GEOG210 Flashcards
1
Q
what happen if a country in terms of productivity is better to produce everything?
+ who sais that ?
A
nO GOOD IF ONE COUNTRY PRODUCES EVERYTHING.
BETTER TO DO THE PRODUCT YOU CAN PRODUCE MOST EFFICIENTLY AND SACRIFICE THE OTHER ONE (AND LET WORLD DO THE SAME)
2
Q
Interaction
A
The relationship or linkage between locations
Refers to the act of movement, trading or any other form of communication between location
3
Q
vertical growth in agriculture means…
A
intensifying production
e.g. acquire slaughterhouse
4
Q
TRANSFERABILITY + 3 characteristics
ullman spatial interraction
A
acceptable cost of exchange
3 characteristics :
- $ values of good
distance
cost of transportation
5
Q
RELATIVE DISTANCE
A
What it takes to travel from A to B
- TIME
- COST
- EFFORT
(or friction of distance)
6
Q
Sacred space
A
Landscapes that are particularly esteemed by an individual or a group, usually for a religious reason but possibly also for some political or other comparable reason
7
Q
Relative distance
A
is a measure of the social, cultural and economic relatedness or connectivity between two places - how connected or disconnected they are - despite their absolute distance from each other.
(according to https://study.com/academy/lesson/relative-distance-definition-lesson-quiz.html)
8
Q
Functional region
A
A region that comprises a series of liked locations
Areas with locations related to each other or to a specific location
9
Q
Time-space convergence :
A
the rate at which places move closer together in travel or communication terms
10
Q
activity leakage
A
capital that was going to be used in the protected area is directed to other areas
11
Q
Spatial interraction
A
gravity model
potential model
retail model
12
Q
Agglomeration
A
The spatial grouping of humans or human activities to minimize the distance between them
Describe a situation in which locations (usually of activities related to production or consumption) are in close proximity to one another
Clustered
13
Q
Kevin lynch’s idea
A
sketch of boston and LA
5 elements of cognitive maps :
- edges
- nodes
- paths
- landmark
- district
14
Q
TRANSHUMANCE / SEASONAL PASTURE
A
seasonal migration of livestock between higher and lower, wetter and dryer pasture
lot of movement human and sheeps
15
Q
gLOBALIZATION
A
The widening, deepening, speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life
16
Q
Commodity frontiers
A
areas, where large scale commodity agriculture (e.g. wheat corn soy) expands over the other lands, use:
- no intervention of the state
- low taxes to attract companies
- capacity to influence state (companies creates own infrastructures)
17
Q
when Argentinian expended their land in the neighboring countries, it would be called _____ by Ullman spatial interaction model
A
complementarity :
argentina have money and no land
bolovia have land
18
Q
market leakage
A
the intervention creates a scarcity in a good that raises the prices encouraging greater production of that good elsewhere
19
Q
GIS
A
Geographic Information System
20
Q
cognitive map
A
a representation of spatial knowledge in the human brain
the world as one beliebe it to be
21
Q
4 uses of cognitive maps
A
- reveal invisible aspects of landscape
- highlight inequalities
- supporting claims on land
- how does people engage with the city
22
Q
small scale
A
the world map
23
Q
SPACE
A
- A continuous area or expanse which is free, available or unoccupied
- areal extent ; a term used in both absolute (objective) and relative (perceptual) form
- in the context of the surface of the earth
- not subject to continuous change
24
Q
latitude
A
Angular distance on the surface of the earth, measured in dregrees, minutes and second. North and South of equador
25
Boserup's theory of agricultural intensification
she was saying that as the population increases, more technologies will be able to produce more in a smaller land or are.
scarcity leads people to innovate
Keyword ; population growth
26
Geographic Information System
system for capture analyse, store, manipulate, manage data
It overlays different layers of informations
27
Complementarity (Ullmann SIM)
one place has a thing that the other doesnt have
One place has a supply of an item for which there is effective demand in the other place(desire, purchasing power, means for transportation)
For two places to interact, one place must have what another place wants, a supply of an item which there is an effective demand in the other.
e.g. movement of crude oil/canadians that goes to mexico to tan
28
Transferability (Ullman SIM) : 3 conditions
* value of good
* distance (measured in time and cost/money penalties)
* cost of transportation
29
Farmer herder conflict
politics
climate change
agricultural intensification
land scarcity
30
symbolic landscapes
evocate different things for everyone
different perspective / point of view
can objectify power relationship (social order)
31
Cultural Geography
about the production of shared meanings in the spatial context of that production
32
Regionalization
* A special kind of classification in which locations on the earth surface are assigned to various regions, which must be contiguous spatial units
* The process of classification in which each specific location is assigne to a region
* Variable simplifying device, comparable to periodization for historians; the exercice of classifying in itself may be a valuable aid to the understanding of landscapes
Regionalization is the tendency to form decentralized regions.
