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Geog > Geog test 1 > Flashcards

Geog test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What “questions” do Geographers ask?

A

Where are people and activities found on earth? Why are they there?

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2
Q

What does GIS stand for?

A

Geographic information system- captures, stores, queries, and displays the geographic data

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3
Q

Scale

A

The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earths as a whole

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4
Q

Distortion

A

the misrepresentation of shape, area, distance, or direction of or between geographic features when compared to their true measurements on the curved surface of the earth.

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5
Q

Distortion can affect?

A

Shape, distance, relative size, and direction

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6
Q

Mercator Projection

A

Has little distortion of shape and direction. The relative size is highly affected.

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7
Q

What is 0 degrees longitude?

A

The prime meridian

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8
Q

What is 0 degrees Latitude?

A

The equator

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9
Q

What is 180 degrees Longitude?

A

International data line

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10
Q

Site

A

A physical character of a place, such as topography or elevation (humans can modify characteristics of a site)

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11
Q

Situation

A

Is the location of a place relative to other places

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12
Q

What is global positioning system

A

a system that determines the precise location of something on earth

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13
Q

What are the 3 common regions?

A

Formal/uniform region, functional/nodal region, and vernacular/perceptual region

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14
Q

What is a formal/uniform region?

A

An is an area within which most people share one or more distinctive characteristics. towns, cities, states, language and religion.

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15
Q

What is a Functional/nodal region?

A

An area organized around a node or focal point. Broadcasting station, utilities, airport, and school districts.

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16
Q

What is a vernacular/perceptual region?

A

An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identify. Saying y’all or pop.

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17
Q

What are cultural landscapes?

A

How a region derives its unified character.

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18
Q

Ex of Cultural cultural landscapes

A

Language and religion

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19
Q

Ex of economic cultural landscapes

A

Agriculture and industry

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20
Q

Ex of physical cultural landscapes

A

Climate and vegetation

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20
Q

What Is local diversity

A

A combination of unique cultural traditions and economic practices

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21
Q

What is a Transitional corporation?

A

Conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries.

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21
Q

what is Globalization?

A

refers to actions or processes that involve the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope

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22
Q

What is Distribution?

A

The arrangement of a feature in space

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22
Q

What is Density?

A

the frequency with which something occurs in space

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23
Q

What is concentration?

A

The extent of a feature’s spread over space

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24
Q

What is pattern?

A

the geometric arrangement of objects in space.

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24
Q

What is Hearth

A

An innovation originates at a node

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24
Q

What is relocation diffusion?

A

The spread of a feature through physical movement of people from one place to another

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25
Q

What Is Expansion diffusion?

A

The spread of an innovation from one place to another in an additive process

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25
Q

What is hierarchical diffusion?

A

the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places. For example, ideas can spread from political leaders or the social elite.

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26
Q

What is contagious diffusion?

A

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic when something “goes viral.”

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27
Q

What is stimulus diffusion

A

the spread of an underlying principle, such as features from Apple’s iPhone adopted by competitors

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28
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The precess by which a groups cultural features are altered to resemble those of another group. The cultural features of one group may come to dominate the culture of the assimilated group.

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29
Q

What is acculturation?

A

The process of changes in culture that result from the meeting of two groups, but the two groups retain two distinct culture features.

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29
Q

What is Syncretism?

A

The combination of elements of two groups into a new cultural feature. The two groups come together to from a new culture.

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30
Q

What is a ecosystem?

A

A group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact

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31
Q

What is sustainability?

A

The use of Earth’s renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future

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31
Q

What are the three pillars of sustainability?

A

Environmental, social, and economic pillar

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32
Q

What is the environmental pillar?

A

we want consumption to be less rapid than replacement

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33
Q

What is the social pillar?

A

people can choose products that support sustainability

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34
Q

What is the economic pillar?

A

the price of a resource depends on the value people put on it.

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35
Q

What is possibilism?

A

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives

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36
Q

What is environmental determinism?

A

Nineteenth-century geographers argued that the physical environment caused social development

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36
Q

Who was the first person to use the word geographer?

A

Eratosthenes

37
Q

What is another word for the line of latitude?

