interact a lot despite being on either side of the United States, thousands of miles apart.

146
Q

3 roles of territoriality

A
  • regulate social interaction (behaviour)
  • regulate access to people and resources
  • symbols of group and identity
147
Q

A region identified on the basis of the perception held by people inside and outside the region.

A

vernacular region

148
Q

horizontal growth in agriculture means…

A

acquire lands from neighbor countries

149
Q

humanitarian aid

A

short term response to a disaster

150
Q

Operational scale

A
  • the scale of analysis / date collection
  • fluid boundaries
151
Q

What do you do with the images (4)

A
  • Visual interpretation
  • spectral analysis
  • temporal signature
  • object based resolution classification
152
Q

Relative space

A
  • Perceptual
  • socially produced
  • subject to continuous change
153
Q

culture

A

a shared set of meaning that is lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life. Is transmitted

154
Q

vector

A

a method used in GIS to represent spatial data; describes the data as a colllection of points, lines, and areas and describes the location of each of these

155
Q

Why are things are in a certain place ?

A
  • Biophysical condition
    • soil type, erosion, slope, soil type, rainfall quantity
  • Absolute advantage
  • Comparative advantage
  • Agricultural technology
156
Q

hyper globalizers

A

globalization is a new economic era

everyone subject to the discipline of global marketplace

denaturalization of economies

no longer nation

rise of the demise of nation state

157
Q

internationall aid

A

financial aid given by government, ngos, and other agencies to support economic environmental, social,political development

158
Q

If friction is reduced, it becomes …

A

easier to move from one point to another, not forgetting that the time taken and costs are reduced.

159
Q

Location rent theory :

A

More the distance from the central market is far, more the profit decreases.

160
Q

paraguay : policy for deforestation in an area leads to everybody going to work and extract in the other one

example of…

A

leakage.

161
Q

Spatial interaction is controlled by 3 flow-determining factors

A
  1. complementarity
  2. transferability
  3. intervening opportunity
162
Q

Absolute distance

A

Physical measure of the separation between two location

163
Q

any procedure employed to represent positoins of all or a part of the earth’s spherical (3 dimensional) surface

A

projection

164
Q

site

A
  • the location of a geographic fact with reference to the immediate local environment
  • local characteristics of location
  • “the site of montreal” the cities and its surrounding
165
Q

a thematic map using colour (or shading) to indicate density of a particular phenomenon in a given area

using tonal shading that are proportional to the density of the phenomena in each of the defined areal units

A

choropleth map

166
Q

formal region

A

defined by their observable features

e.g. climate regions with colors on the world map

or altitude regions on the world map

167
Q

RASTER

A

Based on grid value

to represent different data with colors

e.g. temperature, land use, population, climate, poverty,

168
Q

Spatial diffusion

A

diffusion of a phenomenon over time and space

169
Q

Distance decay

A

interactions between locals declines as the distance between them increase

if distance decrease, more interraction

170
Q

Friction of distance

A

The increase of cost and time that comes with the increase of distance

e.g MTL-TOKYO increase in friction of distance

MTL-LAVAL decrease in friction of distance

171
Q

Functional region

A

defined by connexion (related to each other)

172
Q

pixel

A

smallest sized picture element on an image

(represent a number of meter)

173
Q

perception

A

The process by which humans acquire information about physical and social envrionments

174
Q

bilateral development aid

A

gov to gov, for own interest

create allies

175
Q
A
176
Q

top-down approach

A

Estimate suitable and available area minus intact forest protected area

177
Q

Shifting cultivation

A

farmers cut and burn the forest

they cultivate it for a few years

fertility declines more problems

people move to another area and come back again

178
Q

object based resolution classification

A
  • For well defined objects
  • good for urban visualization
179
Q

RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION

A
  • Grey
  • to the magnitude of an electromagnetic energy
  • how intense are the radiations ?
180
Q

Saskia Sassen

A

the global city

frontier = 2 actors that engage with each other in cultural economical social interaction

181
Q

Solution for distance decay

A

faster mode of transportation and communication technologies

182
Q

Agriculture formula :

A

I = P x A x T

impact = poplation x affulence x technology

e.g. total area of land = population x consumention x technology

183
Q

BORLAUG hypothesis ????