Regionalization or land classification can be observed in various disciplines:
In agriculture,
In biogeography,
In ecology,
In geography,
In politics,
In sport,
In linguistics,
33
examples of available crops lands
* recently abandoned agricole lands
* secondary forest with no ecological value
* grazing land
* savannas
* degraded land (not well managed)
34
Glocalization
Globalisation is variously embraced, resisted, subverted and exploited as it makes contact with specific cultures and settings : E.g. McDonald in Taipei with corn soup, an item that we don't find here in Canada's Mcd.
35
Pixel is related to which mode of remote sensing ?
spatial resolution
36
Environmental determninism
human activities are controlled by physical envrionment
37
38
intervening opportunity
| (ullmann)
no better alternative
(e.g. cuba vs mexico)
39
intermediate scale
the maps of regions
40
Carl Sauer's cultural landscape
FORMS
* Weather
* Land (surface, soil, etc)
* Plants...
41
Competitive scale
eg. nafta and soja beans (???)
42
Development
A term that should be handled with caution because it has often been used in an ethnocentric fashion- typically understood to refer a process of becoming larger, more mature, and better organized; often measured by economic criteria
43
geographic knowledge
why the facts are the way they are
44
Geographic coordinates
enable any location to be known.
based on number, letters, sumbols
45
top-down approach :
estimate suitable available area minus intact forest protected area (largest reserve removing more)
46
retail model
how far for specific things
47
activity space
determined by
* mobility
* stage in life
* opportunities
48
spectral analysis
* to differenciate different objects, element, emission
* to classify, analysing image
49
Topophobia
aversion for a place e.g. hunting house
Feeling of anxiety, fear, suffering
50
gravity model
attraction: if cities are bigger, there is more interaction and if they are smaller, the interaction is smaller.
51
Carl Sauer's cultural landscape :
CULTURE
The forms and factors influence our
* production
* population
* housing
* plan
52
The man who created the first world map that shows the eaerth on a flat rectangle
Gerardus Mercator (german)
53
functional regions
defined by their connections
54
Why do we regulate lands &?
* climate regulation
* flood regulation
* production in nonagricultural goods
* land zoning
* cultural and spiritual
* biodiversity
Countries put themselves those regulations about land use (between provinces as well
55
temporal signature
* differenciate crops through seasons
* understand variation in land use (which land use)
56
Operational scale
refers to the appropriate scale
- small scale = world map
large scale = city
57
Criticism of areal differentiation
* naive and imprecise
* too many facts
* false
* unscientific (no science methods)
* no all place can be describe as unique
* some lack distinct characteristics
58
remote sensing
a variety of techniques used for exquiring and recording data from points that are not in contact with the phenomena of interest
the process of obtaining data using both photographic and non-photographic sensor systems. In fact, we all possess remote sensors in the form of our eyes, and it has been one of humanity's ongoing aims to improve their ability to acquire information
59
ABSOLUTE LOCATION
* Latitute
* Longitude
* Both in degrees, minutes, seconds
* Meridians and parallels
* unchanging
60
Distribution
The pattern of geographic facts (for ex, people) within an area
61
Region
an area, especially a aprt of a country of the world having a definable characteristics but not always fixed boundaries
62
Place
* Geographical locales of any size or configuration
* places are dynamic, in a state of constant tranformation
* places have culture/subjective meanings
* places are connected, they form part of a larger web or network
* Not only a location but also more specifically to the values that we associate with that location
Location; in humanistic geography, 'place' has acquired a particular meaning as a context for human action that is rich in human significance and meaning
A location that has a particular identity
About how and where we live, not only where we live
63
ULLMANN SPATIAL INTERRACTION MODELS
* Complementarity
* transferability
* Intervening opportunity
64
anthropocene
an informal term referring to the "age of humans in which the geological conditions of the planet have been altered by humans activity
65
vernacular regions
defined by perception
e.g. the world according to DonalD T
66
Problems in region delimitation :