A

Parallels

38
Q

Define cultural globalization

A

Cultural globalization is the worldwide diffusion and exchange of cultural elements, such as ideas, values, practices, and products, leading to the intermingling and influence of diverse cultures across the globe, often facilitated by technology and international interactions.

38
Q

What are the Four earth systems?

A

Atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere

39
Q

What is the atmosphere?

A

A thin layer of gases surrounding Earth

40
Q

What is the hydrosphere?

A

all of the water on and near Earth’s surface

41
Q

What is the lithosphere?

A

Earth’s crust and a portion of upper mantle directly below the crust

42
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

all living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals, as well as microorganisms

43
Q

What is place?

A

A specific point on earth distinguished by a particular characteristic

44
Q

What parts of the earth do humans avoid living in?

A

Parts of the earth they consider to be too wet, too dry, too cold, or too mountainous

45
Q

What are the most populous regions on earth

A

Two-thirds of the world’s inhabitants live in four regions—East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe. The four population concentrations occupy generally low-lying areas, with temperate climate and soil suitable for agriculture.

46
Q

Define ecumene

A

The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

47
Q

What is arithmetic density?

A

The total number of people divided by the total land area. total number of people/total land area

47
Q

What is physiologic density

A

the number of people supported by a unit area of arable land. total people/total arable land

48
Q

What is arable earth?

A

any land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.

48
Q

What is agricultural density?

A

the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land. rural population/total arable land

49
Q

Where does the most rapid population growth rate occurs

A

in less developed countries. Asia, Africa

50
Q

What is CBR

A

Crude birth rate. total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

50
Q

What is CDR

A

Crude death rate. The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive

50
Q

What is NIR

A

Natural increase rate. The percentage by which a population grows in a year. “Natural” indicates that N I R does not include migration

51
Q

Stage 1 DTM

A

High CBR, high CDR, stable or slow increase of NIR

52
Q

Stage 3 DTM

A

Rapidly declining CBR, moderately declining CDR, moderate NIR

52
Q

Stage 2 DTM

A

High CBR, rapidly declining CDR, High NIR

53
Q

Stage 4 DTM

A

Very low CBR, low CDR, 0 or negative NIR

54
Q

What are the reasons for movement from one stage to another?

A

Improvements in medical care and diet. Fewer children needed. Family planning. Woman having jobs.

55
Q

How many countries are in stage 1 of the demographic transition model currently?

A

None

56
Q

What is the standard sex ratio between male and female?

A

established that around 105 male babies for every 100 female babies are born

57
Q

What is MMR

A

Maternal morality rate. is the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management.

58
Q

What is the infant mortality rate?

A

the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births.

59
Q

what two groups have the highest mortality rate in the U.S

A

Black and asian

60
Q

What Is age dependency and what age group is it?

A

people younger than 15 or older than 64. The number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years.

61
Q

How is the population pyramid designed and what are the implications?

A

a bar graph that displays the percentage of a place’s population for each age and gender. A country that is in stage 2 of the demographic transition has a pyramid with a broader base than that of a country in stage 4.

62
Q

Stage 1 ETM

A

Pestilence & Famine (High CDR). Infectious and parasitic diseases are the principal causes of human deaths, along with accidents and attacks by animals and other humans. Black plague

63
Q

Stage 2 ETM

A

Receding Pandemics (Rapidly Declining CDR). A pandemic is disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population. Cholera

64
Q

Stage 3 ETM

A

Degenerative Diseases. This is characterized by a decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attacks, and various forms of cancer.

65
Q

Stage 4 ETM

A

Delayed Degenerative Diseases (Low but Increasing CDR). Cardiovascular diseases and cancers linger, but the life expectancy of older people is extended through medical advances. Consumption of non-nutritious food and sedentary behavior have resulted in an increase in obesity in stage 4 countries.

66
Q

Who was Thomas Malthus

A

one of the first to argue that the world’s rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies. claimed that the population was growing much more rapidly than Earth’s food supply because population increased geometrically, whereas food supply increased arithmetically.