A

agricultural intensification leads to forest conservation

184
Q

4 dimmension of remote sensing

A
  • Spatial resolution
  • spectral resolution
  • radiometric resolution
  • temporal resolution
185
Q

smallholder frontiers : amazon case

A

dominated by small holders

subsistance (sometime export)

often subsidies by the state

geopolitical occupy land

incentive for population to move in north brazil

186
Q

Situation

A
  • The location of a geographic fact with reference to the broad spatial system of which it is a part
  • Location relative to other locations

“The situation of Montreal within North America” red dot on montreal

187
Q

location rent theory.

profitability depends on what ?

A

on mode of transportation.

+ is there any road to transport goods to a farter place.

188
Q

Who created the Spatial Interaction Model ?

A

Edward Ullmann (university of chicago)

189
Q

Things are in certain places not just for biophysical reasons but..

A
  • comparative advantage
  • absolute advantage
  • lack of infrastructure
  • market access
  • governance
  • agricultural technology
190
Q

poverty trap

A

when you are not making enough to be able to ear your way out of the low-income situation

if you don’t make enough, you are stuck

development policies should give the opportunity to all human to earn more in the future than what they earn at the moment

191
Q

Potentially available croplands

A
  • productive
  • low ecological cost
  • low social cost
  • available in the coming year
  • low capital investment
  • currently not in intensive use
    *
192
Q

new technologies in soy beans boom in argentina pampa

A
  • round up-ready soys (insecticide and pesticide)
  • silo-bags (instead of real silos)
193
Q

Vernacular region

A

defined by perception judgement

194
Q

parallels

A

Line of constant latitute

195
Q

Soy beans boom in Argentina Pampa

A

an increase in meat demand meant an increase in soya demand (good protein)

196
Q

Formal region

A

defined by observable features (precipitation e.g.

197
Q

Spatial interaction

A

Movement of peoples, ideas and commodities (goods bought and sold) within and between areas

E.g. international trade

198
Q

Carl Sauer’s cultural landscape

FACTORS

A
  • Geological
  • Climatic
  • Vegetational
199
Q

Retail model ;

A

How far the influence extend for specific things

How far people want to go to montreal to get something (doritos bag vs concert)

If city is bigger, people have more incentive to go (montreal vs asbestos)

Whether people in a small city are more likely to go to the movie theater in shawinigan

200
Q

Ullman SIM :

Intervening opportunity :

A

No better alternatives (divers the flow so more attractive)

Competitive opportunities may reduce interaction

Mexico or cuba ? Lets go for the cheaper if the only thing you want is a beach

201
Q

4 way to measure development

A
  • GDP (gross domestic products
  • HDI (Human development index)
  • IHDI (inequality)
  • SPI (social progress index )
202
Q

2 types of GIS

A

VECTOR AND RASTER

203
Q

Localization

A

An understanding of what makes certain places unique, and the increasing concern that local places, cultures, and envrionments are being overwhelmed by globalisation

204
Q

% of aid in global economy

A

120 billion

0,14% of global economy

205
Q

how to estimate land avalability

A

Bottom-up approach

Top-down approach

206
Q

Chaco where ?

A

bolivia argentina paraguay

207
Q

Globalization

A

The widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life

208
Q

Deglomeration

A

The spatial separation of humans or human activities so as to maximize the distances between them.

Refers to situations in which those locations are characterized by separation from one another

Dispersed

209
Q

Remote sensing

A

field of technology that enable people to look beyond the range of human vision

210
Q

Geographic information system GIS

A

A computer-based tool that combines the storage, display, analysis and mapping of spatially referenced data

211
Q

territory

A

an unit of contiguous space that is used organized and managed by a social group or individual or institution to restrict and control acess to people and places

212
Q

spectral resolution

A

respond to a specific frequency range (in UM)

visible ligne

infrared or ultraviolet

213
Q

SPI

A

Social progress index :

  • basic human needs (access knowledge, health, communication)
  • foundation (well being, nutrition, water, shelter, safety)
  • opportunity (right, equity freedom, higher education)

GEOG210 (1 decks)

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