Huge range of possibilities to define a regionE.g. fa wheat growing area in the Canadian praries could be defined by
% of farm income derived from wheat
% of wheat farmers per township
% of acreage under wheat
67
transformationalist
no ideal type (different everywhere)
is real but more messy to theorize
Globalization = on-going and tranformative
Uneven pattern of development (e.g. wealth)
Local/Global connection
68
When you increase the regulation about land use in an area,
the effect is that there is a movement to another area
69
3 types of regions
1. formal region
2. functional region
3. vernacular region
70
3 types of food production
susbsitance agriculture
hinting and gathering
agriculture
pastoralism (for tclothes)
71
Placelessness
* To identify landscapes that are relatively homogeneous and standardized
* Lack of local variety and character
* Tourists landscapes, urban commercial strips, suburbs
* Post-industrial world
72
Things are usually more related if they are closer, but not every relation matters in the same way. which one ? (4)
* Immigration
* Telecommunication (much less S-N than NN)
* Trade relationships (history of trade based on colonialism)
* Uneven distribution of things (resources are not found everywhere) e.g. oil
73
Sense of place
* The deep attachments that humans have to specific locations such as home and laso particularly distinctive location
* Personal significance
Mecca, Jerusalem, Koh Phangang, Annapurna
74
Distance
The spatial dimension of separation ; a fundamental concept in spatial analysis
Between location between places, between or within region
Quantifiably measurable
Km and miles, but also time and cost and social variables
Absolute distances
75
By specializing, both countries are
better off
76
Agricultural frontiers
when agriculture expands over other land use (relatively unoccupied land in nonagricultural areas (gorest wetlands others
77
Longitude
Angular distance on the surface of the earth, measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. East and west from the prime meridian (greenwich)
78
territoriality
the making of territory
79
environmental determinism
human activities are controlled by the physical envrionment
80
Areal differentiation
It is the study of distribution of phenomena (both human and physical), how they are casually related to other phenomena in proximity, in a geographical region or area expressed space
inter-relations of human and physical phenomena in a given space
81
map scale
the ratio between linear distance on a map and on the Earth's surface
The choice of scale depends on the problem at hand
Large scale = large fraction (district)
Small scale = small fraction (canada)
82
Amartya Sen ARGUMENT
Freedom should be the object of development
- political freedom and transparency
freedom of opportunity
economic protection
83
Relative location
Site ; relative to physical attributes
Situation : relative to other places
The relative location of Turkey is Mediterranean and the Black Seas and East of Greece.
An example of the relative location of the U.S. Capitol is that it is located about 38 miles southwest of Baltimore.
84
agrarian shifts chaco
1. indigenous
2. settler (follow rivers
3. cattle, wood, cotton tannin
4. soy and cattle (late 20th) leads to deforestation as intense as amazon in 2000
85
4 types of spatial diffusion
* Contagious (spreading)
* Hierarchical (from nodes)
* Stimulus (glocalization)
* Relocation (movement of culture, politics, religion etc)
86
Bottom up approach
specific areas, look what available based of few criteria
87
Complementarity (Ullmann SIM)
3 kind of differences
* natural differences (e.g. good weather in the South)
* Manufactured differences :
* the international division of labor
* resources (like sugar in the caribbean)
* Economies of scale : cost per unit output decreases with total quantity produced
88
Friction of distance
The friction of distance relates to the length of a journey and the effort it takes to overcome it.
A measure of the restraining effect of distance on human movement
Involve time and cost in overcoming distance
89
90
Skeptical
globalization is a myth
not new
91
leakage
the displacement of an environmental impact due to a policy intervention, reducing the overall effectiveness of that intervention
92
isopleth map
a map using lines to connect locations of equal data value
93
Von Thunen's theory name
Location rent theory
94
environmental possibilism
(no determinism)
the environment sets cultural limitation to human development but doesn't completely influence people culture
95
how much should countries give ?