66
Q

Neo-Malthusians

A

fear that a large population size could lead to a humanitarian and ecological disaster and that combating so‐​called overpopulation is thus an urgent problem—has real‐​world consequences.

67
Q

Anti-Malthusians

A

Critics argue that population growth is not a problem, but actually stimulates economic growth that leads to more food production. Theory unrealistically pessimistic because they are based on a belief that the world’s supply of resources is fixed rather than expanding.

68
Q

What is TFR

A

Total fertility rate. The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (roughly between the ages of 15 and 49)

68
Q

What have many infectious diseases formed immunities to?

A

Infectious diseases can develop immunities or resistance to antibiotics, vaccines, and the host’s immune responses, making them harder to treat or control. Additionally, vector-borne diseases may evolve resistance to insecticides used for vector control

69
Q

What is migration

A

a permanent move to a new location

70
Q

What is emigration

A

is migration from a location

70
Q

Immigration

A

is migration to a location

70
Q

What did Ravenstein discover about migrants concerning regional and international migration

A

Distance Decay: He observed that migrants tend to move shorter distances within their home country and that longer-distance international migration is less common but they head for major centers of economic activity.

71
Q

Countries in which stage of the demographic transition model are sources for migrants?

A

Stage 1: High daily or seasonal mobility in search of food. Stage 2: high international and interregional from rural to urban areas. Stage 3/4: High intraregional migration from cities to suburbs.

71
Q

What is international migration?

A

is a permanent move to another country

72
Q

What is interregional migration

A

Moving to another region within the same country

72
Q

what Is intra-regional migration?

A

Movement within the same region of a country

73
Q

Where did most migrants come from entering the U.S during later 20th and early 21 century?

A

Asian and Latin American immigration in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Mass European immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

74
Q

The population center of the U.S has moved in what direction/ directions throughout the history of the country?

A

Throughout the history of the United States, the population center has moved westward and southward. Initially concentrated along the Atlantic Coast, mass interregional migration led to the settlement and development of the American West. In recent decades, the largest flows of interregional migrants have been heading south, reflecting a shift in population distribution towards the southern regions of the country, as documented by the U.S. Census Bureau’s calculations of the population center.

75
Q

What two regions have been recipients of recent international interregional migration within the U.S

A

The west and south.

76
Q

What is counter urbanization?

A

Net migration from urban to rural areas

76
Q

What is pull factors?

A

factor that induces people to move to a new location

77
Q

What is a intervening obstacle?

A

An environmental or political feature that hinders migration

77
Q

What is a push factor?

A

induces people to move out of their present location

78
Q

What is a refugee?

A

A refugee has been forced to migrate to another country to avoid armed conflicts, generalized violence, violations of human rights, or other disasters, and fear persecution if they return.

78
Q

What is a asylum?

A

a form of protection which allows an individual to remain in the United States instead of being removed (deported) to a country where he or she fears persecution or harm

78
Q

What are remittances?

A

The transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated

79
Q

What three factors does Ravenstein attribute to the reasons most people migrate?

A

Cultural, environmental, and economic. Family status and schools, political conflict.

80
Q

Which two countries are the source of remittances in the world?

A

U.S and Saudi Arabia

80
Q

What demographic group has historically migrated the most?

A

Mexicans

81
Q

What is brain drain?

A

Large-scale emigration by talented people. Scientists, researchers, doctors, and other professionals migrate where they can make better use of their abilities.

82
Q

What is chain migration?

A

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

83
Q

What did the Quota Act of 1921and the National Organ Act of 1924 do to immigration in the U.S

A

These laws established a quota, which is a maximum limit on the number of people who could immigrate to the United States during a one-year period. for each country with native-born persons already living in the United States, 2 percent of their number (based on the 1910 census) could immigrate each year. This ensured that most immigrants would come from Europe. Quotas have evolved to limit the total annual intake of immigrants to 700,000 globally, and 20,000 from any single country.

83
Q

What is the principal reason for migration

A

Income differences between home and new location.

84
Q

According to the pew institute, in 2015, how many Undocumented immigrants were living in the U.S

A

11.0 million

85
Q

What is Guest Worker and why were they welcomed in some developed countries.

A

A term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of a higher-paying job

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