0,7 of their GNI
96
criticism of areal differentiation
* naive and imprecise
* boring ; to many facts
* unscientific : description without scientific method
* false ; not all places can be defined as unique regions, some lack distinct characteristics
leads to QUANTITATIVE TURN in North American geography in 1950s
97
temporal resolution
inverse of the time between two successive images
weather = once an hour
deforestation = once a week
98
projection
any procedure employed to represent positoins of all or a part of the earth's spherical (3 dimensional) surface
99
Father of Geography
Eratostenes (-273 -192)
100
when people are better off working in construction than in agriculture (because tranportation cheaper)
ex : mustafa
deagrarianization
101
spatial resolution
* distance distinguishable pattern can be separated from each other (in meters or kilometers) or size of pixel
102
large scale
local areas
103
HDI
Human development index
* the standard of living (gni)
* education ( in years of schooling)
* health (life expectancy)
104
The deep attachments that humans have to specific locations such as home and laso particularly distinctive location
Personal significance
Mecca, Jerusalem, Koh Phangang, Annapurna
sense of place
105
a map using lines to connect locations of equal data value
isopleth map
106
Distance Decay
Describe the decline of an activity or function with the increasing distance from its point of origin
* it varies with the type of activity
* more expensive (trucks) is typically used for shorter distances
* as distance increase, interaction decrease
e.g.
house is situated 40km from the city center : 500$
house in the city center : 1000$
107
farming vs herding complementarity
farmer let herders graze animal after harvest
dung fertilize the fields
herders give milk to farmers
108
cut and burn the forest : how is this method called ?
shifting cultivation
109
multilateral development aid
gov to multilateral
e.g. Canada give $ to the UN
WB, Asian development bank
110
potential model
like gravity model, but with more cities
111
Formal region
A region identified as such because of the presence of some particular characteristic(s)
Uniform
One or more trait in common
112
Absolute advantage
a place is better to produce a good than the others
113
International Aid includes : (4)
* humanitarian aid
* bilateral development aid
* multilateral development aid
* debt forgiveness
114
Landscapes for geographers
* emphasis on the visual
* scale depends on the point of observation
* material and symbolic
* ordinary and symbolic landscapes
115
GPS : how does it work
1. Satellites and receivers know the exact time
2. satellite use time info to know signal travel time to travel to them
3. they triangulate distance and satellites position to know exact location
116
Transferability (Ullman SIM)
Acceptable cost of an exchange
Transferability expresses the changing relationships between _the costs of transportation_ and _the value of the product_ to be shipped
117
Vector
connect points, lines, polygons
useful to represent cities
118
location
a term that refers to a specific part of the earth's surface ; an area where something is situated
119
Scale
The resolution levels used in any human geographic research; most characteristically refers to _the size of the area studied_, but also the time period covered and the number of people investigated
120
4 key factors of globalization
service
trade
production (mnc)
labor
121
Complementarity
one place need something another doesn't have
* **natural differences** (about resources access)
* **manufactured** difference (international diffusion of labour)
* **economies of scale** (cost per unit ouput decrease with total quantity produced
122
Relationship of scales can be .... (2)
* competitive
* complementary
123
diffusion
The spread of any phenomenon over space and its growth through time
Migration, movement of ideas (e.g. religion), the expression of land use (wheat cultivation for ex)
124
rebound effect
The increase of the efficiency and the decrease of the price leads to an increase in the consummation that then cancels the original savings
e.g. le gaz : l'efficacité du gaz amenent les gens a acheter et utiliser davatange leur véhicules motorisés
Un toit à énergie solaire est acheté par un foyer qui sauve de l'argent en consommation d'électricite, mais parent en voyage
125
Meridian
lines of constant longitude
126
deagrarianization
when people are better off working in construction than in agriculture (because tranportation cheaper)
ex : mustafa
127
new division of labor
* spatial division of labor which occurs when the process of production is no longer confined to national economies
128
Topophilia
Draws a group of people e.g. mecca
129
Topological space :
connectivity between points, relationship of object
(relational)
130
Geographic literacy
* where places are
* fundamental characteristics
131
REGION
An area, especially part of a country or the world having definable characteristics but not always fixed by boundaries
132
how is shifting cultivation different than crop rotation
tropical forest
work better with few people
very long period
low people density envrionment
133
REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY
Attempted to describe regions systematically to find patterns
to find homogeneity
134
Absolute space
* mathematical : Three-dimensional "container"
* objective
* it exists in the areal relations among phenomena on the earth surface
135
Areal differentiation
attempt to find a general patterns trying to find differentiation (what is similar) what is different ?
136
Dot maps
useful for data such as town, wheat farming, cemeteries, incidence of diseases and so forth
137
complementary relationship of scale
e.g. indigenous people and guji berry
138
Why euro-asia 1st ?
* PLANTS
* ANIMALS
* GERMS
* CITIES
139
Vernacular region :
A region identified on the basis of the perception held by people inside and outside the region.
140
raster
method used in GIS to represent spatial data divides the area into numerous small cells and pixels and describes the content of each cell
141
chropleth map
* a thematic map using colour (or shading) to indicate density of a particular phenomenon in a given area
* using tonal shading that are proportional to the density of the phenomena in each of the defined areal units
* sacrifice detail for improve appearance
142
what did argentinian dod with extra money ?
they expend their lands to neighboarding countries like bolivia
143
Accessibility
The relative ease with which a given location can be reached from other locations
indicates the relative opportunities for contact and interaction;
it is a key concept in the agricultural, settlement, and industrial location theories
144
Visual interpretation
to visualize whats going on on an area
145
gravity model
used to estimate the amount of interaction between two cities
The gravity model for cities works in the same way; the amount of interaction between two cities _is proportional to the size of the cities and inversely proportional to their distance squared_. This explains why cities that are far apart, such as New York and Los Angeles, still interact a lot despite being on either side of the United States, thousands of miles apart.
146
3 roles of territoriality
* regulate social interaction (behaviour)
* regulate access to people and resources
* symbols of group and identity
147
A region identified on the basis of the perception held by people inside and outside the region.
vernacular region
148
horizontal growth in agriculture means...
acquire lands from neighbor countries
149
humanitarian aid
short term response to a disaster
150
Operational scale
* the scale of analysis / date collection
* fluid boundaries
151
What do you do with the images (4)
* Visual interpretation
* spectral analysis
* temporal signature
* object based resolution classification
152
Relative space
* Perceptual
* socially produced
* subject to continuous change
153
culture
a shared set of meaning that is lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life. Is transmitted
154
vector
a method used in GIS to represent spatial data; describes the data as a colllection of points, lines, and areas and describes the location of each of these
155
Why are things are in a certain place ?
* Biophysical condition
* soil type, erosion, slope, soil type, rainfall quantity
* Absolute advantage
* Comparative advantage
* Agricultural technology
156
hyper globalizers
globalization is a new economic era
everyone subject to the discipline of global marketplace
denaturalization of economies
no longer nation
rise of the demise of nation state
157
internationall aid
financial aid given by government, ngos, and other agencies to support economic environmental, social,political development
158
If friction is reduced, it becomes ...
easier to move from one point to another, not forgetting that the time taken and costs are reduced.
159
Location rent theory :
More the distance from the central market is far, more the profit decreases.
160
paraguay : policy for deforestation in an area leads to everybody going to work and extract in the other one
example of...
leakage.
161
Spatial interaction is controlled by _3 flow-determining factors_
1. complementarity
2. transferability
3. intervening opportunity
162
Absolute distance
Physical measure of the separation between two location
163
any procedure employed to represent positoins of all or a part of the earth's spherical (3 dimensional) surface
projection
164
site
* the location of a geographic fact with reference to the immediate local environment
* local characteristics of location
* "the site of montreal" the cities and its surrounding
165
a thematic map using colour (or shading) to indicate density of a particular phenomenon in a given area
using tonal shading that are proportional to the density of the phenomena in each of the defined areal units
choropleth map
166
formal region
defined by their observable features
e.g. climate regions with colors on the world map
or altitude regions on the world map
167
RASTER
Based on grid value
to represent different data with colors
e.g. temperature, land use, population, climate, poverty,
168
Spatial diffusion
diffusion of a phenomenon over time and space
169
Distance decay
interactions between locals declines as the distance between them increase
if distance decrease, more interraction
170
Friction of distance
The increase of cost and time that comes with the increase of distance
e.g MTL-TOKYO increase in friction of distance
MTL-LAVAL decrease in friction of distance
171
Functional region
defined by connexion (related to each other)
172
pixel
smallest sized picture element on an image
(represent a number of meter)
173
perception
The process by which humans acquire information about physical and social envrionments
174
bilateral development aid
gov to gov, for own interest
create allies
175
176
top-down approach
Estimate suitable and available area minus intact forest protected area
177
Shifting cultivation
farmers cut and burn the forest
they cultivate it for a few years
fertility declines more problems
people move to another area and come back again
178
object based resolution classification
* For well defined objects
* good for urban visualization
179
RADIOMETRIC RESOLUTION
* Grey
* to the magnitude of an electromagnetic energy
* how intense are the radiations ?
180
Saskia Sassen
the global city
frontier = 2 actors that engage with each other in cultural economical social interaction
181
Solution for distance decay
faster mode of transportation and communication technologies
182
Agriculture formula :
I = P x A x T
impact = poplation x affulence x technology
e.g. total area of land = population x consumention x technology
183
BORLAUG hypothesis ????
agricultural intensification leads to forest conservation
184
4 dimmension of remote sensing
* Spatial resolution
* spectral resolution
* radiometric resolution
* temporal resolution
185
smallholder frontiers : amazon case
dominated by small holders
subsistance (sometime export)
often subsidies by the state
geopolitical occupy land
incentive for population to move in north brazil
186
Situation
* The location of a geographic fact with reference to the broad spatial system of which it is a part
* Location relative to other locations
"The situation of Montreal within North America" red dot on montreal
187
location rent theory.
profitability depends on what ?
on mode of transportation.
+ is there any road to transport goods to a farter place.
188
Who created the Spatial Interaction Model ?
Edward Ullmann (university of chicago)
189
Things are in certain places not just for biophysical reasons but..
* comparative advantage
* absolute advantage
* lack of infrastructure
* market access
* governance
* agricultural technology
190
poverty trap
when you are not making enough to be able to ear your way out of the low-income situation
if you don't make enough, you are stuck
development policies should give the opportunity to all human to earn more in the future than what they earn at the moment
191
Potentially available croplands
* productive
* low ecological cost
* low social cost
* available in the coming year
* low capital investment
* currently not in intensive use
*
192
new technologies in soy beans boom in argentina pampa
* round up-ready soys (insecticide and pesticide)
* silo-bags (instead of real silos)
193
Vernacular region
defined by perception judgement
194
parallels
Line of constant latitute
195
Soy beans boom in Argentina Pampa
an increase in meat demand meant an increase in soya demand (good protein)
196
Formal region
defined by observable features (precipitation e.g.
197
Spatial interaction
Movement of peoples, ideas and commodities (goods bought and sold) within and between areas
E.g. international trade
198
Carl Sauer's cultural landscape
FACTORS
* Geological
* Climatic
* Vegetational
199
Retail model ;
How far the influence extend for specific things
How far people want to go to montreal to get something (doritos bag vs concert)
If city is bigger, people have more incentive to go (montreal vs asbestos)
Whether people in a small city are more likely to go to the movie theater in shawinigan
200
Ullman SIM :
Intervening opportunity :
No better alternatives (divers the flow so more attractive)
Competitive opportunities may reduce interaction
Mexico or cuba ? Lets go for the cheaper if the only thing you want is a beach
201
4 way to measure development
* GDP (gross domestic products
* HDI (Human development index)
* IHDI (inequality)
* SPI (social progress index )
202
2 types of GIS
VECTOR AND RASTER
203
Localization
An understanding of what makes certain places unique, and the increasing concern that local places, cultures, and envrionments are being overwhelmed by globalisation
204
% of aid in global economy
120 billion
0,14% of global economy
205
how to estimate land avalability
Bottom-up approach
Top-down approach
206
Chaco where ?
bolivia argentina paraguay
207
Globalization
The widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life
208
Deglomeration
The spatial separation of humans or human activities so as to maximize the distances between them.
Refers to situations in which those locations are characterized by separation from one another
Dispersed
209
Remote sensing
field of technology that enable people to look beyond the range of human vision
210
Geographic information system GIS
A computer-based tool that combines the storage, display, analysis and mapping of spatially referenced data
211
territory
an unit of contiguous space that is used organized and managed by a social group or individual or institution to restrict and control acess to people and places
212
spectral resolution
respond to a specific frequency range (in UM)
visible ligne
infrared or ultraviolet
213
SPI
Social progress index :
* basic human needs (access knowledge, health, communication)
* foundation (well being, nutrition, water, shelter, safety)
* opportunity (right, equity freedom, higher education)
